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There were two projects at the National Defence University of Finland (NDU), which both ended by the end of 2022. One of them tried to find the answers to the main question: How artificial intelligence (AI) could be used to improve learning, teaching, and planning? The other tried to find the answer to the main question: What new skills do officers need when artificial intelligence is coming? We did literature reviews and found out that intelligent technology combined with data analytics can offer several improvements to traditional classroom teaching. From literature reviews, we also found some new skills that officers might need to be able to handle AI-based technologies. This is a position paper presenting the arguable opinions of the writers. We have found lots of benefits that the use of intelligent learning technology can bring, mainly by supporting individual learning paths. There is also an obvious need for AI officers who should have a deeper understanding of the AI-supported technology than normal officers. This project and some other similar projects have raised a lot of discussions, one seminar series about artificial intelligence and we do have some trained AI officers as well. [For the full proceedings, see ED629086.]

Internationalization of Higher Education is one of the key trends of development. Security and Defence Education aims to prepare highly specialized military (officers) and civilian personnel who are able to operate in national as well as international environments with colleagues and people of different nationalities and sometimes in a very complex context. For this reason, it is extremely important to strengthen the internationalization process in Higher Education, using traditional and virtual modalities, in order to allow students to develop skills, to create collaborations and networks. This paper answers to the research question what initiatives and policies of internationalization can be developed, and how, in order to enhance the European Security and Defence Higher Education, by analyzing and discussing the intensive internationalization experiences of the University of Turin with the Education and Training Command and School of Applied Military Studies in the last seven academic years at different levels: students, teachers and staff, Institutions. Several data collected during this period allow to understand how the direction of actions has changed, which difficulties were encountered, and which solutions can be found. This research can be considered a useful example for those who want to increase the internationalization of Security and Defence Higher Education especially in this new digital era. [For the full proceedings, see ED621892.]

This volume includes three sections of the 2021 NORDSCI international conference proceedings: (1) Education and Educational Research; (2) Language and Linguistics; and (3) Sociology and Healthcare. Education and Educational Research includes 15 papers covering the full spectrum of education, including history, sociology and economy of education, educational policy, strategy and technologies. This section also covers pedagogy and the education and socialization challenges post-COVID-19 pandemic. Language and Linguistics includes 7 papers covering topics related to theoretical, literary and historical linguistics, as well as stylistics and philology. The Sociology and Healthcare section has 15 papers covering topics related to human society, social structures, and social change, healthcare systems and healthcare services. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

In many technology related courses in addition to the new content, previously learned knowledge about science and science related supportive tools are simultaneously studied. In the field of applied sciences, the aim is to apply technology applications derived from these scientific methods and models to the operating environment. From the point of view technical disciplines in cadets' education are important but narrow in scope, so there is a need to look for solutions that meet the educational goals of the local community. In this research, it is considered to build a broader assessment, to support learning to be motivating, and also to guide teachers at their work. This empirical research consists of findings from three successive courses in the sensor technology education for cadets. Examination structure is analyzed according to the test scoring and student success. As a conclusion, a course of specific mix of quiz can be recommended. Moreover, the principles of the presented form-based test are transferable to electronic assessment environments. [For the full proceedings, see ED619611.]

There is growing interest in deepening resilience building and development programmes that target both individuals and organisations, with implications in almost all areas of social, economic, and political life. The aim of our approach is to illustrate, in quantitative terms, both the place and importance in the literature of some of the most important concepts associated with resilience, namely security, critical infrastructure and security culture, and the links between these concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Security System represents the set of institutions with attributions in the area of defence, public order and national security. The National Security System is currently facing a rather large shortage of personnel, which may have serious implications on the public safety climate in Romania. This deficit is partly due to the fact that the world no longer considers employment in this system attractive from the salary point of view. The status of military personnel involves many restrictions and duties, which are not to the liking of new generations, thus reducing the competition for admission to military schools, having implications on the attraction of the best graduates within the National Security System, which can easily lead to its de-professionalization. This paper aims to analyse the budget allocations related to personnel expenses within the institutions that make up the National Security System in Romania, namely the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of National Defence, the Protection and Guard Service and the Special Telecommunications Service, taking into account the number of employees of each institution, in accordance with the information published by the Ministry of Finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper shares some of the experience gained in the ideation process of generating and designing tasks in Specialised Military English for a hybrid learning environment. The product of the ideation is targeted at military and security specialists and is the result of an international project under the EU's Erasmus+ programme N 2020-1-BG01-KA203-079117. Definitions of ideation, interactive activity/learning, hybrid learning, and ESP are suggested. The main phases of the HELPSec international ideation process of the project partners are presented and some techniques of this process are exemplified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the context of security in the Black Sea basin area and its connections with the strategic, military, and economic aims of the main factors contributing to the region's stability and security. The work debuted with some geographical and physical features of the maritime basin, switching the analysis to security actors. The article portrays the EU (European Union) and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) regarding the actual and past actions taken to enhance the region's security and stability. Further, the article investigates the six riparian states through the military and strategic-oriented approach. The concluding part of the work exhibits a sharp insight beyond the sea basin area, and the work is closed by short concluding remarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional approaches to military network procurement taken by government can lead to vender lock-in, reducing the potential for competition when the systems need refreshing or major upgrades, and also for through life maintenance requirements. One solution to these problems could be to require an open systems approach in military systems procurement, reducing single supplier issues through well defined architectures, interfaces and ‘open by design’ concepts. The paper presents a technical analysis of UK military systems procurement over the last few decades to provide context for the current open systems approach. The paper then explicitly discusses the potential benefits and challenges of such an approach and finally explores how this may impact on air interface, network and security systems. The primary conclusions of the work which will be elaborated in the paper are; that openness is key to providing increased interoperability, flexibility and agility, and that benefits can be obtained from designing a degree of openness into all aspects of military networks, for example in security, air interfaces and waveforms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of this paper is to examine the future prospects for cooperation between the European Union after the Treaty of Lisbon and the United States of America under its new leadership. This paper will focus on the maintenance of the transatlantic alliance and the way in which each partner contributed to the maintenance of this alliance. Such alliance-maintenance will have to move beyond issues of military "burden- sharing"--important as those are--to examine whether or not trade and social issues also need addressing. The end of the Cold War has not diminished the importance of consultation on political and security issues, including human security aspects. A healthy transatlantic relationship remains essential in order to guarantee the security and prosperity of Europe and the United States. Viewing transatlantic relations as a common platform for the development of global partnerships with other political actors will strengthen the transatlantic link and direct its future development. The theoretical framework will be derived from two aspects of political science and international relations: theories of neoliberalism and literature on "historical materialism" as discourses used in order to define globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revealing the nature and content of the country's defence and analysing the core of the terms leadership, command, and control, as well as the purpose and content of the leadership, command, and control system, a definition of the essence of the leadership, command, and control system of country's defence is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the author presents problems related to the use of a new way of carrying out attacks by terrorists and terrorist groups, which is the use of vehicles to ram people in crowded areas of urban space. This method is presented based on the 2017 attacks in Barcelona and Cambrils, Spain. The text presents the course of the attack, the actions of the services, as well as a detailed analysis of these attacks. The material on which the article was based was taken from Spanish press and from communications made available by the services responsible for state security. In the conclusion the author draws particular attention to the increasing use of the method of ramming people with vehicles by terrorists and the ways in which this should be counteracted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security is an omnipresent state for which complex and interdisciplinary approaches are needed. Because of the many valences and the ways of perceiving it, we appreciate that only modern education can provide the foundation for a good security culture specific to the period we are going through. In our paper we want to demonstrate that under the correct approach of the electronic warfare - cyber defense convergence, through various academic programs, not only in the field of military sciences, we can realize premises of a solid security culture that human development supports base on education , a fundamental factor determining of a modern military information system security. At the same time, we appreciate that understanding of specific themes in this field by civil society will lead to an assumed self-education, each user of an informational system understanding the risk to which he is exposed and that compliance with the rules is not only a task included in the job description but a contribution essential to maintaining the security status of the organization where he's belongs. Last but not least, submitting own systemic vulnerabilities observations to top-management structures should be a moral obligation for each member of a professional community. In turn, managers need to check and communicate their response to the entire community, creating by that a form of education at work. Even though this kind of education develops the specific professional-security culture, the existence of several directions will determine the permanent adaptation of security in various fields and, implicitly, the formation of a modern security culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a novel analysis of the impact of the modern security environment on the organization of ammunition supply in operations. It draws on modern logistics theory to highlight the unique features of some of the leading logistics functions applied in ammunition supply operations. Based on these findings, it formulates innovative proposals and guidelines for improving the logistics subsystem for ammunition supply, offering fresh perspectives on enhancing operational effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent massive critical data leaks by Wikileaks suggest how fragile national security is from the perspective of information system and network sustainability. This incident raises some causes of concern. Firstly, critical infrastructure such as military and diplomatic systems is not spared from security breach. Secondly, such leak causes far-reaching damage to public interests, national security and economic sustainability. And thirdly, both technology and law seem incapable of dealing with such situation. Malaysia is not spared from the risk of information security attacks. Its ten critical sectors as identified in its National Cyber Security Policy (NCSP) -national defence and security; banking and finance; information and communications; energy, transport and water; government, emergency and medical services; as well as food and agriculture-can at any time fall victim to security breaches and data leaks if efforts to protect their system are flawed. The objective this paper is to outline the problems and challenges from the points of legal framework that Malaysia should anticipate and address in maintaining and sustaining its national CII. The paper first look at the problem of data breaches in the world and examine how as the technology becomes more superior, the cyber-world becomes more vulnerable to data breaches. Tied to that is the notion of critical information infrastructure (CIIs). As more and more of these CIIs are connected and dependent on connectivity, the normal incidence of data breach can be a potential of human loss and catastrophe. The paper next look at the concept of critical information security in Malaysia and examine the seriousness of data breaches in Malaysia. The paper seeks to explore legal options that Malaysia can adopt in preparing itself to more data breaches onslaught. It is the basic contention of the paper that the traditional legal framework should be reformed in line with the advances of the information and communications technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Striking a balance between the political authority of the EU member states and the competences of an enlarged 'post-national' European Union (EU), the Treaty of Lisbon (ToL) has emphasized both aspects. On the one hand, it introduces a number of flexible institutional mechanisms to allow for more effectively integrated internal and external policies. On the other hand, as its conclusion states, it represents a manifestation of the sovereign will of EU members, freely expressed, and thus satisfies the desire for sovereignty of the member states (Wessels and Bopp 2008). Drawing on this assumption, this paper explores the linkages between the issue of (post) national sovereignty and the prospects for the effectiveness of the European Union Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) after the ToL. In this context, I argue that in understanding the sovereignty balance (or rather the tension) within the legal and political stricture of the EU, we can make plausible predictions as to the future of its foreign policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the dramatic changes in the European security and defence environment, the European Union needs to increase its resolve and determination in ensuring its own security and defence, both in cooperation with NATO but also on its own. The complex framework of the European security and defence, rather generic and flawed by many shortfalls, should be refined and optimized in many areas. A functioning European defence framework, regardless of its final format, can only be build on the foundations of EU institutions manned by military and civilian personnel that use the same doctrines, concepts, definitions, sets and values and mind-sets, related to the common European goals, as an addition to their national cultural values and backgrounds. This requires a decisive reform in the education and training of the personnel working in the various bodies and agencies related to the Common European Security and Defence. In this context, the use of the existent E-Education and e- Training concepts bears a significant importance in increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of this process. At the same time, a major challenge would be the necessity to integrate and correlate the educational objectives, the curricula and the newest IT@C technologies to facilitate the attainment of the desired educational outcomes. This paper aims to propose a model of analysis and implementation of a process geared towards an integrated and coordinated education and training for the military and civilian personnel involved in the CSDP framework, in order to allow the optimization of the fulfilment of the European defence and security missions and objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For years Americans viewed terrorism as events that occurred in other countries. With the collapse of the Twin Towers in New York on 9/11, the date and the Towers themselves would become a symbol of the day terrorism came to US soil. 9/11 has shaped how the United States secures its borders as well as ensures the safety of all who live within its boundaries. One of America's most sacred treasures are children. Every year as a rite of passage school principals across the United States develop and implement school safety plans. Once limited to fire drills, earthquake, hurricane or tornado, with the advent of events such as Columbine and Sandy Hook the task of planning and implementing school safety plans has grown exponentially. The United States Office of Homeland Security now calls school safety plans crisis plans. The reality is that schools across the nation are at risk. Threats to schools in the United States come not only from terrorism at the international front, but from within our boundaries domestically. This paper will review strategies and resources that school principals may consider as they plan and implement comprehensive school safety plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cybercrimes have evolved, in a very short period of time, from just an interesting phenomenon to one of the biggest threats that our society has yet faced. The term of cybercrime is not something new anymore, due to the inconstant evolution of the technologies that were initially meant to ease our life. However, any new progress brings with it different challenges and sometimes some new criminal behaviors. Due to the apparition of the cyber criminality on the global stage, different types of institutions from the filed of law enforcement started to develop programs to fight this new - at that time - type of threat. An interesting and actual challenge is also addressed to the main institutions from the area of Public Order and National Security, and especially to the ones meant to train the professionals in these fields. This challenge is referring to the way to train the personnel related to the cybercrimes from the point of view of prevention and fighting this phenomenon. However, another problem is for the Academic institution - such as Romanian Police Academy, in case of this article`s subject - to be able to provide a minimal level of knowledge in this field for future police officers, which, of course, will be involved (or at least intended to be involved) in different typologies of crimes than the ones related to digital environment. Current paper is intended to provide a brief image of current realities of this type of training, as well as the main advantages and disadvantages of the current educational system in accordance with the real needs from an operational point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security means the absence of risks, threats and vulnerabilities, the absence of fear or insecurity. Any human group, or state, indifferently its wideness, placement, form of organization, etc. can develop only under the conditions of relative security of its members. How security is practically provided it is a matter of strategy, respectively priorities settlements in regard to a geopolitical context, resources, alliances, loyalty to the allies, planning and management (the conductment experience). In order to fulfil its security strategy, each government assumes its security policy (legislative, institutional, material and human resources etc. systems) able to satisfy the entire range of issues in the national security field. Often, we have wonder if it really exist total security? The answer is far from positive. Different threats, vulnerabilities or risks are at every step. Still, a part of risks, threats or vulnerabilities against security can be diminished or eradicated by education and self-education. As this concern, E-learning instruments can contribute to the understanding and thoroughness of security studies and assess the continuous changing security environment. The use of E-learning instruments will lead to shifting the accent from a learning environment in security studies centred on teacher, to one centred on student wherein teachers are not anymore the key-source of information and knowledge delivery, but they become collaborators of students and students are not anymore only passive receivers of information but they are actively involved in their own education. Starting from these considerations, our paper intends to highlight that in security studies can be used Elearning instruments as methods of learning and lessons' delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ever-changing geopolitical situation has led to a new approach of the world's countries towards political, economic and military activity at the beginning of the relation. In the context of all these phenomena, one of the priorities is national security, which is inextricably linked to economic security. The paper aims to examine the conception and structure of economic security as a phenomenon and to reveal the components of economic security that directly affect the competitiveness of the state and the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this increasingly dynamic world, in which risks, dangers and threats to security and defence are amplified and diversified, is a need for very robust, timely and effective decisions. Therefore, eLearning is the answer for education and training of military commanders and political decision-makers in order to keep pace with faster changes in the security environment. This paper proposes an eLearning course on security analysis focalized on the six areas of social life which directly affect national and international security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides being a modern trend, e-learning technology is a necessity of the knowledge-based society in which learning, as an organizational subsequent process, as well as the educational activities have new characteristics, much closer to the needs of individuals, groups or organizations, public and private. The staff involved in the activities specific to critical infrastructure, having high operational and managerial responsibilities in a continuously changing social-technical environment primarily due to the evolution of the IT factor that unprecedentedly galvanizes the interdependencies in the critical infrastructure sectors, represent in this framework a distinct professional community, with very diverse formation needs throughout their life. Given the widely dispersed territorial disposition of the places where this category of personnel performs its daily activities, this paper's authors argue that the educational approaches based on e-learning represent a vector of success in making more efficient some constraints such as time and the resources necessary for maintaining and upgrading certain necessary essential competences. Taking the best educational practice existing in this field as reference points, a conceptual model for the acquisition of knowledge in the field is drawn up and a case study regarding the current stage of e-learning technology is presented as it is used in one of the institutions traditionally organizing postgraduate courses devoted to the management of critical infrastructure protection. In accordance with the central theme of the conference, the general objective of the present scientific approach is to demonstrate the sustainability of the e-learning solution in the field and, implicitly, to disseminate the educational practice of the Land Forces Academy mainly to other institutions within the system of defence, public order and national security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a qualitative analysis of persuasive strategies used in debates on Japan's security policy, related to Article 9. The study examines the Japan Diet deliberations during the Gulf War, focusing on the Budget Committee of both Houses. The findings reveal the importance of seeking international recognition, feeling anxiety, taking pride in Japan's Constitution/Article 9, and anxiety management in driving or preventing security policy changes.

The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in China and the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus caused at first some kind of shift in attitudes towards East Asia. However, in the longer term, wider effects apply into international relations around the world. COVID-19 pandemic determined various activities implemented by government all over the world, which aims at fist were to protect health and life of its inhabitant, but later turned out to wider strategy of each country. COVID-19 pandemic expects negative consequences, which undoubtedly are dominant, in some cases turned out to be very stimulating to development. The article aims to present the changes that have taken place in the context of the international position of East Asian countries over the last two years, caused by the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

February 24, 2022 has changed the course of recent history, proving the greatest fears of Western states concerning the intentions of the Russian Federation regarding Ukraine and Europe. Hybrid warfare instruments used in Ukraine over the past decade have led to the destabilization of the security situation in eastern Ukraine, culminating in the invasion of a sovereign state and the outbreak of armed conflict. We are currently witnessing an absurd theater of contradictory news, a struggle for resources and state decisions taken in accordance with their concern for their own economy, cyber-attacks and revelations of a sensational sometimes with macabre overtones. The diversity and complexity of the hybrid threats so evident in today's society, used as a military strategy prior to the armed conflict but especially since its inception, influences our perception and increases the effects of conventional warfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid warfare as a new form of politico-military aggression, brings to the fore a complex of conventional and unconventional civil and military actions and operations designed to attack all components of the aggressed state. An appropriate response to the challenges posed by this new type of conflict involves a comprehensive approach, integrating both civilian and military instruments. However, military structures retain a particularly important role in achieving the objectives of the campaign, they possess those capabilities relevant to stabilizing the security environment as well as post-conflict reconstruction. The military engineer support, an important component of any joint military operation, contributes, beyond the fulfillment of missions / tasks in the field, mobility, countermobility, survivability or general support of the assembled military force, to the return to normalcy of the affected society of a conflict. Viewed from this perspective, it can be said that the military engineer support acquires a multidimensional character, which mainly refers to the security, economic, social and educational dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic addressed in this article is a current one due to the political-military situation in the vicinity of Europe and the numerous analyses and comments that it will cause in the future. First, the authors present the general framework of the resistance combat beginning with the operational requirements necessary for conducting such operations, and then it analyzes the perspectives that such operations have in future military operations and proposes directions of action necessary to prepare Romania for defence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing the use of ISR structures in conventional operations in the context of national resilience, in an era of unpredictability of the security environment and the current presence of a regional conflict, inevitably becomes a mandatory concern for both support and decision-makers at all hierarchical levels and from all categories of troops. The development of a national defense position can be achieved through a flexible and robust ISR system, permanently adapted to the requirements of modern conflicts. Understanding how ISR capabilities can be used in conventional operations by addressing the principles, disciplines and collection systems is a key element in understanding the contribution of ISR to national resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shooting with the available weapons is a determining and defining element of armed combat, and the mysteries, practice, art and, above all, the science of shooting are learnt during shooting training, a discipline of overwhelming importance in the process of training troops and, implicitly, their preparation for combat. Nowadays, the construction of (fire) weapons has reached unprecedented technical and technological levels, with lethal and destructive accuracy and capability that were unimaginable a few decades ago. In this context, the maximum exploitation of the characteristics of the available weapons and the training of instictual shooting is an indispensable requirement coming from the reality of the military conflicts in which the Romanian military have taken part, a reality that has generated the need to develop the existing training facilities in order to create the best conditions for training the necessary skills. This development can be done either by purchasing training systems incorporating state-of-the-art technologies, at high cost, or by modernizing the existing ones at relatively lower costs and bringing them to the level of the accepted training requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulgaria's accession to Euro-Atlantic structures put the modernization of the Bulgarian Army and Armed Forces on the agenda. After years of reforms prior to the pre-accession period, they have been reduced as a matter of priority to reductions in structures and personnel and the release of obsolete property, weapons and equipment. Thus, under the pretext that modernization and supply of new equipment, systems and armaments compatible with those of NATO member states is forthcoming, the Bulgarian Army and its armed forces are deprived of key armaments and equipment for protection of national security and satisfactory. declared abilities. Over the years, modernization has been at the center of a number of regulations and documents, plans and programs with long-term and medium-term scope, according to the role, missions, goals and objectives of the Bulgarian Army and Armed Forces, whose implementation remains a good wish. And now, when the challenges of the security environment, whose dynamics and uncertainty are becoming increasingly difficult to predict, our country and its security are facing serious challenges. These circumstances unequivocally provoke our scientific research to study the reasons for the failed modernization of the Bulgarian Army and its armed forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a synthesis of the literature on information security strategy that identifies the knowledge gaps in our understanding on how information security strategies are formulated and operationalized in organizations. The findings show that primarily information security research examines security strategy from the perspective of preventing or the mitigation of security threats and attacks. Organizations focus on compliance with security strategies by employees to ensure that information security regulations and standards are met. This study examines the security strategy formulation process. Using the Arksey and O'Malley scoping review framework, 23 articles were systematically selected and reviewed. Analyses from the review showed that information security strategy is under-researched in the top IS journals. Analyses of the literature showed that there is no unified approach to security strategy. The literature approaches information security strategy from an operational and technical perspective. Finally, research gaps and areas for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state of security is at the prime reference element for the existence of any entity, regardless of its nature and its reporting to micro- and macro-level dimensions. The complexity of the system of risks and vulnerabilities resulting from the mutual conditioning relations of the societal fields implies a reconsideration of the educational units in the field of national security. This fact translates the training of the specialist in the field of national security, as a requirement of its ability to respond to the new challenges posed by the influence factors which may generate crisis situations or may have a major negative impact. The concept of inter-institutional workflow applied to the education institutions might be a saving solution to the complex threats that modern society has to face nowadays. Cyberattacks in all spheres of social life are a direct response to the societal digitalization of all areas of a state or of a state alliance. In this context, the crisis as a destructive factor of a society involves an integrated approach to security factors. Therefore, the education system in the field of national security need to be connected to this new reality and to identify the best options for training specialists in this field so they can find the proper solutions and methods in order to prevent and counteract any attack against the society. Although, every security system is based on rigorous planning measures, the dynamics of the transformations in their own operational environment confirms that they will never be sufficiently prepared to prevent or combat a crisis situation. Therefore, a security specialist cannot be considered a "finished product" of an education system. This statement shows the hermetic features of the educational units which, due to their level of classification, function in isolation. A solution to this problem may consist of developing databases in order to detect instances of threat scenarios and implicitly disseminating results based on risk analysis for each particular situation. The extrapolation of the risks from the specific to the general followed by finding viable solutions in the field of national security can be achieved within an education system based on collaboration. Through this article, we firmly assert that the performance of the security systems is directly related to the performance of the collaborative interconnection of the education systems in this field and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While military intelligence might play a significant role as an integral part in national security, its manifestation as an essence contributes towards belligerence among international relations, which is simultaneously dependent regarding multiple factors. The concept of national security being characterized by its persistent ambiguity, allows for the ultimate purpose of military intelligence to be theoretically transferred from an interdependent paradigm to an autonomous paradigm through a gradual paradigm shift, thus giving us an insight into military intelligence and international relations as a contemporary method of warfare. Although information collection and analysis are known to be continuously conducted during peacetime, the period of transition to war and wartime on both national and international level, the provided study of social, political, economic, military, diplomatic and technological environments during peacetime stimulate superpowers to regard rival superpowers and developed nations as “real enemies” and developing nations as “potential enemies” due to the changeable nature of international relations, resulting in the development of military interests towards all nations. Consequently, omnipresent military intelligence activities are being universally perceived as a “silent service”, while individually influencing international relations during both peacetime and wartime within democratic states. Furthermore, the geopolitical theory establishes the assumption that a country’s geographical features are the primary causes of its ultimate political reality – war or peace. Although the theory by itself cannot accurately predict a nation’s military intentions, activities of military intelligence analysis could potentially serve as an advantageous method to identify, clarify, and forecast their intentions, motives, and national interest objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology is rapidly evolving, and the internet is now essential in most people's daily needs. The increased use of cyberspace and data creation has increased cybercriminal activities. In the Philippines, the internet has been exceedingly used by the youth in finding data and gaining general knowledge, and Filipinos have also been found to be susceptible to cyberattacks. In order to maintain data privacy, Republic Act No. 10173, otherwise known as the Data Privacy Act, was implemented to keep up with the fast development of technology that became a hindrance in educating people, which may put national security at risk. The risk of data breaches and leaks have always been a concern in the Philippines, and this risk heightens with the prevalence of the pandemic. Contact tracing has become an essential to the government during the pandemic, and it is used to protect the data privacy of the Filipinos. However, it was put at stake after the ECOP proposed the suspension of the data privacy act by disclosing the names of infected people in hopes of close contacts to turn themselves in. It was concluded that cybercrimes have already been prevalent even before the pandemic. To help solve this issue, it is recommended that contact tracing must ensure that data privacy is always upheld. People who are assigned in handling and sorting data should be aware of the DPA and what Proceedings of the 2nd Indian International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Warangal, Telangana, India, August 16-18, 2022 © IEOM Society International guidelines they must take note of to ensure the protection of data privacy. Contact tracing apps must be developed using the privacy-by-design approach and must implement a proper consent mechanism. Finally, the data privacy act must be always upheld and should not be suspended for the sole reason of contact tracing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article tackles the main issues linked to the dynamics of training police officers within Romanian Police Academy, future developments and recent changes in this field. As the only institution able to train superior police officers in Romania, Alexandru Ioan Cuza Police Academy represents a complex and special environments in the field of learning environments. As other institutions in the area of Public Order and National Security, Romanian Police Academy is concerned in adapting the learning frame to the new tendencies of the target-groups willing to follow the courses of this institution. Also, it s a must to take care of the external factors able to influence the needs and the requirements of what training means in the area of future police officers. Furthermore, the analysis is a must due to the most important transformation of the Romanian Police Academy - new faculties are to be created at the end of 2015 (Law and Public Administration, Gendarmerie Faculty, Border Police Faculty), some of them with a complete innovative curricula (Public Administration, Detective specialization, immigration officer etc.) Within the article an internal analysis of the system of training (with an objective view related to systemic strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats) is approached. The article also concerns the level of training thru scientific research at the level of Romanian Police Academy and continuous training for the personnel already involved in the operational structures of the Police. The conclusions are related to the actual realities and on an objective analysis of internal and external environment of the Romanian Police Academy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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