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Albania has recently faced the phenomenon of migration, which has become a major problem even for current politics. In the last 10 years, the population of Albania, and especially that of the mountainous areas, has been significantly reduced. Based on INSTAT data the net migration level is -32,823 which a significant figure in comparison with the population is. Net migration in 2021 is 2.2 times greater compared to 2017. During a study work carried out to measure the impact of microcredit on the social economic indicator of rural areas in Shkoder (northwest of Albania), we notice that in this area with significant natural resources people cannot use them due to a lack of liquidity. The unemployment rate is also too high in this region, so they see emigration as the only alternative to improve their livelihood. In this paper, we aim to analyze what is the effect of microcredit on curbing migration in the short term and to indicate measures needed in this case from the government or other actors. Two groups (borrowers, not borrowers) are interviewed, and using the z-test we are going to compare their opinion on their possible migration to reach a conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses problems associated with the use of data mining tools to study discrepancies between countries with different types of institutional matrices by variety of potential explanatory variables: climate, economic or infrastructure indicators. An approach is presented which is based on the search of statistically valid regularities describing the dependence of the institutional type on a single variable or a pair of variables. Examples of regularities are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the concept of sustainable development and standard economics, we find innovation presented as one of the most important factors of world economic growth. Although most authors focus their research on sustainable development, this paper will instead focus on sustainable innovation. The paper converges on studying innovation from the perspective of sustainable development and sustains several theoretical results in order to show the importance of adopting innovation process which respects sustainable goals. The paper it is also focused on analyzing the importance of creating sustainable innovative products or services within the constraints of economic, environment and social issues. The paper concludes by enhancing the understanding of the sustainable innovation power in economic environment development, correlated with social and natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper answers at two important questions: Is the EU able to support new adhering processes? and Is the Euro area able to enlarge in 2014? The comparative analysis in the paper covers four economic competitors: EU, USA, China and Japan, and is based on GDP growth rate, unemployment and inflation rates. The second part of the paper deals with an economic forecast during 2015-2016, focused on EU27, Euro area, Croatia and Latvia, in order to discuss the effects of the adhering to EU and Euro area. The results of the two-level analysis are supported by pertinent diagrams and annexes. The analysis uses a neutral statistical database - Eurostat - and dedicated forecast software. The main conclusion of the paper is that the adhering processes from 2013 and 2014 are based on economic and political criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper brings a contribution to the research area dedicated to the relationship between political regimes and economic growth. Implicitly the interdependence relation between the two large domains, namely politics and economy will be the core of the study. The major focus will be on the way politics influences the economic evolution and development of a country. The premise is that political institutionsplay an essential part with respect to the economic performance as they have the potential to relax the constraints imposed over the economic structure and not only. The three basic dimensions used in constructing the paper are thedegree of political freedom, the level of political stability and the level of political security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a knowledge society, the advantage of nations will not result from their natural resources, nor to the cheap labor, but from their ability to valorize the intellectual potential and to use efficiently the information. The knowledge based economy represents a new step in the development of human civilization that promises us a better future. The knowledge transfer between people and generations in order to facilitate human society's evolution is the basic function of information science. This paper aims to examine how, in Romania, accounting and audit use and create information in current conditions of economic development. The purpose of this study consists in offering perspectives of improving the information quality. An information is high quality when, by its form and content, it corresponds integrally to all the needs, the exigencies and expectations of its user, without sacrificing the reality. A number of errors made by the accounting profession have been identified along this paper. These errors led to the decrease of information's credibility. But the study proposes some changes in order to restore the image of this profession: the changes are sustained by the advantages of Knowledge Economy and Information Society. The research method consists in studying a rich background material, including reference items, such as works of applied and fundamental research. The originality of this work is given by the identification of knowledge society's challenge which could be used as a lever of revival for accounting and audit in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the nature of the relationship and the impact of the demographic phenomena (by life expectancy at birth indicator) on indicators of public finance (through analysis of total government revenue). In this respect, the analysis took into account the evolution of these indicators in Romania in the period 1995-2013 and the conclusions of the empirical analysis revealed positive link between those indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the theoretical and practical approach of the economic life, appears more often the idea of sustainable economic development, of reconciliation between man and nature in attracting and using its resources without interfering in its natural movement and evolution. In this paper we are trying to bring to light the relation between the economic development and the mineral resources, in terms of achieving sustainable development. The place and role of natural factors in the market economy is revealed by bringing to the forefront a number of arguments that demonstrate their vital position in the sustainable growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic forecasting is a dynamic domain. New methods are developed and tested and the methodology needs to be updated according to economic reality. Classical approach in methodology must be completed with latest trends in econometric analysis and the forecasting methods have to benefit from the increasing computational power of the modern software. One of the main causes of false prediction is using altered data. In this paper, we will present the new concepts for data testing, adjusted for the Romanian economy, based on Benford's law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In their economic activity, undertakings conclude many agreements between them. But agreements between undertakings which can distort the competition -anticompetitive agreements- are prohibited. The Romanian and EU law prohibit "all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition". However, the terms "agreements", "decisions" or "concerted practices" are nowhere defined in the EU Treaties or in the Romanian law. These terms are key concepts in the analysis of anticompetitive agreements which can distort the competition. In the lack of a legal definition, these concepts have generated a complex body of jurisprudence, which has to be identified. The analysis of these key concepts necessarily entails the conceptual delimitation of the notions. On this purpose, the relevant legal provisions will be identified in the Romanian and EU law, as well as the decisions of the European Court of Justice in this matter. The present paper intends to present the conceptual evolution of the analysed notions, paying special attention to concerted practices and to parallel behaviour in price fixing on the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to the knowledge-based economy in Romania is the main path towards obtaining a sustainable economic growth and may even be the feasible solution our country needs in order to exit the current economic crisis. The knowledge-based organizations are the main vector, a necessary and ireplaceable condition and factor for the creation of the knowledge economy, therefore every leader should be at least familiar with the premises needed to increase the number of these kind of organizations in Romania and sustain a propitious environment for their development. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify and unfold the premises that need to be fulfilled in order to facilitate Romania's transition to the knowledge economy. To this end, following the macroeconomic and microeconomic situation, not only from an economical perspectrive, but also from a managerial one, there have been two categories of premises, which are actually conditioning elements for Romania's transition to the knowledge economy. At macroeconomic level, the main premise is that of the need to substantiate (found), elaborate and implement a genuine strategy for the transition to the knowledge economy; at microeconomic level, the organizations need to embrace a strategic management, relocate their attention towards the human resources, receive support from the IT departments and give the proper importance to organizational culture and the processes related to change management. By emphasizing the details of these premises, the objectives of ilustrating Romania's vulnerabillities and needs regarding the transition to the knowledge economy have been attained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to render several important factors of impact on economic growth and to describe the particular types of relationships of the latter with each one of its influencing elements. In order to correctly determine such issue, we have resorted to three carefully selected models that have been estimated and compared so as to identify the most adequate and representative regression. For this purpose we have performed an analysis based on cross-section annual data for 105 countries spread all over the world. After having tested and rejected certain exogenous variables initially considered, such as imports or exports, we have finally retained the external debt and foreign direct investments as explanatory items of the dependent variable. The results revealed that both of them positively affect the gross domestic product of the analysed countries, this one being inelastic in relation to the exogenous variables considered. Even if the relationship between the economic growth and the external debt of a country is usually negative, as the money exit out of the country due to the debt service causes non-achieved potential investments, yet, there is an inflexion point up to which the external debt has a positive influence on economic growth by the increase of the investments funds acquired as result of the external credit contracting, this being the case reflected by our study. As for the relationship existing between foreign direct investments and GDP, the economic theory confirms that FDI and economic growth are directly correlated, the former contributing to technical progress, production increase and, finally, to the improvement of the living standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper looks at the impact of the global economic and financial crisis on a number of central, eastern and south-eastern European countries. The global crisis can be viewed as three interdependent and mutually reinforcing crises: a financial crisis, a liquidity crisis, and a crisis in the real economy. The financial crises that have emerged and developed in the recent decades have been characterized, mostly of an international dimension, with shocks quickly propagating through capital markets, through the international banking activities and, through the money markets.East Europe was hit first by the global liquidity crisis, then by declines in capital inflows and plunging demand for their exports.Before the crisis, the Eastern region was experiencing an economic boom with rapid GDP and credit growth, but in the future East European countries will have to rely relatively more on internally-generated sources of productivity growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new economic and social framework in which the business of XXI'th century run , globalization and internationalization of business, changing consumer optics wich become more interested in quality and organic matters incorporated, have developed new priorities for managing a company. Achieving "excellence" in business is the way of survival and development for the entities, in a competitive economy. One of the ways to achieve the excellence is the performance, currently are increasingly talking about overall performance resulting in performances obtained on three pillars: economic, social and environmental. In order to maximize overall performance of the company, investigating various aspects of economic, social and environmental approach is a very necessary step to any manager. In this paper we propose drawing up a comprehensive diagnostic system of a company, developed on the three pillars of sustainable development economy (economic, social and environmental). The model we developed is designed to provide synthetically, efficiently and quickly, the standing of a company in a given competitive environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]