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The 21st century is witnessing a growing movement of people from one corner of the world to another, either for business or personal reasons, like never before. These people will be bringing with them their own differences, values, beliefs, and communication styles. Cultures will clash at the workplace, at a party, in the supermarket, in the subway, when dealing with the authorities, and the list can go on. That is why, this paper aims at providing students (i.e. future employees or managers, who will undoubtedly come into contact with different cultures in their future careers) with notions related to intercultural communication, mainly non-verbal communication. The paper also posits that one way of acquiring the intercultural communication competence in the classroom is by providing real-life examples of what such communication means, i.e. through accounts and stories told by expats, who are people who travel and decide to relocate to another country (embracing or not the new culture) mainly for business-related reasons. [For "NORDSCI International Conference Proceedings (Online, October 12-14, 2020). Book 1. Volume 3," see ED616185.]

This article explores the use of Learner Generated Digital Content (LGDC) in the context of advanced Spanish language modules. An approach to learning and teaching frequently used and extensively researched in disciplines such as medicine and natural sciences, LGDC has in recent years made a cautious appearance in the area of modern languages (Lambert, Philp, & Nakamura, 2017). In the present case, LGDC becomes a powerful tool to address the challenge of introducing content acquisition in what is primarily a language module. Through the creation and sharing of a range of archivable learner generated digital material (posters and videos), learners and teachers collaborate to develop a living and open access information resource that can be expanded and used by successive cohorts of students in a cumulative process of knowledge generation and knowledge exchange. Scheduled at different points throughout the term and designed to result in texts of increasing linguistic complexity, these tasks encourage students to engage with the process of content acquisition and provide them with opportunities to practise and refine the linguistic skills required for the successful completion of their final assessment (an individual presentation). The introduction of LGDC in the module teaching and learning strategy led to a noticeable increase in student engagement, as evidenced by the results of questionnaires. [For the complete volume, "Five Years of ELEUK Conferences: A Selection of Short Papers from 2019," see ED606532.]

This paper is based on the retrospective reviews of the Information Systems study group who went on the international study tour to India to learn, network and collaborate with academics, students and industry professionals overseas. The paper addresses concerns of local Australian Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics recruiters and identifies how a well-planned educational study tours could in the future help graduates meet industry and recruiters' demands. It furthermore identifies that 21st century international business ventures and global partnerships require future graduates to not only be skillful in their professions but also be global citizens, know and understand different cultures, easily adapt to new environments, skillfully negotiate business deals, mindfully communicate and swiftly learn to apply and follow local rules, customs and regulations. [For full proceedings, see ED571459.]

"Proceedings of International Conference on Social and Education Sciences" includes full papers presented at the International Conference on Social and Education Sciences (IConSES), which took place on October 21-24, 2021, in Chicago, Illinois. The aim of the conference is to offer opportunities to share ideas, discuss theoretical and practical issues, and to connect with the leaders in the fields of education and social sciences. The IConSES invites submissions that address the theory, research, or applications in all disciplines of education and social sciences. The IConSES is organized for: faculty members in all disciplines of education and social sciences, graduate students, K-12 administrators, teachers, principals, and all interested in education and social sciences. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

Many community colleges offer international courses and programs designed to provide students with the perspective, skills, and competencies needed to function effectively in domestic and international, private and public sector organizations. Building the international business program can take several years. As courses are developed, it should be kept in mind how the course could be adapted for seminars or short-course format to satisfy continuing education needs within the business community. Curriculum development involves identifying topics to be presented, how the teacher plans to deliver the content, and how to monitor the instruction. Preparing to teach requires the greatest amount of time and commitment during the first few months of a new course. Effective instructors are vital to a successful educational program and should possess technical and professional competency. (The four-page paper is followed by sample outlines for these courses: International Business, International Trade Documents, International Transportation and Distribution, International Marketing, International Trade Finance, and World Culture and Geography for International Business. Each outline includes a course description, objectives, course outline by topic, and list of related resources to assist with curriculum development. An additional resource list includes state government agencies, international organizations and private sectors, federal government agencies, and periodicals to assist the teacher in development of international business courses.) (YLB)

This study involved students majoring in business/economics and foreign language in an international business program. The students were participants in a semester-long international experience where students were integrated into a host university to learn about management, economics, and marketing from professors abroad, and in an internship in a multinational corporation in a developing country. An interpretive approach was used in analyzing what students do and how they do it, with participants interpreting their world as they experienced it, in conversations with the adjunct faculty responsible for program implementation. Interviews were also conducted with the internship supervisors, host families, and professors at the university abroad. Robert Hanvey's five dimensions for an attainable global perspective were used as the conceptual framework for analyzing student reactions. The five dimensions include perspective consciousness; "State of the Planet" awareness; cross-cultural awareness; knowledge of global dynamics; and awareness of the problems of choice confronting individuals, nations, and the human species concerning the global system. The paper concludes that salient meanings surfaced in the reactions of participants to the unexpected, and the experience integrated participants' formal instruction with the subject matter of life experience. (Contains 20 references.) (JDD)

This paper comments on the lack of attention given to cross-cultural relationships between the United States and Quebec, Canada despite the growing trade relationship, and offers information on Quebec to use as cross-cultural examples in international business communication classes. The paper dispels myths concerning Quebec and its inhabitants, such as the myth that Quebec is officially a bilingual province. David Victor's LESCANT model is used in studying Quebecers, with emphasis on the Language component because Francophone Quebecers are similar to Americans and Anglophone Canadians in the other components. Quebec laws that regulate the language of the workplace, education, communication, commerce, and business are reviewed. The recurring fear of Quebecers that French language and culture will be snuffed out is described, noting that the official position of bilingualism across Canada has become a facade and that legal protection given to the French language may be the only means of safeguarding it. The implications for U.S. business people conducting business in Quebec include, among others: all business documentation such as brochures, catalogues, labels, and product directions must be in French; a French-speaking employee should handle telephone communication and business negotiations; and business letter writing should be more rhetorical and diplomatic. (JDD)

This paper establishes a rationale for international public relations courses in the curricula of university public relations education in the U.S. and outlines the content of such courses. Disagreements between practitioners and educators on a blueprint for public relations education are documented. Developments pointing to a crucial need for expanded U.S. public relations curricula are noted, such as increasing capabilities of satellite communication and the increasingly transnational nature of business. Public relations curricula should include international courses at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. International public relations courses should address: (1) the history and development of public relations in other cultures; (2) the practice and function of public relations abroad, emphasizing differences between U.S. and non-U.S. practices; (3) the internal and external dynamics of multinational corporations as well as the problems and difficulties of U.S. corporate public relations abroad; (4) comparative legal, political, and ethical dimensions of public relations practice at home and abroad; (5) the history, organization, practice, and professional operations of the media abroad; (6) public relations aspects of major international political, diplomatic, cultural, and socioeconomic developments; and (7) the various international organizations that provide resources for public relations practitioners. (Contains approximately 65 references.) (JDD)

This paper proposes use of an assessment tool called "commodity relations," to measure national knowledge resources to help companies make better site selections for international production operations. The paper first reviews traditional measures of human capital, such as average years of education per individual and literacy rates. The proposed method measures human capital resources by measuring first-order commodity relations, in which thoughts are packages and distributed to others through various media (a book, for example) who pay money for them, and second-order commodity relations, in which an agency other than the senders and receivers of the thoughts finances communication of the thoughts. A survey could be administered that would measure how much time individuals spend on first and second order commodity relations and on noncommodified relations. Individuals in an environment of noncommodified relations would exhibit localized and strong cultural dispositions and strategic communication processes. In first-order relations, individuals would exhibit sustained attention-paying capacity, elaborate conceptualization capacity, and strong cultural dispositions. For second-order relations, individuals would exhibit variable cultural dispositions; short, shifting attention spans; and concrete, object-centered conceptual strategies. Application of this theory would indicate that a business may want to consider locations where mass media rely less on advertising and more on state sponsorship and where print media receive relatively more support from individual purchases than from advertising revenues. Contains six references. (JDD)

Students on the BA International Business and Languages who spend a full academic year on a study visit abroad experience many new challenges such as a different culture, a new university, different academic practices, a foreign language, etc. The assessment methods for the year include the results of the modules taken in the partner universities, a language examination and the submission of a country notebook. This research is a pilot study that explores how the maintenance of an online journal via a blog/e-portfolio structure can support students in their new learning experiences, alert the home coordinator to any potential difficulty before it escalates, provide them with regular online feedback on their progress and enhance their final reflective paper submission. The cohort of students is small and limited to those who are currently in France, spread across five different locations. The research is framed within an interpretivist paradigm using case-study as a research design. Data is gathered through documentary evidence, field observations, questionnaires and interviews. The project's results are of interest to Erasmus coordinators and educational institutions whose programmes include a study visit or even a placement component. The research brings insights on how reflective thinking can augment students' learning by practicing regular online reflective writing. Rubrics are used as a powerful tool for online feedback and for the continuous formation of students' learning. The advantages and challenges of using an enhanced blog structure for the maintenance of an online journal are also reviewed. [For full proceedings, see ED565044.]

This paper discusses an ongoing study being conducted at Brigham Young University (BYU) in Utah concerning ways of improving communication teaching to graduate students, especially those in the business administration program. The paper also discusses some current research on language and management and some preliminary results of fourth year data. The research involves the MBA (Master of Business Administration) classroom in which bilingual (foreign national) students (abundant at BYU) are divided into study groups formed around languages, and periodically give 3-minute presentations, one in English and the second in their native language. Listeners fill out evaluation forms and presenters complete presenter forms. The purpose of the program is two-fold: (1) the North Americans can help foreigh nationals with the English language, and (2) the foreign nationals can supply business terms in the foreign language. The program is centered around the concept of the Competing Values Framework management approach in international business. This approach requires a knowledge of cultures and a use of language that goes deeper than merely the basics of business. It is noted that multinational firms need to be more aware of cultural miscommunications, particularly if their business involves personnel management and marketing in foreign countries. The communication program at BYU helps to begin this awareness development at the classroom level. The evaluator form is appended. Contains 3 references. (GLR)

A study explored the additional knowledge and skills an international salesforce needs based upon 95 respondents from Wisconsin manufacturing companies. Six areas were evaluated by sales representatives involved with international sales and marketing to identify the education and training needed within the next 3 years by the work force. Four areas were identified as being more critical: (1) business practices in foreign countries; (2) export/import practices and procedures; (3) product and safety standards; and (4) cultural differences. The majority of manufacturing companies would be expanding into the Canadian, Mexican and Central American, and European regional markets within the next 3 years. The following recommendations for further research were made: to identify additional knowledge and skills, to identify community colleges with international degree programs that currently teach the identified knowledge and skills, and to present study results to community college faculty and those individuals involved with international degree programs. (YLB)

This paper notes that most Americans believe that Black African firms operate their businesses along European lines. Within America's business community, the study of Black Africa now enters its third decade of benign neglect. Reasons for Americans remaining blind to Black African business principles include ignorance of Africa's complex past, Africans' use of management styles outside the normal range of western commercial thought, and dislike of commercial ambiguity which is sometimes encouraged by Black African cultures. African tradition impacting the small entrepreneur in starting a firm is discussed, focusing on both identifying overt behavior and analyzing underlying principles. The discussion addresses: financing a firm, organizing a firm, in-house decision making, staffing, and client relations. Recommendations include: consider the "kinship" factor, recognize the importance of "playing to" the elders, consider the impact of "African time" on launching a venture, personalize the manager's authority, reward employee seniority and age, adjust to office "chat," adjust the commercial pace, seek allies, do favors, ask favors, and affiliate with local firms. (Contains 24 references.) (JDD)

This paper reviews the conduct of United States-based businesses and their executives in foreign countries, and views Americans as ill-prepared to integrate their business with Mexican culture. The economic importance of Mexico is analyzed in view of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and expansion of Japanese and European companies in this area is noted. An overview of Mexican culture is then presented, to help American firms and their executives avoid problems and maximize their chances for success. It discusses the roles of men and women, the Mexican home, education, sports, family names, social invitations and their importance, humor, time, friendship and affection, the work week, individuality versus individualism, giving commands, nonverbal communication, when yes means no, and exchanging pleasantries. Anxieties about working with Mexico, such as government corruption and Mexico's precarious financial situation, are dispelled as obsolete. Seven recommendations are offered to American companies intending to enter the Mexican market. (Contains 15 references.) (JDD)

This paper examines the possible impact of MERCOSUR on Paraguay's economic and educational systems. MERCOSUR is a trade agreement among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, under which terms all import tariffs among the countries will be eliminated by 1994. The countries will enter into a common economic market. The worst-case scenario resulting from the agreement is one of negative growth in the region. If economic growth is limited to Paraguay's neighboring countries, migration of Paraguayans to those countries could occur. In the best-case scenario, Paraguay could benefit from expansion of exported agricultural products and livestock, which could result in progressive industrialization. However, given the lack of industrial development and education, most analysts believe that Paraguay could suffer when MERCOSUR is implemented fully. Therefore, the country will need to make the following fundamental changes in its educational policy to maintain or improve current standards of living under the trade agreement: (1) increase levels of spending on education; (2) shift to a curricular emphasis on the development of productive and managerial skills; and (3) place more emphasis on science and technology. Four tables are included. (LMI)

This publication contains 19 refereed research papers, 2 innovative instructional practices papers, 2 presentations on works in progress, and 3 papers on research training on promoting excellence in research and teaching for business. The research papers are "Business Demands for Web-Related Skills as Compared to Other Computer Skills" (Groneman); "Business Education Students' Preferred Learning Styles" (Stitt-Gohdes, Crews, McCannon); "Chinese Communication Styles and Techniques in International Business Negotiations" (Zhao); "College Students' Use of Computer Technology and Its Relationship to Constructivist Learning" (Gueldenzoph); "Comparison of Diskette and Traditional Paper and Pencil Mail-Out Survey Methods for Measuring Self-Directed Learning with the OCLI" (Bartlett);"Comparison of Recruiters' and Students' Preferences Concerning Resume Design and Content" (Wilkinson, Hemby); "Comparison of Turnover and Retention Factors of Secondary and Postsecondary Business and Marketing Education Teachers" (Ruhland); "Comparison of Workforce Skills Desired by Business Leaders vs. North Carolina Business Education Standard Course of Study" (Abram, Joyner); "Exploration of Self-Directed Learning" (Bartlett); "Frequent Language-Mechanics Errors Made in Manuscripts Submitted to The Delta Pi Epsilon Journal" (Blaszczynski, Scott); "Interrelationships Among Managerial Communication, Attitude, and Behavior" (Zhao); "Perceptions About Three Major Indigenous English-Language Accents" (Scott, Green, Rosewarne); "Preliminary Attitudes Towards Online Testing in Business Education Courses" (Bartlett , Alexander, Reynolds); "Reliability and Validity of the Group Member Rating Form" (Chalupa, Chen, Sormunen-Jones); "Students as Action Researchers" (Davis, Bartlett); "Student Perceptions of Plateaus Encountered in Court Reporting Skills Building Classes" (Sheets, Morse); "Study of Management Training Program for the Middle-Level Managers" (Wen, Lee); "Top Five Communication Skills Needed by Information Systems Graduates as Perceived by Information Systems Professionals" (McCannon, Crews); and "Trends Occurring in Business and Industry Regarding Information Systems and Technologies" (Gonzenbach, Davis). Papers on innovative instructional practices are "Strategies for Integrating Assistive Technology for Students with Disabilities" (Rader) and "Teaching Voice Recognition Systems" (Bland). The work in progress studies are "Business Students' Perceptions of Electronically-Enhanced Learning" (Braathen) and "Evaluating the Ethical Attitudes of Business Seniors at a Large Midwestern University" (Meeks). Research training papers are "Grant Writing" (Redmann); "Strategies for Using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Business Education Research" (Blaszczynski, Green); and "Tools for Framing Research Problems" (Stout, McQueen). (YLB)

This publication contains 22 refereed research papers, 4 refereed action research and classroom application papers, and 3 research training papers from a national conference on promoting excellence in research and teaching for business. The research papers are "Analysis of Executives' Written Documents" (Jennings, Vice); "Assessment of International Students Enrolled in an Information Systems Technologies Baccalaureate Degree Program" (Evans, Sinha); "Association Between Students' Attitudes Regarding Content Areas in an Information Systems Technologies Curriculum and Their Computer Background" (Henry, Davis, Gonzenbach); "Comparing the Return Rate, Speed, and Quality of E-mail and Postal Mail Survey Delivery Methods in a Business Education Setting" (Truell, Goss); "Comparison of Computer Workforce Skills" (Vitier, Joyner); "Comparison of the Diskette Survey Responses and Paper and Pencil Survey Responses on Self-Directed Learning Instruments with Business Educators" (Bartlett, Kotrlik); "Comparison of Student Performance Outcomes" (Willis, Joyner); "Computer Applications Software Skills Students Bring to College Level Introductory Computer Classes" (McDonald); "Computer Competencies of High School Students" (Arosteguy, Bartholome); "Effect of Human Resource Training and Development Programs on Restaurant Turnover Rate" (Wen, Truell); "Employability Skills Required for 21st Century Jamaican Workers" (Anderson, Williams-Myers); "Exploring the Relationships Between Organizational Culture and Self-Learning Among Office Employees" (Bartlett, Higgins, Kovacs);"International Business Education" (Zeliff, Herbers, Meyers, Sly); "Latent Sources of Computer Self-Efficacy" (Smith-Weber); "Meeting the Technology Staff Needs of Elementary Teachers" (Crews, McCannon); "Most Common Grammatical Errors Made by Undergraduates as Perceived by Business Communication Professors by Years of Teaching" (McCannon, Crews); "Pacific Rim Business Students' Perceptions of Six Representative English-Language Accents" (Scott, Green, Rosewarne, Neal); "Status of Ethics Instruction in Marketing Education" (Truell); "Structure of Program of Study Where Plateaus Were Encountered in Court Reporting Skillbuilding Classes" (Sheets); "Student Attitudes Toward and Evaluation of Internet Instruction" (Truell); "Teaching Concerns of Traditionally and Alternatively Certified Marketing Educators" (Truell); "Technology and Workplace Skills Needed for Entry-Level Employment in the 21st Century Workplace" (Wiedmaier, Roberts); and "Training Needs of State Government Secretarial Employees" (Redmann). The action research and classroom application papers are "Challenges and Opportunities Associated with Internet-Based Instruction in Business Education Classrooms" (Truell); "Generating Realistic Business Data Instantly" (Chen, Wong); "Increasing Organizational Productivity through the Implementation of Virtual Teams" (Spataro, Spataro); and "Teaching Business Problem Solving with Database Management Applications" (Chen, Ray). The research training papers are "Documenting a Research Article" (Scott); "Illustrating a Research Article" (Arosteguy); and "Let's Get Serious About Conducting Action Research" (Bronner). (YLB)

Three reports present identification and analysis findings on a business language program offered at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University for the learning of French, German, and Japanese, sponsored by the Department of English. The goal was to teach students the languages so that they may function in foreign company representative offices in Hong Kong. This report offers findings from three summer staff persons on the need for the language training, based on local surveys and actual overseas experience. One staff member reports on work in a French hypermarket chain in France. A second staff member discusses a survey conducted with German companies located in Hong Kong to discover German communication skills needed in Hong Kong; a report of a summer internship in a German mailorder company in Germany is also given. The third report is on the experience in five workplaces in Japan. In conclusion, the need for such a business and language program in Hong Kong is confirmed, and five areas are cited as being most important for review and investigation in order to help students succeed in attaining the working level in their third language that is expected in the workplace. (NAV)

This article reviews the development of interactive business letters as a form of peer review of writing, presents the activities's general operation, and discusses its benefits by presenting examples of actual student peer reviews from the International Trade Institute graduate school in Taiwan. Rather than have students read and critique each other's work using peer review sheets, this English-as-a-Foreign-Language (EFL) teacher in Taiwan had students assume the roles of players actively involved in a written, business negotiation. Throughout the game, the teacher would read, respond to, and evaluate the correspondence to balance peer responses with instructor feedback. Results revealed that student interactive letters injected a strong element of realism into the peer review process; that students received peer feedback from at least two readers; and that, because of the international student body at the school, students were exposed to different cultural interpretations of their written letters. By using the game approach, students received feedback on their writing through unpredictable, real-world social interaction rather than uninterested, obligatory student peer reviews. (Contains 12 references.) (Author/NAV)

International strategic alliances are established by two or more companies as synergistic relationships to achieve a common goal where both parties benefit. The evolving global market has focused renewed interest on these alliances as an important tool in penetrating new markets. No country has achieved as much success as Japan in forging such alliances throughout the world. Japanese companies provide many companies in the European Community with necessary marketing, design, and production expertise, rather than with pure capital. Examples include the British automobile company Rover and a large computer company, ICL. The worldwide electronics industry has especially been involved in such alliances, as manufacturers realize that they will have to form partnerships both to tame chaotic markets and to share the increasing cost and complexity of product development. Toshiba, for example, has utilized partnerships, technology licensing agreements, and ambitious joint ventures to strengthen its own capabilities in manufacturing and in developing innovative technological breakthroughs. Toshiba constructs its alliances so that the roles and rights of each partner are clearly identified from the outset. Japanese companies are truly in the forefront in crafting cost-efficient, highly effective, harmonious international strategic alliances, and serve as a model for business concerns in other countries. (JDD)

A member of the faculty of Concordia College (Moorhead, Minnesota) recounts his experience with developing local internship opportunities for German business students in exchange for internship opportunities in Germany for his international business students. The faculty member had to develop a list of potential companies, in an area of small to medium sized firms; contact them to encourage their cooperation with the program; locate housing for the interns; provide information to the interns before they arrived, concerning money, clothing, transportation, and other facts; meet the interns at the airport and assist them in getting settled; introduce them to their employers; and regularly follow up on their progress. Implementation of the program has been time consuming, but it is felt that there are many willing partner schools in Germany and that exchange internships are an excellent method of developing positive relationships between Germans and Americans. (JDD)

The International Standards Organization (ISO) has developed standards to provide a uniform framework for quality assurance in organizations' products and services. Commonly referred to as ISO 9000, these standards focus on achieving and sustaining the quality of the product or service produced to continuously meet purchasers' needs, and give management and purchasers confidence that the intended quality will be achieved. To satisfy ISO 9000 standards requires extensive documentation of processes and procedures, and the technical writer will play a key role in writing process and procedure documentation and in creating and teaching areas of product and process documentation. The technical writer may work in conjunction with management to prepare a strategic plan for obtaining ISO 9000 certification, develop quality standards for documentation, define what information is needed from colleagues and gather it into ISO 9000 standards format, prepare visual aids and materials for training presentations, assist in training employees in proper inspections and documentation, prepare a Quality Manual, participate in internal audits of documentation procedures, respond to the official registration audit, and review and revise written policies and procedures as needed. Competencies of a technical writer include writing ability, interpersonal skills, critical thinking skills, and research skills. (Contains 15 references.) (JDD)

A pilot project was developed in which the Advertising and Market Research Center of the Vienna School of Economics and Business in Austria and the German Department as well as the Marketing Department of Miami University in Ohio are working together to collect market research data and formulate a market entry strategy for Roemerquelle, an Austrian mineral water product targeted for export to the American market. The project's four phases included: (1) the Roemerquelle managers explained their export strategies to Austrian faculty and students in an upper level market research class, and Austrian students developed data collection instruments for implementation in the United States; (2) American students critiqued the questionnaires, negotiated changes with the Austrian students, began to collect data, and translated open-ended responses into German; (3) Austrian students analyzed the questionnaires and published a report of findings; and (4) American and Austrian students will work together on competing intercultural teams to provide recommendations to the host company. (JDD)

This publication reports the major discussions at a conference that was held to improve the policy education efforts of extension workers responsible for public affairs programs. It begins with abstracts of the 22 presentations. Four papers deal with public policy education in the 1990s: "To Inform Their Discretion: Policy Education and Democratic Politics" (Briand); "Issues, Alternatives, and Consequences" (House); "The Case for Advocacy in Extension Public Policy Education" (Hite); "Limits of Public Policy Education" (Barron); and "An Extension Lay Leader's Reaction to the Morning Program" (Grezaffi). Ten papers are found in the section on agriculture and environmental policymaking--issues, actors, strategies: "Agriculture and the Environment in the 1990s: Changing Setting and Characteristics" (Zinn); "Right Versus Right--Finding Common Ground" (Campbell); "Agriculture and Environmental Policymaking: Issues, Actors, and Strategies--State Government Perspective" (Armstrong-Cummings); "Innovation in Environmental Policy Education through Coalitions: The Groundwater Policy Education Project" (Abdalla); "Initiating a Coalition for Groundwater Policy Education: Observations and Lessons from a Rural Iowa County" (Padgitt); "Groundwater Policy Education Project: North Carolina" (Danielson); "Emerging Rural Farm-Nonfarm Conflicts: Whose Preferences Count?" (Lohr, Harvey); "Wetlands and Endangered Species: Educational Assistance Needs of Extension Educators" (House, Greenway); "Resource Issues and Options--RIO: A Coordinated Approach to Education on Natural Resource Issues" (Cleaves, Reed); and "Public Policy Education for Wetlands Issues" (Johnson). In the section on the rural social infrastructure are these four presentations: "Reinvesting in the Social Infrastructure of Communities" (Harvey); "The State of the Rural Health Care System" (McDowell); "Alternatives and Consequences of Health Care Prototypes and Developing a Public Policy Education Program" (Fretwell, Feeney); and "Rural Elementary and Secondary Education: Funding and Allocation Issues" (Jones, McNamara). The section on domestic consequences of evolving international trade contains these three papers: "How NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) Will Affect Agriculture in the United States: Regional Impacts" (Sumner); "International Trade Policy: Challenges and Opportunities for U.S. Agriculture" (Sanders, Rosson); and "Social Indicators, Basebook, Baseline, and Indicator Model" (Womack). Other contents include lists of invited poster/display session topics and conference participants. (YLB)

The use of a foreign language as part of the managerial context rather than as a technical tool was examined. Eighteen people in nine companies, primarily from the manufacturing sector, were interviewed to raise a set of issues pertaining to the use of a foreign employer's language (FEL). All of the companies in the sample were within a day's drive of Burlington, Vermont, a region with a culture of its own where more than a third of the inhabitants claim French-Canadian ancestry. Three FELs were chosen: French, German, and Japanese. The interviews were conducted using a list of questions as a point of departure rather than as a protocol. It was found that American managers in the greater Vermont area make very little use of their FEL, and English is often specified by policy as the operating language for the company. English is also the language of most high-tech work. Findings are reported in the following areas: rules about the use of FEL; differences in the use of the FEL; feelings about the use of the FEL; difficulty of using the FEL; desire to use the FEL; the difficulty of relating desire to policy; language training; company policy; special issues like relations with the head office and the changing organizational culture. It is noted that language classes don't work, especially if they take up blocks of work time, and that to be effective, language learning must be integrated into the change of organizational culture. (LB)

The role of English language training in Japan's move toward corporate internationalization is addressed, particularly in terms of the importance of English, the nature and quality of training, and the ramifications of that training regarding global competition. It is noted that the Japanese language is not suited for the sort of confrontation, debate, and negotiation typical of common non-Japanese business situations. English training in both pre-college and college education, although given priority status, does not produce the English communication skills essential for effective international managers and corporate representatives. Because Japanese companies see themselves in a global context, functional "communicative" English skills are important. An in-house English training program in a multinational steel company is described that uses native English speakers and emphasizes a high level of technical expertise; international communication skills; awareness of the host country conditions concerning politics, law, business, capital, and labor; and awareness of the host country's basic structures. Exhibits are appended to this essay with further details on the company's program. It is concluded that the Japanese are succeeding globally because they have a global vision that includes, among other things, a strategy for corporate English training. This training is seen as an example of long-range commitment, flexibility, and the recognition of the importance of human capital. Contains 10 references. (LB)

As part of a communicative approach and to provide non-linguistic information to students, authentic videotape recordings were incorporated into the summer intensive Spanish course in the University of South Carolina's master's program in international business. Students were introduced to the tapes by first seeing segments without sound, both to illustrate what can be understood visually and to emphasize the need for selective perception. The second phase was viewing with sound, with or without concurrent exercises. Exercises were created with clear cues to students to pay attention to the video. Video recordings allowed for immediate replay for feedback. The final instructional stage included follow-up activities, the most effective of which were directly related to cultural issues or analysis of the video itself, such as selective use of diminutives in a family situation. Discussion of why students respond with embarrassment or laughter, appropriate or inappropriate, and of the film's possible biases were also found to be essential to understanding the film's content. Use of video was seen to enhance motivation and retention of cultural and linguistic material. Testing, not used in this course, will be incorporated in future courses. Handouts accompanying videos are appended. Contains 13 references. (MSE)

Three levels of papers are contained in this proceedings. The first set contains full research papers presented during the theme day of the meeting. The following papers were given: "International Trade and Factor Movements in Development Theory, Policy, and Experience" (T. N. Srinivasan); "Government in the Process of Trade and Development" (Terry Roe and Mathew Shane); "Technological Potential for Increasing Crop Productivity in Developing Countries (Robert Herdt); "Changing Patterns of Consumption Underlying Changes in Trade and Agricultural Development" (Per Pinstrup-Andersen); "An Argentine Perspective on Recent Agricultural Trade and Policy Developments" (Lucio Reca); and "Trade and Development, Development and Trade" (Mathew Shane). The second set is a group of four papers on the Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maize y Trigo (CIMMYT): "The Evolving Role of CIMMYT: Some Issues for World Food and Agriculture" (Don Winkleman); "The Green Revolution: The Role of CIMMYT and What Lies Ahead" (Norman Borlaug); "CIMMYT's Wheat Program Overview" (Byrd C. Curtis); and "CIMMYT's Maize Program Overview" (Ronald Cantrell). The final section contains 10 short summaries of presentations on critical international issues: "The ERS [Economic Research Service] Trade Liberalization Study: Methods and Preliminary Results" (Nicole Ballenger); "Is There a Role for Producer and Consumer Subsidy Equivalents in Trade Negotiations?" (Nancy E. Schwartz); "Trade Liberalization: A Canadian View of GATT [General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade] and the Multilateral Trade Negotiations" (Don McLatchy); "Trade Liberalization: Results from World Trade Models" (Vernon O. Roningen); "Building a World Trade Model: Some Lessons We Are Learning" (Jerry Sharples); "U.S.-Canada Free Trade: What Are the Issues?" (Mary Ann Normile); "A Canadian Agricultural Economist's Perspective on the Canada-U.S. Trade Liberalization Talks" (John Spriggs); "China's Past and Future Role in the Grain Trade" (Colin Carter); "Mandatory Supply Controls and Trade" (William Meyers); and "Tax Reform Policies in Developing Countries" (Cathy L. Jabara). (KC)

Despite a growing trend and early successes, program development for business language courses is still in its early stages. Curriculum developers have much work to do, many decisions to make, and a variety of problems to solve, most important of which are content, approaches, learning systems, and instructional strategies. First, the program type must be defined, including objectives, structure and content, instructional format, and methodology. Appropriate instructional materials must be selected and developed and suitable activities planned. Above, clientele must be identified, language needs ascertained, and fields to be covered determined. A market survey (one is appended) is useful. Analysis of the results helps tailor the basic curriculum elements to the audience. The 2-year upper-division business Spanish program at Eastern Michigan University (outline is appended) consists of four sequenced courses whose goals, content, and format vary. The third-year courses aim at overall communicative competence for the Spanish-speaking business world. Fourth-year courses also emphasize communicative skill development but focus on everyday business procedures and practices. Development of similar programs requires these organizational steps: (1) a market survey; (2) syllabus preparation; (3) materials organization and development; and (4) evaluation. (MSE)

Eleven papers cover the Language and International Trade Program at Clemson University, similar foreign language programs at other universities, and the role of government funding in the development of such programs. The papers include the following: (1) "The Language and International Trade Program at Clemson University: Remarks on Program Impact and Administration" (S. Carl King); (2) "Business German in Theory and Practice: The Program at Georgia State University" (Bettina F. Cothran); (3) "From Language and International Trade to the World College: A Brief Overview of Successful International Program Development at Eastern Michigan University" (Ray Schaub); (4) "Language and Engineering: The Next Step" (John Grandin); (5) "Foreign Language and International Trade at Southern Illinois University" (E. F. Timpe); (6) "A Business College Perspective on Language and International Trade Programs" (Gregory P. White); (7) "The Language and International Trade Internship Program at Clemson University: The Vision and the Realty" (Edwin P. Arnold); (8) "Federal Grants: Comments from a Program Officer" (Stanley Patterson); (9) "Program Development and Implementation: The Language and International Trade Program at Clemson University" (Patricia W. Wannamaker); (10) "Land-Grant University Curriculum Model which Combines the Technical and Humanistic Elements of an Undergraduate Education into a Meaningful Whole" (Patricia W. Wannamaker); and (11) "Federal Funding for Language and International Programs" (Helene Scher). (MDM)

Advertising by multinational corporations in Southeast Asia is generating a growing resistance to its perceived role in creating a "consumer culture" damaging to indigenous values systems. Critics of advertising in Southeast Asia argue that when multinational advertisers or their multinational advertising agencies move into this foreign setting, they bring a set of assumptions based on Western consumer culture, which may be inappropriate for developing Eastern nations. In addition to the concerns about the transfer of a consumer culture, consumer groups are concerned that advertisers are promoting products which are actually harmful to health, such as cigarette smoking. Government regulation is one solution to curb the possible deleterious effects of the consumer culture. For example, the government of Indonesia banned television advertising in 1981, and India has developed a series of regulations to prohibit the "sexploitation" of women by advertisers. While the critics in Southeast Asia are right to be concerned about protecting their traditional cultures, it should be noted that advertising is part of a larger industrial model that is being actively pursued by local governments in an effort to develop economically--advertising has historically provided the fuel for industrial and economic growth. (One table of data is included, and 22 references are appended.) (MM)

This collection of conference papers describes the post-World War II relationship between Germany and Minnesota. The relationship with the Federal Republic of West Germany is emphasized but East Germany is not ignored. The papers include: "Current Issues in German-American Relations" (P. Hermes); "The Cult of Talent and Genius: A German Specialty" (F. R. Stern with R. W. Franklin); "West Germany: Economic Power--Political Power" (L. J. Rippley); "The Image of the German in Contemporary Minnesota" (G. H. Weiss); "Cultural Exchange, Germany-Minnesota: A Case Study in Education" (N. Benzel); "The German Theological and Liturgical Influence in Minnesota: St. John's Abbey and the Liturgical Revival" (R. W. Franklin); "The German Impact on Modernism in Art" (M. Waldfogel); "German Rationalism in Modern American Architecture" (G. Dittmar); "Issues in German-American Trade and Investment" (D. Hamilton). Also included are Appendix A: "The Post-World War II German Immigration to Minnesota: The Documented Story of Norbert Benzel" (C. A. Glasrud); Appendix B: "German Companies with a Minnesota Subsidiary"; Appendix C: "Minnesota Companies with Significant Trade in Germany"; and Appendix D: "The Broader German/Swiss-American Relationship and Business in Minnesota." The document concludes with an index and photo index. (APG)

This report contains five papers with discussions identifying policy and research issues in rural labor markets, assessing the adequacy of existing data and theories for researching these issues, and assigning priorities to research questions. The papers focus on rural economic goals, market linkages with metropolitan, national, and international economies, and the federal government's role in rural labor markets. A paper on rural labor market performance considers successes/failures of government intervention in altering labor market performance and asserts that underemployment is the appropriate indicator of labor market performance in rural areas. Another paper traces implications of industrial and occupational restructuring, finding substantial inequalities between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan labor markets and between males and females within those markets. A third paper reviews usefulness of regional growth and industrial location theories for understanding uneven distribution of growth across rural labor markets. A fourth paper examines linkages between local labor markets and the national/international economy and a fifth reviews ways in which government interventions work at cross purposes in rural labor markets. A summary chapter emphasizes diversity, measurement issues, complexity of affecting forces, and research/policy implications of local labor markets. Tables and figures accompany the papers. A participant list is included. (LFL)

These proceedings contain presentations and summaries of papers presented at a Wheat Competitiveness Conference. They begin with two presentations--"The Wheat Prototype Study within an Overall Conceptual Framework of Competitiveness" (James Langley) and "U.S. Competitiveness in the World Wheat Market: A Prototype Study" (Jerry Sharples). The 23 summaries of contributing reports are divided into four groups. Papers in the section on aggregate analysis of export supply and demand in world wheat markets are "Patterns and Trends in World Wheat Competitiveness" (Mathew Shane), "Measuring Economic Competitiveness in Trade" (Peter Perkins), "Revealed Competitive Advantage for Wheat" (Thomas Vollrath), and "Potential Growth in the World Wheat Market: The Impact of Factors Underlying Demand" (Mervin Yetley). The section on major factors affecting supply, demand, and trade on world wheat markets contains "Forces That Could Expand U.S. Wheat Exports: Estimates from a World Wheat Trade Model" (Jerry Sharples, Praveen Dixit), "Shortrun Impact of U.S. Macroeconomic Policy on the U.S. Wheat Market" (Mark Denbaly), "The Value of the Dollar and Competitiveness of U.S. Wheat Exports" (Stephen Haley, Barry Krissoff), "Protection and Liberalization in World Wheat Markets" (Nicole Ballenger, Cathy Jabara), "International Transportation and the Competitiveness of U.S. Wheat Exports" (Kay McLennan), "Enhancing the International Competitiveness of U.S. Wheat through Agricultural Research" (Ira Branson, Yao-chi Lu), "The Green Revolution for Wheat in Developing Countries" (Gary Vocke), and "Variability in Wheat Land Values of Major Exporting Countries" (John Sutton). In the section on wheat export markets and factors affecting supply, demand, and trade are "Summary of Export Markets" (John Sutton, Ron Trostle) and these summaries: "The U.S. Wheat Market" (William Lin, Robert McElroy), "The Canadian Wheat Market" (Pat Weisgerber, et al.), "The Australian Wheat Market" (Paul Johnston), "The French Wheat Market" (Mark Newman), and "The Argentine Wheat Market" (Jorge Hazera). In the section on wheat import markets and factors affecting supply, demand, and trade are "Summary of Import Markets" (James Langley, Gene Mathia) and these summaries: "The Mexican Wheat Market" (Myles Mielke), "The Brazilian Wheat Market" (Edward Allen), "The Conduct of Wheat Marketing in North Africa" (George Gardner, David Skully), "The Dynamics of China's Wheat Trade" (Frederic Surls), "The Soviet Wheat Market" (Emily Moore), and "The East European Wheat Market" (Robert Cummings). Other contents include a conference summary and comments by review panels of trade and university economists. (YLB)

At the College of St. Thomas (Minnesota), both an undergraduate and graduate business program requiring advanced language study and study abroad were developed. Administrative support for the program, support for faculty specializing in business language, and careful planning have helped to avoid anticipated problems. Language department harmony has been maintained, but some conflict has occurred between language and business faculty. The greatest current problem is identifying fully qualified new faculty. Recently, the college has begun projects in cooperation with West Germany's University of Paderborn, which has similar programs in both economics and business administration in which English language study is required. Academic achievement in the program and participation in study abroad programs have been highly satisfactory. Problems encountered in the German program include large classes, difficulty recruiting qualified personnel, and lack of instructional materials. Two studies of the use of English for special purposes and English for economics in major German enterprises clearly documents the need for this specialized language instruction, but the efforts of higher education institutions to fill the need are very limited to date. A more integrative approach is recommended in both the United States and Germany. (MSE)

A study at Brigham Young University (Utah) sought to identify basic concepts to teach graduate students preparing for international business careers. Business presentations by graduate students fluent in English and at least one other language were examined for evidence of teachable skills for working with business in two languages. Presentations were videotaped in both English and one other language. Presenters and evaluators viewed the tapes and completed evaluations. Four teachable concepts emerged, including include: (1) use of audience analysis to determine appropriate communication strategies; (2) organization of the presentation to enhance listener comprehension and compensate for grammatical errors and cultural differences; (3) self-confidence; and (4) simplification of the idea and its expression in the foreign language. Appended materials include the form used by presentation evaluators, and a sample description of culturally appropriate behavior for Finland. (MSE)

A content analysis model for assessing advertising themes and messages generated primarily for United States markets to overcome barriers in the cultural environment of international markets was developed and tested. The model is based on three primary categories for generating, evaluating, and executing advertisements: rational, emotional, and moral. Focusing on computer advertising as an example, it is argued that technology shapes language and culture. An exploratory study hypothesized that in lesser developed countries there is more use of rational advertising appeals than of emotional advertising appeals. In contrast, for countries with more advanced technologies the emphasis will be on greater visual orientation. These concepts are illustrated through a comparative study, after which models for content analysis are presented as a proposed empirical study. It is hoped that the new model will benefit instructors who teach students to appreciate differences in language and culture and who also teach appreciation of the general economy. (Three exhibits are included and 21 references are attached.) (Author/MG)

The Advertising, Part 2 section of the Proceedings contains the following 8 papers: "Made in Taiwan and the U.S.A.: A Study of Gender Roles in Two Nations' Magazine Advertisements" (Kim E. Karloff and Yi-ching Lee); "The Impact of Culture on Political Advertising: A Comparison between the U.S. and Korean Newspaper Ads" (Chun-Sik Kim and Yoo-Kyoung Kim); "A Content Analysis of Internet Banner Advertising: Focusing on Korean and U.S. Cultural Differences" (Hwi-Man Chung and Euijin Ahn); "Sneak Attack: Exploring the Effects of Nike and Reebok Sponsorship on Two College Athletic Programs" (Jan S. Slater and Carla V. Lloyd); "Qualitative Evaluation of Print Ads by Assessors Using the Creative Product Semantic Scale" (Alisa White Coleman and Bruce L. Smith); "A Study of the Facets of the 'Country-of-Origin' Image and Its Comparison among Different Countries" (Jang-Sun Hwang); "International Advertising Strategies in China--A Worldwide Survey of Foreign Advertisers" (Jiafei Yin); and "Does Reputation Management Reap Rewards? A Path Analysis of Corporate Reputation Advertising's Impacts on Brand Attitudes and Purchase Decisions" (Jongmin Park, Lisa Lyon, and Glen T. Cameron). (RS)

These proceedings report on a project designed to help faculty and administrators in the Louisiana State University (LSU) College of Agriculture to internationalize the undergraduate curriculum of the college in order to foster students' awareness of the global agriculture environment. Through a series of six workshops, the undergraduate teaching faculty in the college were provided with the background information and guidance necessary to add this international dimension to their courses. Each workshop consisted of two major components: the background/information component, which focused on global markets and why they demand the attention of all agricultural disciplines; and the methods component, which focused on assisting teaching faculty in reviewing and reformulating course outlines and materials. After the workshops were completed, the project model of implementation was made available to deans of colleges of agriculture at all 1862 and 1890 land grant institutions. The 10-page project report is followed by summaries of the six workshops in chapter II. The summaries are as follows: one conducted for the entire college faculty; one designed for college department heads/directors of schools and for the project's planning and organization committee; and four targeted for faculty in four selected sets of curricula offered by the college. Chapter III lists highlights of LSU's model for internationalization and recommendations for future globalization efforts. Appendixes include the survey and evaluation instruments and a 48-item annotated bibliography. (YLB)

Selected papers are as follows: "Are Office Support Personnel Aware of the Ergonomical Issues Associated with Computer Keyboarding?" (Evans); "Background and Characteristics of Japanese Students Who Enroll in an American Two-Year Information Processing Program Taught in Japan" (Morgan, Wiggs); "Business Education's (BE) Role in North Carolina Tech Prep Articulation Agreements" (Joyner, Giovannini); "Comparison of Two Teaching Methods on Acquisition of Keyboarding Skills by Elementary Students" (Redmann et al.); "Determining Business Educators' Inservice Training Needs for Teaching Accounting at the Secondary Level" (McEwen); "ELM In the Academy" (Merrier, Duff); "Factors Influencing the Successful Use of Technologically-Mediated Instructional Strategies in Business Organizations" (Kizzier, Lavin); "Factors that Influence the Development of Collaborative Agreements between Universities and Corporations for Degree Program Education" (Alpern); "Higher-Order Thinking Skill Use in the Workplace" (Magee, Schmidt); "Identification of Factors that Contribute to or Impede Students' Learning in Microcomputer Applications Classes" (Wiggs, Huter); "Image Alienation and BE" (Morrison, Oladunjoye); "Importance of Workplace Basics Competencies (SCANS) as Perceived by Business Teachers" (Yang, Echternacht); "Information Processing Programs" (Morgan); "Integrating Academic and Vocational Education" (Faulkner et al.); "International Business Competencies Considered Important by Fortune's Global 500 Firms" (Zeliff, Behymer); "Is Certification a Useful Tool for Recruiting, Hiring, and/or Promoting Administrative Managers?" (Evans); "Management Training Program Evaluation" (Erthal); "New Avenues in Crisis Management" (Barton); "Occupational Profiles and On-the-Job Experiences/Perceptions of Business Management Technology and Computer Technology Associate Degree Graduates and the Resulting Curriculum Implications" (Ormerod, Ward); "Preparation to Teach Problem Solving, Decision Making, and Evaluation Skills in Business Education" (Schmidt, Kirby); "Ratings of the Georgia BE Industry Certification Standards by Georgia Educators and Business and Industry Personnel" (Crews, Stitt-Gohdes); "Recognizing Errors" (Page, Mausehund); "Relationship between Work Group Organization and Job Dimensions of Administrative Support Jobs and the Job Satisfaction of Administrative Support Workers" (Weisensel); and "School to Work Preparation of Urban Youth" (Womble et al.). (YLB)

Thirty-two articles examine the theme of global interdependence from a variety of professional and personal angles. These papers exhibit a commitment to global issues and provide perspectives on education, government, and culture. Some of the articles are: (1) "The Network Revolution and Global Awareness" (Robert Abbott; Charles Hoppel); (2) "The Competitiveness of the Agroindustry Sector in Developing Countries: The Case of Turkey" (Huseyin Ates); (3) "East European Capitalism in Formation" (Peter Bihari; Andras Vigvari); (4) "The Environmental Consequences of Modernity and the Transformation of Post-Industrial Society" (Thomas A. Bonomo; Frank Lindenfeld); (5) "The Community Challenge for Inclusion: Changing How We Think About One Another" (Jeanette R. Drews); (6)"Multicultural Education: A Historical Review" (Hussein Fereshteh); (7) "Delivery System Preferences of Nontraditional Learners" (Carol L. Hodes); (8) "Viewing Child Maltreatment Cross-Culturally" (Sue Jackson); (9) Intercultural Relations in an Emerging World Civilization" (Hsien-Tung Liu); (10) "The United Nations and Collective Security" (David McCormick); (11) "Global Standards of the Convention on the Rights of the Child: America's Children Forgotten" (Dale L. Sultzbaugh); and (12) "Financing Privatization in Newly Emerging Democracies" (Wold Zemedkun). (CK)

The following papers are included: "Introduction: Labor in a Global Economy" (Hecker, Hallock); "Labor in a Global Economy" (Marshall); "Canadian Labor Strategies for a Global Economy" (Carr); "Recent Developments in the Canadian Political Economy" (Watkins); "Labor and Politics in the U.S. and Canada" (Bernard); "The Political Action Strategy of the Washington State Labor Council" (Kenney); "Restructuring in Industrial Relations and the Role for Labor" (Verma); "Trade, Competition, and Jobs: An Internationalist Strategy" (Dorman); "Labor Alternatives to International Competition" (Donohue); "Challenging the Ethic of Competitiveness: What's at Stake for Labor" (Gerard); "An International Mobilization Strategy" (Cohen); "Mobilizing across Borders: Unions and Multinational Corporations" (Pomeroy); "Expanding Labor's Agenda: Community Coalitions, Capital Strategies, and Economic Development" (Swinney); "Labor Has No Choice But to Play the Capital Strategies Game" (Tusler); "Achieving Authentic Labor Market Flexibility: A North-American Union Perspective" (Marschall); "Australian Union Movement Strategy" (Ogden); "Flexible Labor Markets and Labor Training--An American and International Analysis" (Deutsch); "Flexibility, Job Security, and Labor Market Policy" (Flumian); "The Impact of International Capital on Australian Labor" (Wheelwright); "A Most Un-labourlike Experience--Six Years of a Labour Government in New Zealand and Its Impact on Organized Labor" (Harbridge); "The New Work Force: Management and Labor Strategies" (Nussbaum); "The Contingent Workforce in Canada: Problems and Solutions" (MacPhail); "A Multicultural Framework for Worker Education" (La Luz); "The Politics of Privatization" (Clements); "Fighting Privatization: The British Columbia Experience" (Shields); "The Right to Organize: Labor Law and Its Impact in British Columbia" (Lanyon, Edwards); "Organizing in Canada: Adapting to Changing Conditions" (Oleksiuk); "Organizing Immigrant Workers in the Global Economy" (Quan); "The Deficiency of the Voluntary Compliance Model as a Public Policy Instrument in Workplace Health and Safety in Canada" (Sass); "Occupational Health and Safety Twenty Years after OSHA" (Baker); "Pattern Bargaining in the Pacific Northwest Lumber and Sawmill Industry: 1980-1989" (Widenor); "Pattern Bargaining in the Wood Products Industry in Western Canada" (MacLellan): "Current Issues and Future Strategies for Forest-Product Unions" (Scott); "Paying Too Much, Buying Too Little: U.S. Medical Care on the Critical List" (Schoen); "The Uninsured and Rising Health Care Costs" (Brown); "Health Care: Lessons from Canada" (Schreck, Petrie); and "The Role of the States in Health Care Reform" (Kitzhaber). (YLB)

Papers included in this volume from a conference on language teaching include the following: "The Symposium on the Evaluation of Foreign Language Proficiency: Challenges to the Profession" (Albert Valdman); "Conversion to a Proficiency Oriented Curriculum at the University Level" (Carmen Villegas Rogers, William H. Heflin, John Romeiser); "Dispelling Students' Fears and Misconceptions about Foreign Language Study: The Foreign Language Anxiety Workshop at the Defense Language Institute" (Christine M. Campbell, Jose Ortiz); "A Sequential Approach to Teaching and Testing the Listening and Speaking Skills" (Barbara Gonzalez Pino); "Foreign Language Reading: Linguistic, Cognitive, and Affective Factors Which Influence Comprehension" (Richard G. Kern); "Writing Across the (Foreign Language) Curriculum" (Hannelore Jarausch, Clare Tufts); "Learning Via the Socratic Method: The Use of the Concept Attainment Model in Foreign Language Classes" (Marie-Cecile Louvet); "The Newspaper and the Five Skills" (Donna Reseigh Long, Linda L. Harlow); "Teachers Working with Teachers: Becoming Proficient with Proficiency" (June K. Phillips, Eileen W. Glisan); "Technoscientific French for Teachers" (Brigitte D. Muller); "Going International in the Business World: A Special Purpose Course in Spanish" (Ronald Carl Cere); and "The Videocassette Challenge: Strategies for the Foreign Language Teacher" (Richard Terry Mount, Joann McFerran Mount, Aida Z. Toplin). (MSE)

In 1987, the U.S. Economic Development Administration awarded a grant to the American Association of State Colleges and Universities to conceive, plan, and coordinate a series of regional conferences following their funding of the successful 1986 National Conference of Higher Education and Economic Development. The proceedings from these four regional conferences are presented. They served as forums for addressing the role of public colleges and universities in fostering economic development in their communities, regions, states, and the nation. Conference participants included college and university presidents, faculty members, corporate and association heads, and civic leaders. The conferences included more than 60 speeches, workshops, and panel discussions, and selected, edited excerpts from the conferences are presented. Four chapters look at the higher education and economic development of the midwest, the south, the northeast, and the west. Each section provides an overview of the conference, the agenda, and selected excerpts. The historical role of higher education in these areas is noted, and their responses to change are discussed (including human resources development, business development, technology transfer, and international relations and trade). (SM)

Three keynote addresses from the W. Arthur Cullman Symposium are presented in this booklet. The first address, "Global Productivity: New and Renewed Perspectives," was delivered by John G. Keane, Director of the United States Bureau of Census. In his address, Dr. Keane proposed five guideline perspectives: recognizing emerging global unification forces, enhancing globalization perspectives, extending the productivity-planning time horizon, adopting zero-based thinking, and realizing government's role. He also stressed that the opportunity for global productivity continues to improve as its need escalates. In the second address, Hans B. Thorelli, E.W. Kelley Professor of Business Administration at Indiana University, explored "Productivity, Multinationality, and the Business-University Network." Dr. Thorelli said that a new focus is needed on the holistic and qualitative aspects of productivity, whether in business or in academia. Productivity also calls for multinationality and a revamping of the school-business relationship to encompass global concerns. Finally, Billy C. Christensen, Vice President and General Manager of IBM World Trade Corporation, spoke on "Global Productivity: Society's Goal, Business' Imperative." In his address, Mr. Christensen noted the need to think about the U.S. economy as part of the world economy rather than a self-contained unit and the need for increased productivity to compete in that world economy. (A list of panelists is included in the proceedings.) (KC)

On March 1989, the Aspen Institute convened a group of experts to assess Soviet progress in computer and information technologies, their current and likely impact on Soviet society, and appropriate ways for U.S. policymakers to respond. Major issues addressed by conference participants included: Will new information technologies encourage a decentralization of authority in Soviet society? How will the new technologies affect human rights, if at all? How will they affect the Soviet Union's economic prospects? and Can the United States influence any of these computer-related trends through its foreign policies or trade policies? The conference consisted of seven sessions, each of which was devoted to a specific issue. Session titles were: (1) The Social Impact of Computer Use; (2) Computers as Decentralizing Forces? (3) A Portrait of Soviet Computer and Information Technologies; (4) Does Computerization Require an Open Society? (5) Soviet Computer Culture as a Reformist Vanguard? (6) Should "the West" Encourage Soviet Computerization? and (7) What Next? Proposals for Research and Action. A list of conference participants is included. (GL)

One of the problems of modern Ukraine is the weak development of international transport corridors that would connect different regions of Ukraine with European countries. A separate issue is the lack of transport routes in the south of Ukraine (Odessa Region) that could become a connecting link for the development of trade, tourism and facilitate humanitarian contacts between the populations of the border regions. The main purpose of this work is to consider the potential of combining separate regions of Ukraine with the regions of European countries through highways and railroads, and to analyze the economic benefits of these transport connections. Particular attention is paid to the use of opportunities for cross-border cooperation for the implementation of promising projects in the transport sector. In particular, the paper considers international transport projects implemented over a decade (project of a transport ring around the Black Sea, the project of the Baltic Sea-Black Sea cooperation), as well as more recent projects that are worthy of attention (the project Via Carpathia). Also, the factors that may complicate the implementation of transport projects are taken into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advantages of the EU single market and the costs related to adaptation the Community context and requirements, the impact of the international economic and financial crisis and the difficulties in accessing EU Structural and Social Cohesion Funds are among the major factors that have influenced the economic evolution of Romania in the period 2007-2016, including the external trade in goods. There have been changes in the structure of Romania's external trade, determined, on the one hand, by the accession to the EU, and on the other hand, by the impact of the international economic crisis started in 2008. The way in which the Romanian external trade has responded to the aforementioned factors is analyzed in this paper, on the basis of the following criteria: the evolution of specific indicators to the field of foreign exchanges of goods, in the year 2016 as compared to the year 2007; the magnitude of the economic downturn in 2009 and 2010 years as a result of the negative impact of the crisis; the decline recovery in years; resilient economic sectors. International comparisons are used in order to evaluate the position of Romania as against the neighboring EU Member States as well as its main EU trading partners in the context of the EU integration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a new global economy, which is in a constant growth, more companies or nations are in a position to export their own business model, searching for new markets, more favorable production costs, or diffent strategies leading to performance. This paper does not clame an exhaustive analysis, the aim is to capture some aspects of the comtemporany realities, because most of the aspects of the globalization can be passed throgh a cultural register. As a reference model, we used Locke's consensual inductive system, which involves the collections of opinions of specialist in the field with objective positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper belongs to the area of critical studies of European Integration and tries to analyse the nature of the European states' response to euro zone crisis, during the negotiation of European Fiscal Pact. The theoretical approach is neo-gramscianism, which is focused on social forces agency in the process of integration and superstructural dimension of European Single Market. Since 1980, the interests of big capital, gathered in the European Round Table, shaped a neo-liberal dimension of the European economy, adapting it to the context of globalisation. But this neo-liberal project was also able to capture social-democratic, trade union and centrist demands into a neo-liberal European order, called by Bastiaan van Apeldoorn "embedded" neo-liberalism. This European model has also his limits because it puts the interests of capital in front of social policies through the assurance of market efficiency by EU. My purpose here is to see if during nowadays crisis, the European elite will apply the same economic principles of the embedded neo-liberalism trying to envisage rescue plans. To achieve this, I will follow the theoretical approaches of neo-gramscian authors like Apeldoorn, Bohle or Gill and analyse the state negotiations outputs during the European Council meetings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]