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The article presents abstracts on human resources topics which include training and competence development during organizational change, the relationship between discretion and turnover intentions, and the management of resources in the impression management process.

Excise duties are one of the forms of indirect taxes that are mandatory in all member states of the European Union. Excise duties are a form of sales tax that is applied to one or more products. The guidelines of the European Union include that each member must introduce excise duties on energy, tobacco and tobacco products, as well as alcohol and alcoholic beverages. In the framework of this paper, we will present what products are excise duties calculated on in the Republic of Croatia and show the method of calculating them using examples. This will also show the impact of excise duties on the prices of the products to which excise duties are applied. It is known that revenues from excise duties are the revenue of the state budget of each individual European member state. Therefore, the share of revenue from excise duties in total tax revenue of the Republic of Croatia will be shown. By comparing revenues from excise duties with other tax revenues, their importance for the Republic of Croatia will be determined. In the framework of this paper, we intend to present a comparison of revenues generated from excise duties in order to determine whether there is a trend of growth of these revenues in the era of inflation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driving while either intoxicated or drunk is dangerous and drivers with high blood alcohol content or concentration (BAC) are at greatly increased risk of car accidents, highway injuries and vehicular deaths. Although the proportion of crashes that are alcohol-related has dropped dramatically in recent decades, there are still far too many such preventable accidents. Unfortunately, despite great progress, alcohol-impaired driving remains a serious national problem that tragically affects many victims annually. At present drunken drivers have increased enormously and so is the deaths due to drunken drivers. In this paper an alcohol detection system is designed and implemented. Apart from sensing the alcohol, the ignition of the fuel is regulated by a sensor circuit. The sensor circuit is used to detect whether alcohol was consumed by the driver recently. This design also consists of sensor which is used to check whether alcohol is consumed while driving. A prototype is also designed which detects the amount of alcohol taken by the person. When the amount of the alcohol is reached to a threshold limit (Dangerous/maximum) it automatically turns off the combustion engine of the vehicle with buzzer indication and simultaneously with a LED indication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In last few years, there has been rise in demand of biodegradable materials as it is belief that by using them waste and pollution can be reduced. Polymer are the backbone of plastics so we are finding an alternative to plastics. Biodegradable materials are used in many fields such as health care, automobiles etc. There has been research going on to make biodegradable material available for use at a low cost. This paper describes the basics of polymers and synthesis of polymer alcohol membrane, characterization of its properties and its future applications. In this paper, polyvinyl alcohol membrane was synthesized by blending distilled water and polyvinyl alcohol membrane together. Characterization of membrane is done by using SEM-analysis, EDX-analysis and dielectric-study. The need of biodegradable material in today’s world is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on third-semester engineering students' development of virtual reality (VR) mini-games, targeted at adolescents, for training in alcohol-resistance skills. Denmark has one of the highest rates of substance abuse in Europe. The mini-games were developed in the game programming environment Unity - and mostly tested in Google cardboard. The mini-games visualized in VR how drinking affected orientation, vision, motor skills, social skills, decisionmaking and memory. Examples of mini-games were: simulations of house-party situations; balancing and navigating while walking home after a party; driving while drinking; or waking up the morning after a total blackout with strange objects around the bed. The students were experienced programmers but VR was new to them. They spent a lot of time discussing how to prevent cybersickness. Most of the simulations successfully explored decision-making while drinking, but a few of them became games promoting the fun of drinking and making questionable decisions. The gameplay in these mini-games linked drinking to winning the game, which is undesirable. Most of the mini-games showed a potential for developing innovative and creative VR tools for alcohol-resistance skills training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses about nano particle-based gas sensors to study the different parameters like power consumption, temperature uniformity, change in resistance, sensitivity, and selectivity. These all are estimated by measuring resistance changes as gas is spread over the surface layer. The instant response of gas detection uses in different applications like vehicle breath analyser and food quality control. The sensor is made up of with poly silicon hot plate structure and it is coated with titanium file, which detects various gases touching on it.The temperature of hot plate changes the film conductance and amount of gas absorbed on its surface. The gas sensor is configured with 3V supply voltage and micro heater temperature around 619 K. The gas is sensed by the sensor is analysed for different materials coating like ZnO, TiO2 and SnO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores didactic planning in relation to 360-degree virtual reality through the application PartyLab (ed. In Danish FestLab). PartyLab is a Danish educational 360-degree application for alcohol prevention for young adults (ages 15 to 17). The application is used in a virtual reality headset, which results in an immersive experience with an intense feeling of presence. The application consists of 125 different 360-degree movie sequences, which students steer through, through choice making. Hereby students get the opportunity to experiment with alcohol in a safe environment and test different approaches towards consuming alcohol. This results in each user having a unique experience. It is examined how didactic material can be designed to support the experiential learning that takes place in the application. The material is designed through an iterative process with evaluation by schoolteachers, SSPs(a unit of collaboration between schools, social services, and police) and later in a real-life setting in schools. This paper describes the first two iterations, which contain the development of the first edition of the teaching material, evaluation by schoolteachers and adaption of the material followed by evaluation of SSPs. The current material consists of a learning guidance that will enable the general schoolteacher to facilitate the learning course (including the use of VR headsets) and students’ assignments to support the learning in the application. It was found that a very thorough guide for the teachers running the course is necessary, due to little or no experience with virtual reality and limited time for preparation. Moreover, using the application several times, with room for reflection on class and assignments on blood alcohol concentration could enhance students learning. Moreover, it was found, that assignments on alcohol consumption should be carefully introduced and not deal with high intake of alcohol, as it could create an incorrect worldview and thus promote alcohol consumption instead of preventing it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a mathematical model for analyzing the effects of deprivation alongside population consuming alcohol. The nature and stability of this model's various equilibria are discussed in more detail. Numerical simulation is conducted to test our model's effectiveness. Our model portrays the social effects of alcohol and deprivation. We hope that this will serve the future better to reduced the Poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall purpose of this paper is to examine cross-national differences in drug-related violence among youth in three sites that vary in social and political culture and drug-use policies ? Philadelphia, Toronto and Amsterdam. The Drug-Alcohol Violence International (DAVI) study assesses not only site variation, but also assesses sample variation, including samples of both detainees and dropouts. This paper examines cross-national differences in drug use and violence in bivariate analyses. More importantly, logistic regression analyses determine the major correlates of drug-related violence, controlling sample differences. Drug-related violence is defined in two ways?the first based on Goldstein?s tripartite model of drug-related violence, and the other based on whether the respondents and/or the others involved in the violent incident reported any alcohol or illicit drug use on the day of the incident. We find that Philadelphia youth are more likely to attribute violence to drug use than youth in Amsterdam and Toronto. Neither sample (detainee versus drop-out) nor gender were significant correlates of drug-related violence. There are differences in the important correlates of violence by site, as well as some differences based on the definition of drug-related violence. Multivariate analyses show that neither patterns of drug use nor drug market involvement are uniformly related to violence. Drug dealing was an important correlate of drug related violence only in the Toronto site. Binge drinking was an important correlate in Philadelphia, and marijuana in Amsterdam. Interesting, when attributing the violence to drugs as was required in the tripartite definition, the Toronto youth who used marijuana were less likely to view the violence as drug related. However, Toronto youth who used marijuana were more likely to report they or the others were using alcohol or drugs on the day of the most violent event they experienced in the past year. Other correlates of drug related violence were if the violence occurred after midnight, on a weekend, and if more than one other person was involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments "speak"--often, and loudly. State speech takes many forms, including government-sponsored reports, press releases, websites, billboards, advertisements in magazines and newspapers, television and radio media campaigns, graphic messages in and around commercial establishments (such as restaurants, bars, and gas stations), and, in the age of new media, "tweets." At times, this speech is direct, with messages emanating directly from government agencies. At other times governments compel speech by corporations--such as requiring warning labels on cans and bottles of alcohol and on cigarette packages. This paper examines government speech on alcohol in the United States. Examples include mandated warning labels on alcoholic beverages, the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, and the Talk. They Hear You campaign. I point out the pronounced limitations of these examples of state speech. In the U.S., alcohol warning labels are relatively inconspicuous (they lack graphic images and are small), and carry constrained messages that do not rotate. Not surprisingly, there is little evidence of these warnings having behavioral effects. The major anti-drug campaign of the past 25 years--the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign--largely avoided the topic of alcohol. Evaluation results suggest that the campaign was relatively ineffective, and may have resulted, in some instances, in higher levels of substance use than otherwise would have been the case. While the new "Talk. They Hear You" Campaign has not yet been evaluated, it seems unlikely that it will have a significant impact at the population level, as it is quite small and relatively unambitious. I explore potential reasons for the weakness of government speech on alcohol in the U.S., as well as over-reliance on speech compared to potentially more effective policy instruments, such as regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the influence of the alcohol/acid mole ratio, reaction temperature, warm-up mode, end-capping, vacuity to the quality of slow burning polyester was studied. The hydroxyl value will increase when the alcohol/acid mole ratio increase, but the acid value and molecular weight will decrease. The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polyester consistent with the designed one can be obtained by stepped heating up. Monobasic alcohol end-capping can be used to control the molecular weight effectively and reduce acid value. Stripping process narrow the molecular weight distribution and reduce the hydroxyl value. Decompression is in favor of the decrease of acid value and increase of the reaction speed to get qualified production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorghum originates from Africa where it is grown for more than 3000, appearing in Europe around the 15th, and in Romania is grown for more than 50 years. Now, the large ranges of sorghum varieties that can be grown in our country can be used for producing sugar, vinegar, beer, juices, flours, alcohol, medicines, but also for producing biogas and bio-ethanol (ethanol is obtained from sweet sorghum syrup). Sorghum nutritive qualities and production costs recommend it as a good replacement for corn. Sorghum is a heat loving plant being able to easily withstand temperatures up to 40°C, the minimum germination temperature being over 10°C. Sorghum crops have high draught resistance, being able to survive low precipitation conditions and can be grown in types of soil where other plants have low yields. Sorghum crops can be both annual and perennial. For soil preparation, sowing, crop maintenance as well as for harvesting, sorghum requires the same range of equipment used for cereal crops. Seed sorghum is harvested when seeds reach maturity, using cereal harvesting machines, fodder sorghum is harvested using fodder harvesters when plants are 40÷50 cm tall, and for sorghum hay harvesting is done when the spices appear. The paper presents an overview of technologies for the cultivation of bicolor sorghum crops for energetic and food purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why has gambling expanded and commercialized so rapidly, while tobacco has experienced such precipitous decline? This paper presents a new perspective on vice, arguing for a relational perspective on vice as a whole. Expanding from the literature on moral panics and symbolic politics, I argue for viewing vice as an ecology or system, where changes to one vice affect others in the system. I extend the metaphor of Andrew Abbott's "System of Professions" to a system of vice and discuss the mechanisms of change at the level of the state, social movements, industry, and the individual user (Abbott 1988). The paper concludes by offering an example of the changing positions of drugs, cigarettes and alcohol over the past 30 years. Using a multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis, I argue that tobacco is beginning to occupy a position similar to cannabis as a widely used but highly stigmatized behavior. This paper concludes that long-term trends of vice control are neither as libertine nor as repressive as some authors have suggested, and that a relational perspective offers a more nuanced understanding of the changing acceptability of vices. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a fully automated metrology tool for detection and quantitative measurement of contamination, including cationic, anionic, metallic, organic, and molecular species present in semiconductor process solutions. The instrument is based on an electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ESI-TOF/MS) platform. The tool can be used in diagnostic or analytical modes to understand process problems in addition to enabling routine metrology functions. Metrology functions include in-line contamination measurement with near real-time trend analysis. This paper discusses representative organic and molecular contamination measurement results in production process problem solving efforts. The examples include the analysis and identification of organic compounds in SC-1 pre-gate clean solution; urea, NMP (N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone) and phosphoric acid contamination in UPW; and plasticizer and an organic sulfur-containing compound found in isopropyl alcohol (IPA). It is expected that these unique analytical and metrology capabilities will improve the understanding of the effect of organic and molecular contamination on device performance and yield. This will permit the development of quantitative correlations between contamination levels and process degradation. It is also expected that the ability to perform routine process chemistry metrology will lead to corresponding improvements in manufacturing process control and yield, the ability to avoid excursions and will improve the overall cost effectiveness of the semiconductor manufacturing process. © 2005 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous shcolars have attributed the formation of prohibition laws to the presence or absence of rural, evangelical protestant groups who could be mobiized to agitate for such laws by appeals to the immorality of alochol. This paper calls this understnading into question by examining the development of North Carolina\'s anti-alcohol legislation at the beginning of the twentieth century. While every North Carolina ocunty at that time was predominantly native-born, rural, evangelical protestant, not all counties in the supported the enactment of anti-alcohol legislation. Further, some counties enacted dry legislation at the local level and then voted wet in the state election, while other counties remained wet locally yet voted dry in the state elections. Statisticval correlations demonstrate that these differences in support for anti-alcohol laws are not due to the demographic factors explored by previous researchers, but rather by the degree of conncectedness that local people felt to their local institutions, and by differrences in the methods through which local and state laws were enacted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between alcohol use and body image and related eating and dieting behaviors among adolescent boys and gilrs. The data reveal that race differences in alcohol use are significant and influenced by unhealthy body images and dieting practices. While the gender differences in alcohol use found in these data reflect past research, the inclusion of other factors, such as past abuse, body image, and race add to the current understanding of alcohol use among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does being more religious make one less susceptible to alcohol problems? This paper considers the effects of religiosity (religious self-perception and coping) and attendance at religious services on the distribution of alcohol problems by gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Data come from a sample of 1,803 Miami-Dade County young adults interviewed between 1997 and 2000. One-way ANOVA and OLS regression indicate that, although males exhibit higher levels of alcohol abuse, religious involvement has a similar linear negative association with alcohol problems for both sexes. The most noteworthy contrast is found between African Americans and non-Hispanic whites. African Americans display a low level of alcohol problems with a virtually flat trend line. This situation reflects a high overall level of religious involvement with little variability. In contrast, whites show high variability in both religiousness and alcohol problems; these are related in an inverse linear fashion. Also, results show that, while religious involvement inhibits alcohol problems at all SES levels, all significant relationships between SES and alcohol problems are positive. Higher parental SES increases the risk for alcohol abuse-?most likely because people with higher SES tend to be less religious and more permissive with respect to alcohol use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to assess the impact of public self-consciousness and a cross-situational reactivity to embarrassing encounters on alcohol consumption among college students. Extending prior analyses of the relationship between public self-awareness and alcohol use, we examined the role of perceived peer drinking as a potential conditioning variable. Drawing on the central tenets of tension-reduction and self-presentational models, we tested competing sets of hypotheses concerning the relationship between beliefs about normative drinking practices, public self-consciousness, embarrassability, and drinking behavior. The analysis of self-report data from two undergraduate samples (n=276 and n=149) suggested that public self-consciousness and embarrassability affect alcohol use primarily among students with friends who drink heavily. Among these individuals, embarrassability moderated the public self-consciousness-alcohol use relationship in a manner consistent with the predictions of self-presentational theories. While individuals high in public self-consciousness who exhibited little reactivity to embarrassing situations were heavy drinkers, public self-consciousness was associated with low levels of alcohol consumption among students high in embarrassability. Neither set of analyses supported the tension-reduction hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth alcohol use is a critical criminal justice, health, and social problem in the United States. One of the approaches to controlling youth alcohol use is deterrence: attempts by law enforcement officials to detect and cite or arrest underage individuals who are consuming beverage alcohol. In this paper, we use survey data on youth and law enforcement agency behavior to identify community, organizational, and individual factors associated with citation or arrest of youth for underage drinking. Data are from annual telephone surveys conducted in 1999 and 2000 of youth (N=1795 in 1999; N=1890 in 2000) and local law enforcement agencies (N = 154 in 1999 and in 2000) in104 study communities located in 17 states. In the final multivariate regression model, individual factors associated with being cited or arrested for possession of alcohol included age (19-20 were more likely to report having been cited or arrested than younger individuals), employment status (individuals who had part or full time jobs were less likely to report having been cited or arrested than those who didn't work), having pro-drinking norms, participating in keg parties, and binge drinking. With respect to characteristics and behavior of law enforcement agencies, youth who lived in communities served by agencies with larger numbers of sworn officers were less likely than others to have been cited or arrested. Finally, no community characteristics were associated with the citation/arrest. The implications of these findings for trends in handling underage drinking and other status offenses are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the role of family drinking and drug use in college student drinking is examined. While there have been studies of this issue, the evidence is mixed as to whether college students with a family history of drinking are more likely to drink than are those whose family does not drink. We advance this issue through an investigation that considers race and gender differences, and by examining how drug use by family members may contribute to student drinking. The data for this study come from a survey of 1,600 college students in a Midwestern state. Results show that while having relatives who are problem drinkers is associated with greater substance use for college students, the effects of having drug dependent relatives is even greater. Further, significant interactions by race and gender are found. The substance use behavior of white young women is particularly affected by having drug dependent relatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactance theory might be profitably applied to understanding failures in persuasive health communication but for one drawback: The developer of the theory contends that reactance cannot be measured. This paper develops four alternative conceptual perspectives on the nature of reactance (i.e., combinations of cognition and affect), then provides an empirical test of each. Two parallel studies were conducted, one which advocated flossing (N = 196), the other of which urged students to limit their alcohol intake (N = 200). In both cases, a composite index of anger and negative cognitions fully mediated the effects of threat-to-freedom and trait reactance proneness on attitude and intention. The data showed that, in fact, reactance can be operationalized as a composite of self-report indices of anger and negative cognitions. The implications for persuasive health communication, in general, are considered as well the specific findings for flossing and drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is a kind of formed by polymerization of aromatic alcohol, prices are lower and sources of renewable resources. Using lignin as raw material, through the push to resolve together preparation phenolic high value-added fine chemicals alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons, such as the high grade biofuels, can partly replace fossil fuels as raw material to the production process, biomass resources is an important part of the comprehensive utilization of effective components. In lignin push solve clustering method, catalytic hydrogenolysis can directly to the lignin into liquid fuels, low oxygen content in the use of biofuels shows great potential. In this paper, through the optimization of the reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst type and solvent type, dosage of catalyst, etc factors, determines the alcoholysis - hydrogen solution two-step degradation of lignin, the optimal process conditions: lignin alcoholysis under 50% methanol and NaOH catalyst in the solution, the lignin in methanol solution and 50% hydrogen solution under the Pd/C catalyst. In this process, the degradation of lignin yield can reach 42%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, the applications of polyvinyl alcohol have expanded for its notable characteristics like high mechanical properties, chemical and thermal stability, non-toxic nature, film forming capabilities, and low manufacturing cost [1]. Poly-vinyl alcohol has a wide range of industrial application like textile, paper industry, food packaging industry, and as a biodegradable product like backing rolls, adhesives, coatings, surfactant etc. But hitherto, Poly-Vinyl alcohol has certain disadvantages like lower breaking elongation. Also, it is difficult to mold as it is highly viscous nature during the melting process [2]. The present research work is focused on preparation and studying the characterization of Bromelain based Poly-vinyl Alcohol fiber to improve its flexibility, thermal and mechanical characteristics. The fiber thus prepared may be employed in 3D printing application as support structures for modeling intricate shapes, production of bandages or wipes for inflammation wounds, Food packaging containers etc. For the present study, polyvinyl alcohol is tailored with Bromelain (Pineapple enzyme) which is used as an additive in this process and was analyzed in different stoichiometric ratios. Glycerin was employed as plasticizer to improve its flexibility and strength. The results that was inferred from the tests are namely: maximum tensile strength of 7.66 Mpa, maximum brake load and stress from three-point bending test was found to be 35 N and 2.593 Mpa, the temperature range shifts on addition of Bromelain was derived from TG/DTA analysis to understand its ductility, tensile strength, strength enhancement, thermal stability etc., and observation and recording of SEM images for studying its internal structure. Therefore, the tailored feedstock was tested and analyzed to understand the variation in its properties thus broadening its applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental study of a closed loop Pulsating Heat Pipe (CLPHP) as the demand of smaller and effective heat transfer devices is increasing day by day. PHP is a two phase heat transfer device suited for heat transfer applications, especially suited for handling moderate to high heat fluxes in different applications. A copper made Pulsating Heat Pipe (PHP) of 250 mm length is used in this experimental work with 2 mm ID and 3 mm OD, closed end-to-end in 8 looped, evacuated and then partially filled with working fluids. The evaporation section is 50 mm, adiabatic section is 120 mm and condensation section is 80 mm. The performance characterization is done for two working fluids at Vertical (0°) orientations. The working fluids are Methanol and Ethanol and the filling ratios are 40%, 50%, 60% & 70% based on total volume, respectively. The results show that the influence of various parameters, the heat input flux, and different filling ratios on a heat transfer performance of CLPHP. Methanol shows better performance as working fluid in PHP than ethanol at present orientation for a wide range of heat inputs and can be used at high heat input conditions. Ethanol is better choice to be used in low heat input conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, sol-gel method spin coating technique is adopted to prepare nanoparticles titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films. The prepared TiO2 sol was synthesized using titanium butoxide act as a precursor and subjected to deposited on the p-type silicon oxide (p-SiO2) and glass slide substrates under room temperature. The effect of different alcoholic solvents of methanol and ethanol on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties were systematically investigated. The coated TiO2 thin films were annealed in furnace at 773 K for 1 h. The structural properties of the TiO2 films were examined with X-ray Diffraction (XRD). From the XRD analysis, both solvents showing good crystallinity with anatase phase were the predominant structure. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was employed to study the morphological of the thin films. The optical properties were investigated by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy were found that ethanol as a solvent give a higher optical transmittance if compare to the methanol solvent. The electrical properties of the nanoparticles TiO2 thin films were measured using two-point-probe technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports on the findings of an outcome survey of graduates of one of the longestrunning recovery schools in the nation. The survey had both a quantitative component (Lanham & Tirado, 2011), and a qualitative section where respondents could write personal statements. This paper describes the narratives (n=56) from the survey, which was sent to the entire population of students who graduated from the school between 2000 and 2010. Common themes included accounts of recovery from addiction, sometimes occurring after post-graduation relapses and repeated treatment. Respondents also praised the recovery school environment, and credited its programs for providing them with the skills necessary to succeed in college and deal with life crises. Continued illicit drug use was also reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Pakistan with its limited resources of crude oil the use of biofuels in transportation is the issue of the day. In this paper the issues related to biofuels production and use have been discussed. In particular, it has been proved experimentally that the use of Jatropha biodiesel along with bioethanol allow to operate diesel engines on the neat biofuel without significant engine modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the utilization of zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NWs) on a silicon on insulator (SOI) CMOS micro-hotplate for use as an alcohol sensor. The device was designed in Cadence and fabricated in a 1.0 μm SOI CMOS process at XFAB (Germany). The basic resistive gas sensor comprises of a metal micro-heater (made of aluminum) embedded in an ultra-thin membrane. Gold plated aluminum electrodes, formed of the top metal, are used for contacting with the sensing material. This design allows high operating temperatures with low power consumption. The membrane was formed by using deep reactive ion etching. ZnO NWs were grown on SOI CMOS substrates by a simple and low-cost hydrothermal method. A few nanometer of ZnO seed layer was first sputtered on the chips, using a metal mask, and then the chips were dipped in a zinc nitrate hexahydrate and hexamethylenetramine solution at 90° C to grow ZnO NWs. The chemical sensitivity of the on-chip NWs were studied in the presence of ethanol (C2H5OH) vapour (with 10% relative humidity) at two different temperatures: 200 and 250° C (the corresponding power consumptions are only 18 and 22 mW). The concentrations of ethanol vapour were varied from 175–1484 ppm (pers per million) and the maximum response was observed 40% (change in resistance in %) at 786 ppm at 250° C. These preliminary measurements showed that the on-chip deposited ZnO NWs could be a promising material for a CMOS based ethanol sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There exists a well-established relationship between sexual minority status and substance abuse. This literature, however, is largely based on cross-sectional, clinical and community samples. Furthermore, it often fails to incorporate differential sexual identity developmental trajectories into its models. This paper addresses these limitations by using a large, longitudinal nationally representative sample to examine how both influences on the timing and pattern of sexual orientation trajectories and how these trajectories are related to self-reported tobacco, alcohol and drug use. Among females, better social attachment increases the likelihood of making a transition in our out of sexual minority status, while among males they encourage stability. I find that those female respondents who delay sexual minority status identification experience higher risk of substance abuse as adolescents as well as young adults, while those individuals who transition out of sexual minority status experience no future increased risk. Among boys, in adolescents, identifying as a sexual minority, whether they transition in or out of this status is associated with increased Substance abuse. In adulthood, however, only those who delay have increased risk. These findings highlight the importance of including the timing and pattern of sexual identity development as an important mechanism through which we can further understand substance abuse. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper treats the problem of family violence, which is pregnant in today's society. In the first section, the paper treats the notion of family violence, as well as the factors that lead to its appearance. In the second section, the paper deals with the victims of family violence and its sanctioning in the Romanian Penal Code and in other codes of different states in Europe, America and Arabia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A substantial body of social science research has demonstrated that individual, family, and peer characteristics are associated with underage drinking and smoking, but less is know about the role of neighborhood context. This paper explores three primary research questions using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods: 1) Does adolescent drinking or smoking vary by age cohorts, gender, or race/ethnicity? 2) Are there differences in predictors of drinking versus smoking? 3) Do neighborhood characteristics predict adolescent drinking or smoking controlling for individual, family, and peer characteristics? This third question tests whether contagion or collective socialization models are relevant. Findings suggest some variation by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Key differences in predictors of drinking versus smoking based on multivariate regression include the perception of harm, family size, and having a family member that drinks or smokes. Results are somewhat contradictory with regard to contagion and collective socialization models. Peer influence was strongly associated with adolescent drinking and smoking but not social cohesion and while neighborhood poverty was found to increase the likelihood of drinking and smoking, ethnic heterogeneity was not significantly related, and residential stability was found to increase the likelihood of engaging in these negative health behaviors. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays accidents due to alcoholic drink consumed by car drivers are increasing. The death rate due to drink and drive is in high in rate due to this especially in country like India. So, a system is proposed to detect the alcohol content level of the driver. The proposed work explores the possibility to detect alcohol at very first using technology. The alcohol content of the driver is detected using the MQ3 sensors embedded in the steering of the vehicle and cameras in the front. The breath of the driver is sensed through this sensor and the alcohol content is the blood is analyzed. The driver cannot start the car if the alcohol content is above the threshold value of. And cameras will analyze the color of driver's eye and if the colorof the eye is found to be different from normal, it will lead to engine power cutoff. The added features to this system are the alcohol sensors sense onlythe person sitting in the driver's seat and will cutoff the engine power if the alcohol amount is higher than desired only in driver's breath. Plus, this system will also send the location of the vehicle and the driver to one or more relative(s) of the driver who is supposed to know the location of vehicle so that they could reach there and protect the person and the vehicle from any harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life is complicated and very much challenging, especially on the road. On the way, many persons drive different types of vehicles in different mind setups. Lots of drivers use alcohol during the time of driving. After drinking alcohol by the driver, the probability of an accident increases because something's instantly happening by which the driver will not control the vehicle; inappropriate time and accident may happen. After all, alcohol reduces the brain's responding capabilities. But the problem is that an alcoholic driver hits another vehicle and runs away from that particular location, and practically it is challenging to identify them. In the proposed system, the authors have proposed a model for the detection of the accident along with GPS location for counter accident partners. GPS sensor for location finding, alcohol sensor for alcohol detention, vibration sensor for accident detection, and the cloud and IoT analytics have been combined together and installed in the vehicle. This system will detect the location and notify information to appropriate authority regarding accident location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various papers published within this issue including one by Stephen Mennell on the tradition of collecting and assembling recipes, one by Rhona Richman Kenneally on the emergence of kitchen as a separate defined space, and one by Diarmaid Ferriter on the importance of the public and alcohol to homo-sociability in ireland.

The article discusses the possibility of using technical lignosulfonates as a catalyst for the dehydration reaction of tert-butyl alcohol. It is shown that the initial lignosulfonate does not exhibit catalytic properties. Lignosulfonate modified with sulfuric acid catalyzes the reaction, but due to thermochemical transformations it loses its activity. The yield of isobutylene is 17%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethanol is an alternative energy, but its has three distinct disadvantages as a transportation fuel. Its availability is currently limited, and it has a lower volumetric heating value and a lower Reid vapour pressure (RVP) than gasoline. This paper focuses for this disadvantages and to solve this problem can do with converts ethanol to DiEthyl Ether product. This research produced DiEthyl Ether by ethanol dehydration process with zeolite as catalyst. The catalyst synthesis from natural material from District Gunung Kidul, Indonesia. The catalyst produced with dealumination, neutralization, drying and calcination processes. The zeolite catalyst was analysed of Si/Al, X-ray Diffraction and specific surface area. The catalyst product then used for ethanol dehydration to produce DiEthyl Ether. The results shown the biggest surface area is 184,52 m2/gram at catalyst production at 10 hours for time dealumination. The crystallite of catalyst product is similar like shown at diffractogram of XRD analysis. The ratio Si/Al biggest is 313.7 that obtaining at catalyst production with 7 hours for time dealumination. The catalytic test use fixed bed reactor with 1 inci diameter and ethanol fermentation borth as feed. The operation condition is 150° C at temperature and atmosphere pressure. The compounds product in liquid phase are diethyl ether, methanol and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation examined whether alcohol consumption inhibits or encourages nonverbal behavior, and if alcohol and nonverbal behaviors are associated with a dyadÂ’s performance. Forty-two male teams played a cooperative game whereby one person produced clues and a partner guessed the clue category. Several 2 (Alcohol consumption of clue producer: BAC .08 g/dl or sober) x 2 (Game 1 versus Game 3) repeated measure analyses of variance examined the effect of drinking on nonverbal behaviors; regression analyses examined the influence of these variables on game performance. Drinking alcohol largely resulted in the increased use of nonverbal behaviors, and to an extent, greater team success. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has found contradictory evidence regarding the influence of work stress upon substance problems. This result may occur because previous research has been considering work roles in isolation from family roles. This research explores whether work stress affecting family or family stress affecting work influences substance problems among workers. Additionally, this research controls on alternative explanations including past traumatic and recent life events, the family disorder background of parents, and the comorbidity of the respondents themselves. Using the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), results indicate that family stress affecting work is positively associated with both serious alcohol and drug problems, even with controls for alternative explanations. However, work stress affecting family is not related to serious alcohol and drug problems. This research has useful policy implications for employers including the importance of employers taking measures to improve the quality of employees' family life as well as their work life. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study attempts to test Hirschi's social bonding theory and to explore the sex, racial/ethnic differences in tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana/drug use among adolescents. Hirschi (1969) identified four types of social bonds to promote socialization and conformity: attachment to others, commitment, involvement, and belief. The explanatory variables used in this study include commitment to school, involvement with other students in the class, content about life, and attachment to parents. Age is used as a control variable. Data came from the Health Behavior in School Children (HBSC) Survey (1997-1998) conducted by the World Health Organization. The first ICPSR version of the U.S. HBSC survey data was released in March 2003. The U.S. survey consists of 15,686 respondents aged 11 to 17. Results from multivariate analysis indicate that among the six groups of adolescents under study (White boys, Black boys, Mexican-American boys, White girls, Black girls, and Mexican-American girls), commitment to school has the strongest effect on tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana/drug use. The addition of the control variable age does not alter the strength and the significance of the relationships between the dependent and independent variables. Limitations of the study are discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjective: This study depicts: 1) altered beliefs about the world and self related to fears of terrorism two years after 9/11/01, and 2) the relationship between these altered beliefs and distress and drinking.Method: Respondents in a longitudinal cohort study were surveyed between1996 and 2003, using self-report mailed questionnaires. Relevant measures include: altered beliefs in 2003 related to 9/11/01 and fears of future terrorism, distress (depression, anxiety, somatization, PTSD), and drinking (quantity, escapist motives, binge drinking, drinking to intoxication, and problem-related drinking). Regression analyses examined relationships between altered beliefs and mental health, controlling for socio-demographic variables and (in most cases) pre-9/11 mental health status.Results: A sizable percentage of males and females experienced negatively altered beliefs about the world linked to terrorism. These altered beliefs were related, for both genders, to distress and drinking outcomes, controlling (in most cases) for pre-9/11 mental health status.Conclusions: Two years post 9/11, terrorism-related beliefs and fears were negatively associated with mental health. Prevention and intervention strategies related to the salience of terrorism for symptomatic distress and deleterious drinking constitute important challenges for mental health service provision. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capture-recapture analysis was applied to medical information and survey self-report in order to estimate the one-year prevalence of substance abuse related health problems among 31861 health plan members and to evaluate how effectively survey and medical information identified substance abuse. The approach used the ongoing nature of data collection in the health plan to create two waves of identification with two indicators for each wave: one based on relevant treatment and one on diagnoses. Using the resulting symmetries in the indicators, we found that the resulting estimates were fairly robust to the exact form of the loglinear model used to estimate prevalence. One year prevalence of substance abuse related health problems based on these estimates was similar for men (7.0%) and women (5.8%) and peaked in mid-life at 7.9% compared with 6.4% for under 35 and 4.7% for 60+. Consistent with differentials in stigma, men with substance abuse problems appeared much more likely to report them (22.1% vs 11.8%) and reporting declined sharply with age, from 25.7% under 35 to 11.2% over 60. Medical identification was almost equally effective for men and women, with about one quarter of each identified during the course of the year, but declined with age: 28% under 35 to 22% over 60. Overall identification rates also differed demographically, but less dramatically than self-report rates. The study suggests that using medical information to monitor substance abuse is promising. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across the United States, cities have begun limiting the number of liquor licenses they issue. Behind such legislation is a belief that the more alcohol outlets there are, the more problems there will be. However, such a hypothesis has never been tested. This study will examine a mid-size town with a high density of liquor licenses. Looking at crime data over a one year period, and in three different areas, results show that what affects crime the most is not how many liquor licenses there are, but what kinds of licenses exist. Bars that did not promote overconsumption had relatively low crime rates surrounding their establishments, even if they were in a high density area of alcohol outlets. This is compared to bars that had irresponsible serving practices, all of which had very high crime rates around their establishments. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The epidemiological basis of the total consumption framework in alcohol policy was originally laid in France in the 1950s in the work of the epidemiologist and demographer Sully Ledermann. This article demonstrates how this framework repeatedly and in a cyclical manner has surfaced as a central policy argument in alcohol control efforts in France since then. The article is based on a study of the radical restrictive French law on alcohol advertising - the ɶin Law that was passed in 1990 . The material consists of official documents and analysis of press materials. The conclusion is that the viability of the total consumption framework depends not on the epidemiological arguments alone. It also involves a universal social philosophy that focuses on the well-being and health of the population rather than individuals. In France, the population argument was also an expert position. Universalism and expert appeal were also the weaknesses of the policy, and the law has been widely considered a failure [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: While research has focused on the mechanisms influencing alcohol consumption among Native Americans, little is known about the factors that influence alcohol cessation. The present study examined the relative impact of discrimination, historical loss and enculturation on alcohol cessation for Native Americans adults who share a common culture in the upper Midwest and five Canadian First Nation reserves. Method: The sample consisted of 757 Native American adults, with 71% females and 29% males. The average age of females and males was 39 and 42 respectively. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the effects of historical loss, discrimination and latent constructs of enculturation on alcohol cessation. Results: The findings revealed that traditional cultural participation and spirituality were positively associated with alcohol cessation. Financial strain moderated the effects of traditional cultural participation on alcohol cessation. Conclusions: This study presents evidence that spirituality plays an important in alcohol cessation and has implications for developing potential paths to successful recovery and outreach programs to specific American Indian groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tobacco, alcohol, and physical inactivity are now three of the top ten risk factors for mortality in the Americas region, leading to a huge increase in deaths due to preventable causes in Mexico. To combat this, a more complete understanding of the various factors that influence these behaviors is needed. Religion is an important factor to consider because it is one of the most influential (and widespread) institutions within the Hispanic culture. Methods: The current study uses a nationally representative sample of older adults in Mexico to examine the relationship between religion and three different sets of health behaviors: smoking, drinking, and exercise. Results: Findings show that religious salience is significantly associated with current smoking and drinking, as well as regular exercise. These relationships remain significant even after controlling for various demographic, social, and health characteristics. Conclusions: The associations between religion and health behaviors in Mexico are similar to those seen in the U.S. This type of information is critical to health researchers, providers, and policy-makers as they attempt to improve the health behaviors of older adults. However, more information on the specific pathways through which religion influences health behaviors is still needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and design: This study examined the cross-sectional ecological association between levels of heavy drinking and suicide mortality in Russia. Setting, participants, and measurements: Aggregate mortality data for the 89 Russian regions for the year 2000 were used to measure heavy drinking and suicide. Government data were used to control for the regional economic situation and strength of social institutions. Ordinary Least Squares regression was employed and models were estimated for overall and sex-specific rates. Findings: There is a positive and significant association between the proxy for heavy drinking and suicide rates. This association holds for overall, male, and female rates. Conclusions: Russian rates of drinking and suicide are among the highest in the world, but scholars were unable to investigate this until recently due to Soviet secrecy and data falsification. These results not only confirm an ecological association between alcohol and suicide for overall and sex-specific rates within Russia, but when compared to findings from previous studies of other countries they lead to the hypothesis that a nation=s beverage preference may be as important in its sensitivity of suicide rates to alcohol consumption as its wet/dry drinking culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses a gap in the research regarding Native American alcohol use at the family level specifically, and current understandings of the ways in which caretaker substance use transmits to youth use generally. The influence of caretaker substance use on early onset adolescent drinking is examined through concepts of social learning theory and coercion theory. Data comes from the "Healing Pathways Project," a 3 year longitudinal study of Native American families in the upper Midwest and Canada. The current sample includes 552 families, with reports from female caretakers and target adolescents aged 10-13 years. Results of bivariate and path analysis provide support for the influence of caretaker substance use on adolescent drinking from both theoretical perspectives; however, these effects vary depending on the type and/or degree of adult substance use measured. Implications for culturally specific prevention programs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increasing concerns about the health of the fast growing immigrant population, little is known about alcohol use/abuse and alcohol-related outcomes in the foreign-born. Our previous research suggested that place-of birth-based variability in the patterns of alcohol use/abuse and alcohol-related morbidity, as well as in the distribution of social and demographic characteristics that have known associations with alcohol use and health. In the current study, we used advanced modeling techniques to examine if the apparent differences in alcohol use, alcohol-related health, and their correlates hold after simultaneous adjustment for other factors. We analyzed the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data for 2001 (N = 31,223). The data are unique because they list respondents' region of birth (11-category variable), in addition to socio-demographics, health conditions/behaviors, and US-stay status. The results show that the foreign-born population, in general, is less likely to use and abuse alcohol than the US-born population before and after adjustment for covariates, but the patterns vary by region of birth and drinking status. We describe these patterns and discuss possible explanations, such as immigrant selection and multiculturalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes an evaluation of the effects of experimentally designed alcohol education advertisements, aimed at stimulating Dutch college students to visit a campaign website. Recall and recognition of the advertisement are correlated with each other and are also correlated with attention to the message URL and talking with others about the advertisement. Attitude towards the advertisement was correlated with attitude towards the site, and attention towards visiting the website was correlated with intention to visit the website.