Search

As a country of acute power crisis, Bangladesh is now looking forward to developing its renewable energy sources. In this work, we survey the current art of the solar energy technologies being used presently and future utilization in Bangladesh. This paper emphasizes that a reliable, affordable, and secure supply of energy is important for socioeconomic development. Solar energy may help a lot in achieving sufficiency in electricity especially in rural areas. It is known from different sources that only 75% population have access to electricity in Bangladesh and nearly 75% of the population is rural and only about 30% of the rural households have access to grid electricity. The rural areas are not often feasible for conventional grid-based electrification due to high investment and running costs. The Infrastructure Development Company Ltd recently states that the number of solar home systems (SHSs) in Bangladesh (April 2016) is 3.9 million. As a result, more than 25 million people are benefitted from solar electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reviews different computer tools used for planning and modelling power generation. They targeted models are those used to analyse the integration of renewable energy and low carbon sources. Information needed to identify a suitable energy tool for sustainable electricity with integration of renewable energy, storage and smart energy systems is provided. There is no single electricity model tool that addresses all sustainability and other issues related to the transition of the electricity sector and the tools selection and application is a function of specific model objectives to be fulfilled. Various models were identified and reviewed based technologies accounted for, model availability, time parameters used, and previous studies. The paper provides information needed to guide planners in model selection and application to realise sustainable electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is the most basic and essential need for all living things on the planet. Energy is the driving force behind any country's economic development. In today's world, conventional energy sources produce the majority of energy. However, the world's population is growing at an alarming rate, and conventional energy sources are becoming scarce. This paper harvests energy from a speed breaker by arranging gears and employing electronic devices. Saving a lot of money allows for the generation of a large amount of electricity. and, if implemented, will be extremely beneficial to the government. When a vehicle is in motion, it generates various forms of energy due to friction between the vehicle's wheel and the road, i.e., a rough surface. Heat energy is also produced when a fast-moving vehicle collides with the wind. Potential Energy to Electrical Energy Conversion is the principle at work. A power production system exists that converts the potential energy created by a vehicle moving up on a speed breaker into kinetic energy. The vehicle gains height as it moves over the inclined plates, increasing the potential energy wasted in a conventional rumble strip. When the breaker is tripped, they crank a lever attached to a ratchet-wheel mechanism, an angular motion converter, which rotates a geared shaft loaded with recoil springs. The shaft's output is connected to a dynamo, which converts kinetic energy into electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, Agenda 2030, entitled "Transforming our World" has tabled aspirations for urgent action on climate change. COP 24, held in 2018 in Poland, wants greater urgency of action from all countries in managing carbon emissions. Human activity is the prime contributor to generating carbon emissions, primarily from electrical power generation from coal, oil and gas and transport driven by carbon based liquid fuels. South Africa has an abundance of coal. South African electricity generation is historically embedded in thermal coal power generation, owning and operating large power stations of typical capacities of 6 x 600 MW turbo-generators. Most recently, South African is busy adding another 12 X 800 MW super-critical turbo-generators. South African imports all its crude oil and natural gas. These are used extensively in transportation of persons and goods. The South African economy is totally based on the carbon economy. Reducing the dependence on coal and liquid fuels will impact jobs and the economy. The interdependencies are complex. The paper presents the status of South Africa's contributions to carbon emissions and the country's aspirations as committed at COP 24. The key performance indicators for the transition period of 2020 to 2050 are considered. The paper concludes with a research proposal for developing strategies and quality standards of measurement and management in moving South Africa's transition away from a carbon based economy over the next three decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity is a very important energy in the modern civilization. It helps us to be productive and improves the quality of living. Kappadi region of Udupi district in Karnataka India, faces many difficult to get access the electric energy. Therefore, it is very important to find new solutions for electric generation in the rural areas (at load centers) which are cost effective and sustainable. This project aims to make use of renewable resources such as hydro energy and convert it into useful electric energy by installing a micro hydro power plant at kappadi. As per the research and based on the calculations there is a probability of generation up to 20kw power from a head of 1.5 to 3.34 meters using bulb turbine. This paper comprises all the data which will help to analyze how power can be generated with less head, also it reveals all methods which were carried out well enough to ensure that this proposal is eximious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, to explore the efficiency and rationality of the cascade combined generation, a cascade combined optimal model with the maximum generating capacity is established, and solving the model by the modified GA-POA method. It provides a useful reference for the joint development of cascade hydro-power stations in large river basins. The typical annual runoff data are selected to calculate the difference between the calculated results under different representative years. The results show that the cascade operation of cascaded hydro-power stations can significantly increase the overall power generation of cascade and ease the flood risk caused by concentration of flood season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2030 at latest, half of the power production in Germany has to consist of renewable energy. The problem is not to produce enough renewable energy but to provide it when needed and to control it in such a way that the electricity system does not collapse. Direct load control (DLC) is seen as a great opportunity to solve the big problem of the energy turnaround. Therefore, this paper examines drivers and barriers for the acceptance towards load shifting of home appliances. Particularly the role of trust in the energy provider is under investigation. For this, we conducted a survey among 653 end consumers. Results show that on the one hand the ecological impact, the increased comfort, and the financial benefits influence the acceptance of DLC. On the other hand, the loss of control, the technical safety, and not well protected usage profiles decrease the acceptance. While trust in the provider does not impact the attitude towards DLC directly, it plays an important role for the perception of advantages and disadvantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insufficient supply of electricity has necessitated research in renewable energy fields such natural gas power plants. Many diseases in society today are traced to greenhouse gases that are emitted into the atmosphere from many power plant operations. Boilers are the main components for electricity generation but they have high carbon footprint and provide insufficient steam to generate sufficient electricity. Natural gas power plant boilers was designed as a cost effective alternative to satisfying electricity demand and carbon footprint reduction. The boiler is used in power plant to produce high pressured steam and passes it into a turbine to power the generator to generate electricity. Three concepts were developed and rated with the one with highest score chosen. The model in this paper is novel since some features were added in this project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power companies try to reduce the power generation cost to satisfy the costumers and increase the profit. For this purpose, various acts including energy management strategies, power loss reduction plans, efficiency increasing of the gird components, etc. have been done in the past. Currently, the integration of natural gas and electricity networks for simultaneous operation is one of the most effective approach. In the integrated networks, the natural gas and electricity are managed simultaneously, making it more beneficial for both suppliers and customers. In this paper, the supplied and demanded natural gas and electricity are managed simultaneously to reach more benefits from both technical and economic perspectives. The studied integrated network includes power plants, gas supplier, gas storage, water electrolyzer, fuel cell units, wind energy and hydrogen vehicles. A comprehensive investigation is carried out to optimal energy management in a modern integrated energy systems, the hydrogen vehicles, as a new transportation vehicle, is included in the system. Both natural gas and electricity demands are supplied optimally using the proposed optimization algorithm. The demand response programs are considered as the flexible loads to increase the system profits. The optimal operation problem is modeled as a mixed integer linear programming problem and is optimized using GAMS programming software. The proposed methodology is simulated in various scenarios and its robustness and effectiveness are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new energy generated semi-active suspension system based on Magneto-rheological (MR) damper has been designed with the investigation of its power generation capability. The mathematical model for the suggested energy generated MR damper has developed and a 3D model of energy generated MR damper has developed in EMS, where it is analyzed broadly by finite element method. The objectives of the simulation were to minimize the interaction issue between the damper and energy generator parts and confirm its power generation ability. The induced magnetic flux density, magnetic field intensity, applied current density, temperature gradient of this damper clearly validated this damper's power generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing electricity demand in Freetown, capital of Sierra Leone. has been a burden on the country's electricity sector, since the electricity demanded by residents in Freetown outweighs the electricity generated by the nation's Electricity Generation and Transmission Company (EGTC). This problem has resulted to power shortage leaving many areas within the capital city for hours or days without electricity supply. A major challenge faced by the country's electricity generating sector is the losses on the distribution and transmission networks, which accounts for 34.5% losses in the capital of Freetown alone according to 2017 government electricity report. A 161 kilovolts (kV) of the national transmission network runs from a 250km Bumbuna hydroelectric power plant to the Freetown substations. Another source of electricity loss in Freetown, according to the Electricity Distribution and Supply Authority (EDSA), is non-technical losses resulting from human theft and illegal connections from the national grid by its residents. This paper assesses the development of an efficient energy audit program to minimise electricity loses within Freetown. This study involves the use of a quantitative data collection approach using randomly distributed questionnaires to residents within Freetown. From the data collected and analysed, shows that the development of an effective and efficient energy audit program within Freetown can minimize energy wastage in buildings as well as electricity losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbone dioxide emissions is a global issue which has catastrophic consequences that beyond the universal climate change. Carbon emissions interact with other human demands on this planet, such as food, fibers, timber, and land for dwellings and roads. This paper presents a linear programming model for the optimal electricity generation-mix problem to meet a specified CO2 emission target. The objective function minimizes the weighted sum of two terms: the electricity generation cost and the CO2 emissions cost. Most of the electricity generation mix problem literature considers fixed and aggregated demand and capacity over the year. However, the electricity demand and generation capacity are dynamic parameters in hourly and/or daily basis. The proposed model contributes to the literature by modeling the hourly electricity demand, daily and hourly electricity generation capacity, and daily CO2 emissions limit. The model is solved optimally with a case study derived based on the electricity sector 2030 plan in South Africa. Results show that the proposed model proposes generation-mix plans that could achieve the CO2 reduction target. Furthermore, electricity generation cost and CO2 emissions are eliminated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the performance of an operating biogas plant using slaughterhouse waste was carried with the view of improving its operation and hence protect the environment from pollution coming from slaughterhouse waste. This research was conducted through site visits, observations, oral interviews, and document reviews. It was established that the existing biogas plant was not performing as expected. The study showed that the biogas plant performance is about 72.9% of the optimum production and uses only 5% of the available waste thus 95% is not processed leading to environmental pollution and waste of potential energy resource. It was observed that the substrate to water mixing ratio used 1:2.5, temperature in the digester averaged 34°C, average pH of the substrate was 6.5 and the pressure was 400mm of water. These parameters were regarded as outside the optimum production range. Modification on the plant was therefore proposed based on the analysis done. The proposed new biogas plant design is expected to increase slaughterhouse waste utilization, increase biogas production, and reduce environmental pollution. The new biogas plant design has a 1600m3 digester with an expected output of 1920m3 and slaughterhouse waste utilization of will increase to 92.86%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a feasibility of export electricity generation for a 3000 tons of Cane per day Crushing capacity factory which currently generates electricity for own consumption alone. The competitive sugar industry with high costs of production makes it necessary for diversification by sugar industry to increase its competitiveness. This will improve the sustainability of the cane sugar industry and the electricity grid by supply of green electricity. The factory and its cogeneration plant performances were examined for possible improvement and diversification into electricity export to the public grid. There is need to diversify operations by sugar industry which is facing a crisis as a result of sugar dumping and high costs of production. Other than diversification into ethanol production, export cogeneration has a potential to generate additional revenue streams for struggling industry. This study involves a performance analysis of an operating sugar factory to determine its electricity generation potential. Data was collected by observation, document analysis, interview, and questionnaire. The study showed that the cogeneration potential is significant and currently underutilized and can significantly contribute towards greenhouse gas emission mitigation from power generation and earn revenue for the struggling sugar factory making the factory more competitive. The plant uses old inefficient equipment of very low efficiency that contributes to the low performance. Steam generation is inefficient from 3 boilers all older than 30 years. Use of high-pressure high temperature boilers and an alternative fuel to bagasse as a secondary fuel will make export cogeneration more competitive and feasible. The study shows that at current design milling capacity and average performance, a continuous cogeneration plant with capacity of 15 MW is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being a source of renewable energy hydropower schemes are not particularly popular with planners due to the significant impact they can have on their immediate surroundings. However, a small run-of-river plant recently completed in Scotland the country's first hydro project for 40 years shows that such schemes can be both profitable and practical to build, as well as having a negligible environmental impact. This paper describes the planning design and construction of the 3 MW Cuileig scheme a benchmark for what looks set to be a renaissance for hydropower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Journal Systemy Wspomagania w Inzynierii Produkcji is the property of P.A. Nova S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Coal is a fossil fuel that is commonly used throughout the world. Nowadays, the demand for coal is fluctuating because of several factors. These changes and uncertainties on the demand level of coal requires more attention from the companies because they must determine the accurate level of production in a certain period of time. The accuracy in predicting how much is needed and how much is produced will be very necessary, because it helps the company to fulfill the market needs and to retain customer loyalty. In this paper, we estimate the demand for coal production for the next 6 years in Company X using Brown's and Holt's Double Exponential Smoothing Method then determine which method is the most accurate. With Brown's method, the result obtained is that the maximum value of a parameter is 0.4 and the MAPE value is 6.74. On the other hand, with Holt's method we got the value of MAPE is 5.8157, with alpha 0.5867, and gamma 0.14754. By comparing the two methods, we conclude that Holt's method is more accurate in predicting the demand level in the next 6 years than Brown's method, as Holt's method has a smaller value of forecast error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions through low-carbon technologies and improved energy efficiency is the means to achieve a clean and sustainable Europe, while renewable energy is seen as the main tool to decarbonise the economy. The share of renewables in European Union (EU) energy production is growing steadily. In 2020, renewables will have overtaken fossil fuels as the leading source of electricity production for the first time (Agora Energiewende and Ember, 2021), but this production is not evenly distributed across EU member states. Renewable energy investments have been promoted in the EU over the last two decades. The growing share of renewables requires baseload capacity to support it. Potential capacities include highly efficient natural gas power plants, but also nuclear power plants. Energy production from natural gas power plants is highly dependent on natural gas prices and carbon emission prices. In addition, natural gas is a fossil fuel and should be replaced by low-carbon gaseous fuels in the long term. Nuclear power generation, although emission-free and a reliable baseload capacity, will also decline. Nuclear power plants are expected to cease operations and be replaced by renewable energy sources. The future development of the energy market will be strongly influenced by the cost of energy production. The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) for production in low carbon power plants is declining. This results in significantly lower costs than electricity generation in conventional fossil fuel power plants and requires a detailed assessment of new investments in energy generation facilities. This paper addresses the current state of the EU energy industry, the challenges that exist and need further consideration, and examines strategic investment trends with the aim of contributing to the theory and practice of energy economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangladesh is a largely rural agrarian country of about 165.20 million in 2013 with plentiful supply of renewable sources of energy. Out of various renewable sources, ocean energy basically as tidal power can provide clean, reliable power and emerging turbine designs are making production of electricity from ocean energy technologically and economically feasible. However, the risk to the marine environment and marine organisms is not well known. In order to appropriately site and operate tidal power installations in Bangladesh, we need to better understand the risks of the technology in order to explore the potential contribution tidal power can make to a renewable energy portfolio. Despite a positive policy environment and modest government investment in tidal power research and development, permitting of tidal device deployment remains a considerable barrier to advancement. This paper addresses the need for effective mitigation strategies linked with tidal energy development in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Kraft recovery boilers plant, demineralized water is an important element in the heat exchanger process for the production of electricity and steam. Demineralized water exchanges ion with resins. The current problem of demineralized water qualification has high conductivity value in resin recirculation rinse. This makes the rinsing process take much longer compared with the standard and it decreases the production capacity of the demineralized water. In this paper using the Six Sigma method to reduce the duration of the recirculation rinse process. Cause and Effect Matrix and Failure Mode Effective Analysis (FMEA) were adopted to select the factors that affect the recirculation rinse time. The 2k-1 factorial design method was used to determine the potential preliminary root causes. After that a series of factorial design experiments was conducted to identify the factors that significantly impact the recirculation rinse period. Having done all that, the guidelines to setup the process parameters to effectively regulate the rinse period were established. The result showed that the process can reduce the recirculation rinse time from 150 minutes to 23 minutes. In addition, the production of the demineralized water increases to 10,780 cubic meters per month or 13% more than previously obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper authors designed, fabricated, cost estimated and experimentally studied the animal powered mechanical device to establish micro industry for electric generation to charge the batteries for home lighting, cooking food and minor irrigation at rural areas where grid power is not available and population rely on kerosene, wood and diesel pump-set for light, cooking food and irrigtion. Although animals have been using for domestic works since beginning of mankind, but the electricity generation by animal power is a novel technology. This invention provides animal powered mechanical device to charge the batteries. It has unique features of using animal power as prime mover for electric generator. Animal energy in the form of high-torque low-speed can be converted into low-torque high-speed through speed increaser to energize the electric generator. The electricity generated is stored in the batteries of different capacity and used for lighting, coocking and minor irrigation. This equipment is emission free, low cost and has long life. Also this equipment needs less maintenance and any person can run either skilled or unskilled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to compare the willingness to pay (WTP) for renewable electricity of Lithuanian households with support provided for renewable by Lithuanian government in terms of Feed-in prices. The paper reviews the situation of renewable electricity generation and consumption in Lithuania and presents the results of empirical study aiming at assessment of Lithuanian household's willingness to pay for electricity produced from renewables. The results of study indicated that the WTP of Lithuanian households is significantly lower than subsides for renewable electricity provided in the form of Feed-in prices in Lithuania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South African sugar industry produces sugar and electricity and raw materials for ethanol production among other by-products. The cogeneration of electricity in the sugar industry is linked to energy security and avoided greenhouse gas emissions. Electrical energy and thermal energy are the primary energy types used for sugar processing. This paper identifies energy management best practices necessary to increase the efficiency of the cogeneration processes. Adoption of energy conservation and efficiency measures is imperative for the sugar industry to generate electricity for own use and for export to the national grid. More energy efficient practices save money and reduce coal consumption. Equipment and technological improvements coupled with process design improvements necessary to improve factory energy efficiency are identified. The paper further discusses the bio-energy role and potential in the South African sugar industry with a view to inform decision making and advise government policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a life cycle analysis of a thermal power plant to quantify environmental impacts of thermal power production at an old power plant. Coal is used in electricity generation worldwide and many power plants in developing countries are very old. Knowing the life cycle environmental impacts of such power plants is very important since they produce a lot of greenhouse gases. This paper develops life cycle inventories for an old power plant in Africa and identifies ways to minimize coal consumption for the same capacity of power output. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was done for the power plant. The emitted carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxides and solid waste have adverse effects on flora, fauna, water bodies and humans. A number of environmental metrics were obtained for the thermal power plant and these form the basis for future comparative and extended studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investment in green electricity generation is normally associated with certain risk. There are several risks that have to be taken into account and seriously analyzed before the investment decision. Typically one can distinguish risks related to technology, risks related to electricity market, risks related to legislative and political frameworks. Many authors distinguish public support as an important risk category. Often risks transform into real obstacles to start-up and operation of green electricity generation business. The paper particularly looks into investment capital and electricity generation costs as key obstacles to competitiveness of green electricity generation business. Investment costs and operation costs of green technologies are compared against those of fossil fuel technologies. The paper concludes that only in certain cases green electricity generation can compete with electricity generation from the traditional energy sources such as gas, coal or nuclear power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes and assesses the efficiency of promotion of electricity generation from renewable energy sources (RES) in Latvia by looking at the economic incentives available for entrepreneurs. The main support measure is the obligatory purchase mechanism (OPM) and the feed-in tariffs for electricity that is generated from RES (RES-E). The methodology for assessing the efficiency of the economic incentives for RES-E producers is set out. The paper concludes that there is a room to improve the efficiency of economic incentives for RES-E generation in Latvia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid integration of industrial Internet of things (IoT) technology has enabled widespread adoption of digital twin (DT) technologies. The work herein proposes to understand the net benefits of the DT technologies using the IS Success model. We propose to conduct interviews and surveys of DT users at industrial gas turbine electrical generation facilities to gain a better understanding of the costs and benefits of DTs in electricity generation. In doing so we will revise and the IS success model with the latest research on technology use and extend it to DT technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydropower is a renewable energy, nonpolluting and environmentally benign source of energy. Hydropower is based on simple concepts. Moving water turns a turbine, the turbine spins a generator, and electricity is produced. Hydropower will continue to play important role throughout the 21st Century, in world electricity supply. This paper consists of a brief description of principle of hydropower (energy formula, measurement of head, measurement of flow), components of a Pico hydropower system and planning a Pico hydro scheme for developing a hydropower project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

in vehicles such as Buses and Trucks. Fossil fuels are also used in the manufacturing and energy sectors to generate electricity. The use of fossil fuels would increase Greenhouse gases, which will badly affect the environment. Many researchers have been proposing methods and schemes to protect the domain from the effect of greenhouse gases. This article has made an effort to study the use of LNG as fuel for vehicles such as Buses and Trucks. The main objective of this research work is (i) to explore the use of LNG as fuel for Buses and Trucks. (i) Operational viability (iii) Economic viability (iv) Safety and Security aspects. The article concludes that using LNG as fuel for vehicles such as Buses and Trucks will significantly reduce the emission of Greenhouse gases and thereby minimize the destruction of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for cleaner energy together with the abundant availability of wind has made the wind one of the important sources of renewable energies. The stochastic nature of wind causes high uncertainty of the wind energy instigating the wind energy managers to carefully forecast expected power to ensure its availability and customer satisfaction at affordable price. Aback-up was provided by attaching battery storage system to supply energy deficit. To determine optimal production and maintenance cost, we have developed preventive maintenance (PM) models based on artificial neural network (ANN) and Theoretical method for power generation taking into account the production and storage costs as well as the maintenance cost. The ANN model provided an optimal solution by providing minimal cost of production and maintenance costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radial Distribution Systems (RDS) connect a large number of renewable generators that are inherently uncertain. From being unidirectional power flow systems, RDS now enable bi-directional power flow. Depending upon availability of power from renewables, they receive or feed power to the connected transmission system. RDS optimal power flow (OPF), is an important tool in this new era for utilities, to minimize losses and operate efficiently. With large scale integration of wind generators to distribution systems, they must be appropriately represented using probabilistic models capturing their intermittent nature in these OPF algorithms. This paper proposes characterizing the solution of a Probabilistic Optimal Power Flow (P-OPF) for RDS using the Cumulant Method. This method makes it possible to linearly relate the probabilistic parameters of renewables at the optimal solution point to the state of the RDS. To assess the accuracy of the proposed P-OPF Cumulant Method, wind generators and system probabilistic data are incorporated in a 33-bus and 129-bus test system. The results are compared with those of Monte Carlo simulations (MCS). It is shown that the proposed method possesses high degree of accuracy, is significantly faster and more practical than an MCS approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a wind generator system that employs a Four phase Interleaved Bi-directional DC / DC Converter, a Selective Harmonic Elimination Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SHE SPWM) based Inverter and a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) ilstndied. The merits of using the topologies and PMSG are described. Finally, MATLAB based simulation results as well as practical results from a prototype are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) have the potential to reduce greenhouse gases emissions and increase fuel economy and fuel flexibility. This paper studies the effect of the widespread adoption of PHEVs on the electric-generating capacity. Long-term forecasting models of load electricity demand for light-duty vehicles sold are developed. To create proper forecasting models, different regression techniques are employed considering different ranges in the demographic, climate, and economic variables. Furthermore, forecasting the effects of the PHEV penetration is done through various transition scenarios of penetration levels. Forecasting the effects of charging patterns is also studied through the various hourly charging scenarios. The demand of the worst case scenario with an aggressive penetration level is compared with Ontario's available resources. It is found that available resources in Ontario cannot afford the increasing demand from charging PHEVs. One way of satisfying the new demand is to build new power plants. But, under such option more GHGs and other emissions will be released to the environment. In addition, an operational strategy will be applied to the existing power plants to reduce the effect of building extra power plants. By developing a multi-period optimization model for operational strategy and planning of power generation, the mix of future supply technologies can be optimized when considering PHEVs Penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the current state of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology and the approaches being considered for using it to generate electricity within building in Great Britain. PV technology is currently the most actively pursued area in renewable energy development, growing worldwide at a remarkable pace. Solar PV technology is currently the only renewable electricity generation technology that is deployable on a mass scale in the built environment. PV technology has an energy payback period in the range 1-3 years and 1000 kWh of PV generated electricity saves approximately 0.43t of CO2 emissions, which contributes to the government's international reduction targets.