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Copyright of CISTI (Iberian Conference on Information Systems & Technologies / Conferência Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação) Proceedings is the property of Conferencia Iberica de Sistemas Tecnologia de Informacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Use of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) "Basic Stuff" (1981) series (which includes six texts explaining each concept and three texts illustrating their use in the elementary, middle, and secondary schools) is recommended for physical education teacher preparation programs. A study was undertaken to compare classes taught with a "Basic Stuff" approach to those taught with a traditional skill orientation. Two college beginning level volleyball classes and two high-ability swimming conditioning classes were taught, one class in each activity using "Basic Stuff" physiology and kinesiology, and one class in each activity using skill orientation. Following instruction, the "Basic Stuff" classes were found to have significantly more knowledge in skill analysis, movement analysis, technique, and strategy, and to have equal knowledge of rules compared to skill oriented classes. No significant difference was found between classes in skill development or in learning of a novel skill. However, a significant difference was found in a repeat test of the novel skill 2 days following exposure. (JD)

This outline profiles two programs that use dance/movement therapy to help students with low self-esteem, poor body image, poor self-control, lack of trust in others, difficulty identifying and expressing feelings, and poor interpersonal relating skills. Students referred for dance/movement therapy services are assessed for appropriateness, and are eventually scheduled for weekly sessions. Students are seen either individually, in pairs, or in small groups. This therapy involves a holistic approach of psychotherapy which encourages self-expression through movement. It is primarily a non-verbal therapeutic modality which promotes emotional and physical integration. Included in the outline of this program is an overview; a purpose statement; the implementation period of the program; program characteristics; the targeted population; the services provided; the staff; funding concerns; problems; and evaluation data. The programs were designed to increase social competence and to allow children and adolescents the opportunity to express creatively their inner concerns, anxieties, and emotional conflicts in a safe non-threatening manner. (RJM)

Dissatisfaction with body image among women has become a major psychological and physical contemporary problem. This study is among the few to empirically suggest that overall body satisfaction is strongly related to perceived discrepancy of one's body image from ideal societal standards of attractiveness. This study also identifies the personal importance of meeting these ideals (IMI) as a mediating variable between body satisfaction and either self-esteem or depression. The results indicated that body satisfaction was positively correlated with self-esteem and negatively correlated with depression scores in a sample of 164 undergraduate women. As predicted, low body satisfaction alone did not predict self-esteem and depression scores as strongly as when IMI was included as a predictor. The presence of IMI enhances our understanding of why not all women who are dissatisfied with their bodies inevitably display lowered self-esteem and depression scores. (BF)

An examination of the interaction of social and cultural influences on body image development may yield an explanation for the development of eating disorder behavior, especially in understanding the special problems facing women athletes. There appear to be two major sociocultural factors influencing the development of body image in the population of young women (15-25 years old) most likely to be affected with eating disorders: (1) the onset of the feminist movement which may have contributed to role and identity confusion and (2) the emphasis on thinness for women that emerged during the 1960s. There are three factors that cause disturbance to a smoothly developing body image: biological change; environmental change; and interactional change. As a child matures in thinking abilities, what was once an objective appreciation of body size and physical limitations soon becomes more abstract and qualitative. From that point on, social norms and social experiences dominate the final development of self-image. Increased physical exertion and stimulation tend to facilitate keener body awareness and sense of well-being and therefore enhance satisfaction with body parts. Women athletes clearly indicate more positive feelings toward their bodies than nonathletic women, especially with regard to energy levels and health. Sixty-three references are given. (IAH)

Young people aged 16-24 are most at risk of relationship abuse and intimate partner violence, The UK definition of domestic violence includes incidences of abuse between people aged 16 or over, but young people below the age of 16 are also at risk of relationship abuse. Relationship education became compulsory in schools in England and Wales in September 2020. There is increasing recognition of the need for whole school approaches to prevent gender-based violence from happening in the first place, and for equipping schools to teach relationship education and to feel more confident supporting young people affected by gender-based violence (GBV). Drawing on our experiences of delivering relationship education in both mainstream and special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) schools in England since 2012, this paper argues creative arts-based methods can be an effective tool in DA prevention and intervention. The paper explores young peoples views of healthy and unhealthy relationships, and ideals of the 'perfect partner', mediated through gender, body image and social media. We present material co-produced with young people in school, including art, drama, poetry and song. We discuss how creative methods are useful as both a research and prevention tool, and the social impact of research derived knowledge on both participants and the wider school community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-descriptive data from 48 children; 8 male and 8 female 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds, indicated the salience of activity as a dimension of the preschooler's self-concept. Analysis of responses to the 2 most open-ended measures yielded 9 response categories: actions, relationships, body-image, possessions, personal labels, gender, age, evaluation, and personal characteristics and preferences; but only responses in the action category showed relatively high frequency and stability. All age groups also showed significantly greater preference for action rather than body-referent statements. (Author/MS)

A social, humanistic movement focusing on the needs and concerns of more advantaged, affluent persons has emerged, called the "Human Potential Movement." The emphasis of the movement centers around group processes, small group experiences, and the search for personal, interpersonal, and organizational growth. The development and emergence of growth centers has probably been the major influence in determining the scope, direction, importance and spread of the Human Potential Movement. There is much diversity among growth centers, but basic purposes and intent are similar. Within the Human Potential Movement, and more specifically within growth centers, the body has rejoined the mind in a social, humanistic emphasis on the integrated, holistic, total human being. The emergence of growth centers in the United States during the past decade and the publication of considerable literature in the field of sport and athletics with strong humanistic emphases clearly indicate a need for deeper understanding of the meaning of physical education, body, movement, and nonverbal experiencing in the years ahead. (Included in this paper are descriptions of six growth centers and a list of body, movement, and nonverbal experiences.) (RC)

This document provides a series of reflections by a practicing psychologist on the uses of aerobic workouts in psychotherapy. Two case histories are cited to illustrate the contention that the mode of exercise, rather than simply its presence or absence, is the significant indicator of a patient's emotional well-being or psychopathology. The first case illustrates the abuse of physical exercise through a bulimic patient who alternately gorged on food and then absolved herself by spending hours every day at a health club, exercising and jogging to keep her weight down. In this case, exercise was seen as a reflection of the client's emotional disorder rather than a solution. The counterexample is of an overweight client with chronic depression for whom exercise was a marker of psychological adjustment, along with work habits, sexual habits, and eating and drinking habits. It was concluded that depending on the context, aerobic exercise such as jogging can be either a compulsion, indicative of the problem itself, or a successful therapeutic intervention to enhance physical health and emotional well-being. (TE)

In this collection of papers the psychology of human behavior and performance is examined as it is revealed by the action and interaction of athletes, coaches, and physical education teachers actively engaged in competitive and noncompetitive sports. The following subjects are discussed: (1) competitive sport and personality development; (2) perception of personal characteristics by physical education teachers and coaches; (3) human factors in sports systems: suggested models for analysing athlete-coach interaction; (4) towards psychological competence and social cooperation as sports motivations; (5) some variables affecting team success in soccer; (6) psychodynamics and personality in sport: status and values; (7) psychological aspects of sport with particular reference to variation in performance; (8) an analysis and application of game and human performance theory to sport and competition; (9) a systems analysis approach to fencing; (10) the relevance of space perception to sports psychology; and (11) the contribution of physical activity to the psychological well-being of minority racial groups. Each paper has appended lists of references. (JD)

This paper discusses the relation between feelings about body development and other aspects of self-image such as social relations, external mastery and impulse control. The Offer Self-Image Questionnaire was administered to about 400 sixth grade students in two middle class suburban school districts. Results indicate that, compared to boys of the same age, sixth grade girls were less satisfied with the changes in their bodies, were less proud of their bodies, were more likely to feel ugly and unattractive, were more likely to think that others see them as poorly developed, and felt less strong and healthy. Overall, however, both boys and girls at this age felt that positive statements about their bodies described them well or fairly well and that negative statements did not. When sixth grade girls were compared with older girls of comparable background, a trend toward more positive body image with age was found. Body image was related to affective and social questionnaire items. There seemed to be a linear relationship between satisfaction with body change and feeling that a boyfriend was important. Satisfaction with body changes was related to no other variables. For girls, but not for boys, a feeling of tension was unrelated to body image. Body image in boys appeared to be more frequently and more strongly related to other aspects of self-image than among sixth grade girls. These preliminary results suggest that sixth grade girls have a generally less positive body image than same-aged boys and older girls. (Author/RH)

Kinetic-Family-Drawings were obtained from 50 kindergarten or first grade children with delayed perceptual and/or motor development and 50 controls to investigate the effectiveness of this instrument as a measure of socio-emotional dimensions of high risk low achievers. Each child was asked to draw each member of his family (including himself) actively doing something. Drawings were scored on the criteria of isolation, bodily concerns, and rivalry. Results indicated that Ss having delayed development were differentiated from controls by a greater sense of isolation and bodily concern. Rivalry was not a significant discriminator. (Author/DB)

This report briefly describes the recent search for personal and interpersonal growth which has been termed the "Human Potential Movement," and the institutions or "growth centers" which have evolved as a result of this movement. It presents a list of body, nonverbal, and movement experiences derived from descriptive literature of the growth centers identified in the 1974 annual list of such centers published by the Association for Humanistic Psychology (AHP), as well as others not included on the AHP list. The report contains an alphabetical listing of 21 of the more common approaches to body, nonverbal, and movement experiences with many of their meanings presented. The report also includes a bibliography and a reference list for further information about the approaches listed. (BD)

A social, humanistic movement has emerged which focuses on the desire of many affluent and advantaged citizens for personal, interpersonal, transpersonal, and organizational growth. It has been termed the "Human Potential Movement." Growth centers, which emphasize the integrated totality of the person, have developed all over the United States and throughout the world during the 1960s and 1970s. Within these centers there has been a rediscovery of the body as central to one's unified being and becoming. A unique development among growth centers is the emergence of the Esalen Sports Center, which explores the potential of athletic experiences for eliciting higher levels of awareness. There are many growth centers, colleges, and universities offering body, movement, and nonverbal oriented experiences that can be utilized by physical educators and others as they seek new and different program experiences. (RC)

The Minorities and Communication Division section of the proceedings contains the following 10 papers: "Gender Stereotypes and Race in Music Videos: Cultivating Unreality" (Helena K. Sarkio); "Copycats, Conspirators and Bigots: Themes in Southern, Northern and Western Newspaper Editorial Portrayals of the Black Church-Burning Crisis" (Sharon Bramlett-Solomon); "Pointing Fingers: Victim Blaming and News Coverage of African-Americans, Health and Public Policy in Two Major Metropolitan Newspapers" (Nicole Myeshia Mikel); "Race and the Praxis of Crime Reporting: A Narrative Paradigm for Portrayals of Deviance" (Craig Maier and Maggie Patterson); "Diversity in Local Television News: A Clogged Pipeline?" (Terry Anzur, Sheila Murphy and Mieke Schechter); "Television Network Diversity Deals and Citizen Group Action in 21st Century Broadcasting Policy" (George L. Daniels); "A Case Study of the Bush and Gore Web Sites 'En Espanol': Building Identification with Hispanic Voters During the 2000 New Hampshire Primary and Iowa Caucuses" (Maria E. Len-Rios); "Justifying the FCC's Minority Preference Policies" (Seung Kwan Ryu); "Media Messages and the Thin Standard: Are African-American Women Receiving the Same Messages?" (Laura I. Collier); and "What a Difference a Channel Makes: Commercial Images in General Market v. Spanish-Language Television" (Jami Armstrong Fullerton and Alice Kendrick). (RS)

The Magazine and Visual Communication Divisions section of the Proceedings contains the following 8 papers: "Beefcake, Breadwinner, or Babysitter: A Content Analysis of Male Images in Female-Targeted Magazine Advertising, 1978-1998" (Mikalee Dahle and Jennifer Greer); "The Impact of Larry Flynt: An Overview of One Publisher's Legal Battles" (Amy M. Drittler); "Black in a Blonde World: Race and Girls' Interpretations of the Feminine Ideal in Teen Magazines" (Lisa Duke); "Charles Moore's 'Life' Magazine Coverage of the Civil Rights Movement, 1958-1965" (John Kaplan); "Out of Their Hands: Framing and its Impact on Newsmagazine Coverage of Indians and Indian Activism, 1968-79" (Jennifer Bowie); "Cuddly Bear and Vicious Ape: Soviets and Germans in Editorial Cartoons, 1933-1946" (Samuel P. Winch); "Visual Rhetoric: A Semiotic Evaluation of the Misrepresentation of a Subculture within the Myth of Lesbian Chic in Mainstream Advertising" (Susan Zavoina, Tom Reichert, and Kevin Maly); and "Readers' Perception of Digital Alteration and Truth-Value in Documentary Photographs" (Edgar Shaohua Huang). (RS)

The most important characteristics for females judging the attractiveness of males, and for males judging females, were eyes, body build and facial complexion. Previously, females tended to place less importance on physical components of attraction for both themselves and men. Possible interpretations are: (1) women have become more egalitarian with respect to their judgment of importance of physical characteristics, (2) women's attitudes may have changed so that they now view males as sexual objects, and (3) the importance of physical characteristics in judging the opposite sex may have increased in general so that the difference may reflect general societal changes. (BN)

The current emphasis on thinness has had a negative impact on many women and girls who suffer from a negative body image, poor self-concept, and depression, three conditions that often manifest themselves behaviorally through chronic dieting, compulsive exercise, and eating disorders. Socio-cultural factors that have contributed to this emphasis on thinness include messages from the media, a middle- and upper-class preoccupation with health and fitness, and the image promoted by the women's movement. In addition, while the idealized female figure's weight is decreasing, the average woman's weight is increasing. A review of body image research supports the idea that some factor, or cluster of factors, is at work creating feelings of dissatisfaction among women about their bodies and body weight. Research has identified several risk factors as playing some role in the development of negative body image among weight conscious women. Stunkard and Mendelson's (1961) attempt to determine factors related to the development of disturbed body image among obese clients identified three factors: age at onset of obesity (adolescence), neurosis, and parental criticism of obesity. In order to help young women explore and resolve their negative feelings about their bodies and weights, college counselors and educators can offer support services that focus on issues related to body image and self-esteem, stress management and competition, and nutrition and weight management. (NRB)

When Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Scale was administered to 26 healthy and 26 chronically ill children, it was found that the chronically ill were significantly more anxious than the healthy. Results also suggested that the question of sex differences in children's emotional response to illness deserves further investigation in studies involving large samples of subjects at several developmental levels and focusing on the identification of mediating variables. For one such variable (capacity for fantasy) health status differences but no sex differences were found. An exploratory study of another potentially important mediating variable compared conceptions of the body and illness among hospitalized and healthy children. When data obtained in a body drawing task were inspected for number of body systems or parts acknowledged, no sex differences were found. However, prepubescent and pubescent girls participating in the study did not generally acknowledge in their drawings the existence of a human reproductive system. That almost none of the girls studied displayed any knowledge of human reproductive systems was a finding also thought deserving of further study. (RH)

Based on the observation that taller males seem to have an advantage in date/mate selection, a study investigated the role that height plays in the choice of a partner. Subjects, 594 student volunteers from communication classes at a large Mid-Atlantic university, completed a questionnaire designed to assess such factors as respondent sex, present relationship status, and height preference for an ideal partner. Results indicated that while people may prefer an ideal partnership in which the male is two or three inches taller than the female, they frequently compromise with relationships in which the height differences are less or greater than two or three inches. However, people still tend to prefer that the male be taller than the female. Height did not appear to be a significant advantage or disadvantage for women, but it did appear that being taller is a social advantage for men. (DF)

Erikson found sex differences in the play configurations of pre-adolescents who were given a variety of toys and blocks. Wamback, Cramer and Hogan's replications of Erikson's work revealed that sex differences of this type lack sensitivity to inter-school variation among subjects, time or locality. Two possible alternatives to Erikson's hypothesis are toy preference and spatial ability. Their influence on Erikson's task was tested with 12 year-old boys and girls from private parochial schools in the Sarasota, Florida area. After spatial aptitude was measured, the sample was divided into two groups--Replication and Plain Block. "Replication" followed Erikson's methodology exactly, and children were asked to build the scene from an exciting imaginary motion picture using a variety of toys and blocks. The second group was given the same task using only blocks. The configurations were photographed and judged for spatial function and frequency of usage of the various toys, using a revised version of Erikson's scoring system. "Replication" results generally paralleled Erikson, but several differences in the "Plain Block" condition questioned Erikson's psychosexual interpretation. Six differences had very little effect on block building in any dependent variable categories. The presence of some factors posited to be social-cultural in nature, other than those originally discussed by Erikson, seemed most significant. Data were interpreted as consistent with Erikson's psychosocial theory and discussed from this perspective. (Author)

Hospitalized latency age children must confront their feelings surrounding illness, treatment, and hospitalization; and care must be taken so that normal developmental stages are minimally disrupted. Roadblocks to psychosocial growth may occur in the development of mastery, body image, cognitive understanding and family relationships. Often the child cannot actively master his or her world because of physical restrictions imposed during illness. The development of a positive body image is often upset because of activation of negative fantasies. The latency period appears to be a critical time for children to cognitively understand their illnesses and the intervention of the medical staff during hospitalization. The relation between the child and family also appears to follow a particular developmental sequence. Some potential benefits of hospitalization are discussed. There are several concrete guidelines suggested which can be applied to aid the developmental processes of the hospitalized latency age child. (Author/RH)

An orientation and mobility curriculum developed in Tulare County, California, includes 30 units for legally blind, partially sighted, multi-impaired, and low functioning sighted students in grades K through 12. Each section includes eight steps to teach basic concepts. Assessment guidelines are used to determine strengths and deficiencies. The 30 units in the curriculum include body image, laterality/directionality, sound localization, indoor signs and symbols, orientation aid, precane mobility skills, community orientation, rural travel, public transportation, government office familiarization, shopping center familiarization, physical hazards and barriers, independent problem solving, and use of the sonicguide. Games are used in the instructional process for motivation. (CL)

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common cause of vision problems all over the world. However, DR is difficult to detect in the early stages, and the demonstration process is lengthy in any case, even for professionals. As a result, a PC-assisted assignment approach based on deep learning calculations has been expanded to automatically diagnose the cause of diabetic retinopathy by dividing shading retinal body structure photographs into two evaluations. This paper provides a convolutional neural system model which is prepared with a plan of learning strategy of exchange. The major difference between the previous models and this proposed work is that the binocular body structures images are taken as the sources of info. Also, the sets which are used for training are exclusively 28 104 images and set of 7024 images are being investigated. Out of these prediction methods proposed binocular model gives the operating curve of 0.951. When comparing with existing monocular model this value is larger than 0.011. In turn for the verification of binocular design, it trains a model a negative class DR detection, this model is also evaluated on the sets of 10%. The kappa score obtained is 0.829, which will be a larger value than the existing models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of computer vision for landing operations on the mars and martian rover navigation is very important for scientific space missions. In this paper we implement an iterative visual navigation algorithm based on Gauss-Newton method for estimating position based on the image captured by only one camera. We find the pose that minimize the squared error of the predicted location of the image features to the measured location. For computing the error of pose estimation, synthetic images were generated. Considered a two-dimensional object (square) containing a set of distinct points (at least four points). The algorithm error is calculated for many relative distances between the camera and the object and three noise levels. Several images of the body are generated and taken from different elevation and azimuth angles, the position of the camera in relation to the body is estimated by applying the algorithm, then compared with the real position, to calculate the error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present the first part of a study on body intelligence, a relatively new concept that comes together with the most consecrated terms in the field such as cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, or spiritual intelligence. The theoretical framework of the paper is based on well known approaches such as Gardner's multiple intelligence theory, but also on more recent neurological and psychological studies on the human body. This is a form of knowledge that, although it is the first one to emerge in human ontogenesis, has not been much studied and promoted and opposes rational or iconic knowledge. In the research part, there is presented a first version of a questionnaire that measures the level of body intelligence. This first variation of the questionnaire was based on the testing of a group of 52 adult subjects. The item analysis revealed a good internal consistency given by an alpha coefficient of 0.805. The paper is a good starting point for continuing the study in order to establish the external consistency of the questionnaire and to develop possible new variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the medical field, the role of human body imaging is very important because it can provide a picture of the condition of human body organs that can show the severity level of an illness of the human body. It is very important, such that a patient must be taken of his or her body imaging before the next medical action to be conducted. Currently, human body imaging that is mostly done in the medical field is using a high-energy beam which can damage the body such as SPECT, PET, MRI, and X-rays. Therefore, it is necessary to develop another imaging technology to avoid damage to organs due to the usage of excessively high energy beam. One alternative method used is near-infrared optical imaging, which is less body damage effect, non-ionizing, less dangerous and low-cost. In optical imaging based on near infrared, the images are taken several times in different wavelengths. Each single wavelength is expected to experience different optical phenomena, such as absorption, scattering, and reflection or transmittance. Therefore, a different wavelength is expected to result in different image contrast. The image contrast differences of multiple images are expected to give us contrast selectivity of the object. The range of infrared spectral wavelengths enables good contrast and selectivity, therefore, it can help us to identify, distinguish and provide clear imaging of tissues, such as bones, muscle tissue, meat and tumors or cancer. The authors carried out the development of near infrared-based optical imaging characterization in the spectral region of 700–110nm to analyze the selectivity of absorption and transparency of light wavelengths in body organ tissues. The research object is limited to the palm and finger joints of the human hand. Determination of the level of contrast and saturation image processing is done by using Adobe Lightroom 6.8 software. This software helps in such a way that a good level of contrast selectivity can be obtained, therefore the image of the intended body’s tissue can be shown sharper. In this paper, we show that near infrared wavelength between 700 and 1100nm is suitable and very promising for visualizing parts of the human body without harming and giving bad effects to the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes audience responses to four makeover shows: The Biggest Loser, Queer Eye for the Straight Guy, Starting Over, and What Not to Wear. Since fall, 2005, we have collected almost 1,800 survey responses and conducted more than 60 interviews with viewers of at least one of these shows. The data presented here concern audiences' conceptions of the "inner" and "outer" self and the relations between these. Viewers frequently express a reflexive process of transformation, when inner change prompts external change, and vice versa. In most cases, however, viewers assume that there must be congruence between the inner and outer self, and that congruence is evidence of authentic and lasting change. The paper considers how makeover shows encourage candidates to change in line with dominant social norms, and how they interject commercial appeals into the processes of change. It concludes with an engagement with post-structuralist gender, queer, and transgender theory to investigate the usefulness of these approaches to the body for the analysis of makeover audience responses. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a conceptual framework for understanding differences among women in their commitment to their appearance. Based on life history interviews with 50 women between the ages of 18 and 35 years, this paper delineates a multi-faceted conception of appearance commitment that includes two broad dimensions: practices and ?emotion work.? In the sample of women interviewed, variation was found in both bodily practices (diet, exercise, makeup, apparel choices, etc.) and emotional preoccupation with appearance issues. Emotional preoccupation was found to consist of four key facets, including: comparisons with other women; awareness of others? appearance expectations; body-image; and the development of strategies for managing appearance itself and bodily concerns. Respondents spoke about these elements in ways that suggested they are aspects of an ?inner dialogue.? While social pressures are a key element of emotional preoccupation with appearance, such dialogues suggest that women critically reflect on pressures and consciously construct strategies for both bodily and emotion management. Such strategies are important examples of agency. Three categories of commitment to appearance (derived from the intersection of practices and emotional preoccupation) were found among women interviewed: minimalist, moderate, and enthusiast. This work may contribute to the existing body literature by describing the variation that exists among women in the salience of appearance to their identities. Moreover, the concept of appearance commitment that is developed here may also strengthen existing understandings of women?s body-image and participation in beauty practices by taking into account both actions and their cognitive/emotional underpinnings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Question - Social media has become a major part of modern social connection, yet there is still insufficient research on the connection of FOMO and social media. We review the psychological drivers of the social media FOMO process (e.g., social comparisons, selfverification, self-evaluation maintenance, etc.) and present a framework for how it can lead to mental health consequences. We propose future research questions based on our framework of social media FOMO. The following are research questions meant to inspire future research on social media FOMO: What factors affect the amount and impact of upward social comparisons on social media? In addition to body image, what other content categories interact with gender and FOMO? How do gender norms heighten FOMO across different content categories? Does active posting on social media increase FOMO when self-presentation worries arise? Can active posting also decrease FOMO because of the agency it provides the user? When self-verification goals fail, does FOMO arise? Do consumers use social media to self-verify on certain aspects of the self (e.g. physical, personality) more than others? How do feelings of FOMO develop into a chronic habitual process of social media FOMO over time? Summary of Findings - With this theoretical work, we set an intention for our conceptual framework to stimulate research findings that can be translated into actionable implications for consumers, businesses, and policy makers to reduce social media FOMO. We advocate for social media platforms to collaborate with our social media FOMO research paradigm. Research conducted by researchers external to the social media platforms will reduce the bias of internal research. For example, a reminder to take a break on social media would be more effective at supporting well-being if coupled with identifying segments of users who are low in self-esteem and seek social comparisons. Some social media content can even increase user well-being. Consumers can be educated to become aware of the effects that FOMO has on their overall wellbeing which could encourage them to adopt healthier social media habits. While we encourage consumers to empower themselves to manage their social media habits, the scale of the social media FOMO problem represents a public health crisis that requires supporting policies and funding. Policy makers can consult with child development experts and gain understanding from social media FOMO research to reassess minimum age requirements and require social media platforms to provide warning labels for FOMO-inducing content. Statement of Key Contributions -This work aims to encourage future research on the topic of social media FOMO by proposing a holistic framework for social media usage. Prior research on the links between social media and consumer mental health has been fragmented; therefore, laying out a conceptual framework for it with psychological mechanisms is a key step in understanding the social media epidemic. We highlight the central role of social media FOMO and propose a series of research questions at every stage of the framework. This research contributes to the social media literature by providing new avenues of research that can enrich the discipline and provide greater understanding to the construct of social media FOMO and its consequences on well-being. We conclude our theoretical paper by recommending detailed actions that key stakeholders (businesses, policy makers, and consumers) can take to deal with the negative consequences of social media FOMO. While we note examples of some social media platforms taking steps to reduce social media FOMO, we focus on empowering consumers to understand the challenges they face in managing their social media usage towards improving their mental health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I investigate the importance of tween girls' visibility on social media through a lens of racial identity. In particular, I explore how the historical contexts and stereotypes associated with racial differences and girlhood related to body image, sexuality, and behavior, mediate the risks and rewards of social media visibility for tween girls. In a society where being a "good girl" is directly connected to being pretty, it follows that girls place a great deal on emphasis on this connection, often equating pretty with being likeable, valuable, and otherwise "good." But what it means to be a "pretty girl" becomes more complex when taking race and racial subjectivities into account. In this chapter, I consider how tween girls "do race" on social media by analyzing performances of race in the Pretty or Ugly trend (Butler 1990; Butler 2013; Markus and Moya 2010; West and Zimmerman 1987). I also discuss how postfeminism plays a critical role in shaping these racial performances, especially in regards to the choices girls make in presenting themselves in the videos. Notably, some white girls exhibit and appropriate Black culture within the trend, while some Black girls embody Black respectability politics that allow them to survive in a culture that associates ideal femininity and being a "pretty girl" with whiteness. However, many Black girls are also rejecting these notions of ideal femininity, and "doing race" on social media in ways that center and celebrate the myriad experiences and realities of what it means to be both Black and a girl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feminism is understood to be not only about equality for women as a group, but also about personal empowerment, which is captured by the slogan "the personal is political." Scholarship on feminist identity has demonstrated that those who self-identify as feminist share a set of social attitudes, though this group has become more heterogeneous over time, comprising a wide spectrum of people who have liberal, moderate and even conservative views, who support a broad spectrum of social change goals not only for the advancement of women as a group, but also for reductions of social inequalities of race, sexual identity, and concerns for the environment and children. As the identity "feminist" becomes more accessible to a wider array of individuals with a broader agenda, is its capacity to engender personal empowerment diminished? Previous research suggests that, for women at least, a feminist identity offers many social psychological benefits, including improved body image, interpersonal assertiveness, and activism. In this paper, I extend theories of the personal benefits of feminist identity for women to sexual behavior. Using original survey data from the Sex in Canada research project to assess the relationship between self-identifying as a feminist and sexual behaviours. Results show that those who call themselves a feminist differ in their sexual behavior from those who do not. This suggests that, as feminist identity broadens politically, it continues to impact personal, even intimate, choices for women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESEARCH PAPER: Klimmt and colleagues (2009) argued that identification with video game characters may positively affect players' self-concept through reduction in self-discrepancies. The current study put this claim to a direct test, by examining the effect of identification with female game characters on women's self-perception. Female participants (N = 78) played a video game for 20 minutes as sexualized or non-sexualized female characters and played the game on a casual or normal difficulty setting. Prior to gameplay, participants completed a pre-questionnaire which measured their body discrepancy and general self-discrepancy. A post-gameplay questionnaire measured several outcome variables related to participant's self-efficacy, selfesteem, and body image. No effects were found between any of the four conditions on selfefficacy, self-esteem, and body image. The implications for the null findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine why the hypersexualization of gender is so eminent in Second Life and why women, knowing of the emotional and physical consequences for desiring such unattainable appearance in the physical world, would purposely construct an avatar to embody this when the construction options for virtual representations are nearly limitless. Through virtual ethnography, participant observation and in-depth interviews within Second Life, this study will attempt to shed some light into this cyberculture conforming phenomenon. While this study is still a work in progress, the emphasis of this paper is to examine bodies of literature that touch on issues present in cyberculture, visual communication and gender studies. The methods of the study will explore these issues at greater length, however for the purpose of this paper the focus will be on one in-depth interview that reveals some interesting findings regarding the nature, practice and purpose of hypersexualized gender in a digital context. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the male body image in the world of professional wrestling as a postmodern cultural spectacle by examining its changing sexual politics. Using data derived from personal fieldwork and Internet sources, the paper explores the changing sexual politics of professional wrestling in North America. The paper argues that the staged images and roles of masculinity by professional wrestlers and their entourage bring together paradoxical messages. On the one hand, there is a surface presentation (especially in the WWE camp) that exploits the physical attractiveness of male professional wrestlers. However, the 'hidden curriculum' of many of these scripts extols the physical ideal and the sensibilities of what the author calls the typical androgynous and attractive heterosexual 'Metro Male' (2006). The paper proceeds to examine and compare the reactions of gay men with those of straight women to these new body images by recourse to the explosion of Internet gay-related professional wrestling websites, Blogs, discussion groups and web pages devoted to professional wrestling fantasy stories (For straight women's Internet fantasies see Clerc and Salmon: 2005). The paper concludes by drawing on Gary Kinsman's notion of the 'regulation of desire' (1996) and Pierre Bourdieu (1984, 1990, 1991) theory of cultural consumption to advance an explanation for the postmodern image of male professional wrestlers paradoxical appeal to young straight males but its lack of appeal to straight women and gay men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes and discusses perceptions of body image and sexuality in a qualitative sample of White (non-Latina) (n=28) and Latina (non-White) (n=25) breast cancer survivors who are five years since their diagnosis. The results highlights the complexity and the processes by which breast cancer survivors redefine and negotiate their body image, femininity, and sexuality after breast cancer. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social psychologists have amassed a large body of work demonstrating that overweight African American women and girls feel better about themselves and have more positive attitudes about their bodies than do overweight females from other racial and ethnic groups. Substantial theoretical work has proposed that elements of African American cultural experience may contribute to these differences. In this paper, we evaluate these arguments by testing whether racial socialization within the family diminishes the influence of body size on the social self esteem of African American adolescent girls. Using a socio-economically diverse sample, we find that respondents with larger body sizes display lower social self esteem but also find that racial socialization moderates this relationship. In families where racial socialization activities are frequent, body size makes little difference in respondents' social self esteem. In contrast, when families engage in little or no racial socialization, larger girls display significantly lower social self esteem. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence is a stage in the life course characterized by increasing cognitive abilities and independence and a heightened sensitivity to peers. In this paper, we investigate the relationships between adolescent girls' growing sense of self and their heightened susceptibilities to peer influences within the school context by focusing on a salient issue for girls: body weight. We explore the roles of schoolmates and coursemates on adolescent girls' weight perception and weight control using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) and the new Adolescent Health and Academic Achievement Study (AHAA). We find that schoolmates' and coursemates' behaviors and attributes affect how girls perceive their weight and their attempts at weight loss. Girls surrounded by female coursemates or schoolmates who are attempting weight loss are significantly more likely to be attempting unnecessary weight loss net of prior weight control, BMI, and all other control variables. Girls with coursemates who perceive themselves as overweight are also significantly more likely to perceive their own weight as overweight even when they are not. Additionally, girls who are surrounded by many overweight girls (in their schools or courses) are less likely to misperceive their own weight as overweight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence is a crucial period when problems of adolescent girls? obesity emerge or become more pronounced and, independently, is a time when girls? experience excessive body image concern, rendering them vulnerable to social pressures for thinness. This paper explores the relationships among school context, academic performance, and adolescent girls? risk of obesity and body image using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) and the new high school transcript supplement to Add Health, the Adolescent Health and Academic Achievement (AHAA) study. Taking advanced mathematics courses indicates academic status (as well as the social context of academic track placement) and is associated with a lower risk of obesity, even when prior risk of obesity is held constant. Additionally, girls with higher GPAs have better body images even after controlling on their weight. These results suggest that social contexts that are associated with the formal course taking structure of the school may shape students? relationships with their weight and body image. For ASA, we will continue to assess the influence school context and sub-context by exploring multi-level and cross-level effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between alcohol use and body image and related eating and dieting behaviors among adolescent boys and gilrs. The data reveal that race differences in alcohol use are significant and influenced by unhealthy body images and dieting practices. While the gender differences in alcohol use found in these data reflect past research, the inclusion of other factors, such as past abuse, body image, and race add to the current understanding of alcohol use among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concern with the shape and size of their bodies is a growing concern for girls and women in the U. S., prompting some scholars to depict this dynamic as a ?body project? aimed at producing a culturally attractive body. This paper examines the effects of self-esteem, depression, body esteem, family supportiveness, school and peer embeddedness, race/ethnicity and social class on adolescent girls? use of practices to control their body weight. Weight control practices (WCPs), the dependent variable, are behaviors that girls use to maintain or reduce their weight including exercise, dieting, vomiting, taking diet medication, and so on. (WCPs are not eating disorders but they are potential steps along the way to this condition.) I use a sample of 3356 girls from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth), collected in 1994. Family supportiveness is found to have no effect on girls? use of WCPs. However, self-esteem and depression do so and body evaluation, including both weight esteem and maturational status, is the most robust predictor. Peer relations and school activity involvement also predict WCPs, with girls who have more friends, are more involved at school, and earn higher grades engaging in more. My results show that race/ethnicity and social class independently predict WCPs, with race/ethnicity having a somewhat stronger effect once other predictors (including social class) are controlled. I review implications of my findings including the possibility that girls with more friends and who are more active at school are subject to ?perfectionism pressures? to comply with hegemonic ideals about body shape, size, and image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past research has indicated that idealized model images in the media can have negative effects on women¡¯s body esteem and self-esteem. This paper expands this line of research by introducing the theoretical concepts of social comparison, by taking the study into a different culture, rather than in the US culture where body image has special personal and social significance, by focusing also on male¡¯s response to idealized models, and by initiating research on cross-sex comparison. Data suggested Chinese male participants experienced an assimilation effect rather than a contrast effect and that place of origin and the different mentality toward body image also played a role in participants¡¯ perception. Results indicated that the detrimental effects of ideal models in the media might not replicate in other cultures where body image is less important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research suggests that exposure to sexualizing media increases self-objectification among men and women. Correlational and experimental research examining this relationship is receiving growing attention. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the influence of sexualizing media use on self-objectification among men and women. For this purpose, we analyzed 54 papers yielding 50 independent studies and 261 effect sizes. The data revealed a positive, moderate effect on self-objectification (r = .19). The effect was significant and extremely robust (95% CI (.15, .23), p <.0001). We found one close-to-significant moderation effect of origin suggesting that studies from Europe exhibit larger effect sizes when compared to studies from North America. Additionally, we identified a conditional effect of media type. The use of video games and the use of online media elicited stronger effects when compared to television. Other sample characteristics or study characteristics did not moderate the overall effect. Based on these findings, an agenda for future research was presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gay men are at an increased risk for body image concerns (Kaminski, Chapman, Haynes, & Own, 2005). Persons living with HIV/AIDS are living longer because of the antiretroviral therapy treatments (Protopopescu et al., 2009), and are also at risk for body image issues because of the body-related side effects of the medications (Power, Tate, McGill, & Taylor, 2003). No research has investigated the role of communication in helping to alleviate body image concerns in gay male HIV/AIDS patients. The purpose of this paper was to determine whether peer communication, doctor communication, both, or neither contributed best to the reduction of negative body image of self. Results of an online survey indicated that patient-peer communication, but not patient-provider communication, significantly predicted lower self-discrepancies associated with body image among gay male HIV/AIDS patients. Results are explained in light of self-discrepancy theory, and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe the development of a 6-legged robot that is designed to move on rubble. We investigate the effectiveness of applying reinforcement learning that utilizes body image to a real robot. We conduct a robot learning process in the simulated simple world and apply the policy thus acquired in the real complex world. The results show that the robot body abstracts the necessary information and applies it in the real environment, and thus effective locomotion is realized. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Multidimensional Media Influence Scale (MMIS; Cusumano & Thompson, 2001) is a child-appropriate, 3-factor scale designed to assess perceived media influence on body image. It has been used in studies exploring the relationship between the entire scale as well as its component subscales (awareness, internalization, and pressure) and variables related to body image. However, the 3-factor structure of the scale has never been confirmed via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), nor has the scale been evaluated with a racially diverse sample of children. This paper reports the results of CFAs establishing the multidimensionality of the scale and the unidimensionality of its subscales among a sample of 7-12-year-old girls and boys, primarily African American and Anglo American. The MMIS, due mostly to its pressure factor, also predicted the idealization of a thinner current (child) and future (adult) body both cross-sectionally and one year later, especially for girls and for Anglo American children. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social norms are an important determinant of body image and dieting behaviors. Social norms influence behavior through sanctioning. This paper takes a social network approach in understanding the effects of social norms on body image. Integrating theories of social norms, social sanctioning, and strength of weak ties, it proposes that while weak ties are crucial in obtaining new information that helps people resist social sanctioning based on the thin-ideal, strong ties are more effective in changing people's dieting behaviors. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using qualitative and quantitative methodology, this paper explores self-reported female nipple and genital piercing stories from the Body Modification Ezine, the world's premiere body modification website. These narratives suggest that women perceive themselves as obtaining such piercings both for expressly patriarchally-resistant purposes as well as to conform to culturally dominant aesthetic norms. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) takes as a given that women exist in a culture of sexual objectification, this two-study paper tests the notion that visual depictions of sexual objectification of women's bodies can amplify women's state self-objectification in the short term. In Study 1, we derived an operationalization that taps the true meaning of sexual objectification as described by Fredrickson and Roberts. Our Study 1 results suggest that pictures of women with a high degree of body display (i.e., wearing little clothing) were perceived by college women to be sexually objectifying, and in Study 2, we found that these images affected the types of words women used to describe their appearance. Study 2 also revealed a significant condition X trait body surveillance interaction, whereby women who were categorized as high in body surveillance and who were exposed to the body-display condition reported more self-objectification than all others. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]