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This paper consists of designing of nine speed gearbox and the procedure for calculating the number of teeth on gear including structure and ray diagram. For analysis, the gearbox assembly is created in CATIA and Analysis is performed in ANSYS. Also, deformation is attained as the gear efficiency depends on the deformation. A mechanical device called a gearbox that transforms the torque and speed of a rotary power generator to the output shaft. The torque transferred reduces when there is a rise in shaft speed, and likewise. Multi-speed gearboxes are utilized in cases where the speed or the torque there at the output shaft must be varied often. Gearboxes operate on the idea of teeth meshing, resulting in power transfer and the motion transfer from the input source toward the outputs. To achieve the needed speed differences, a gearbox is constructed by attaching several gears in a proper speed ratio. Gearboxes often feature many groups of gears that are strategically arranged to achieve various speed variations. The synchromesh, sliding mesh, and constant mesh gearboxes are the three kinds of gearboxes. Sliding and stationary gears are the two main types of gears in a sliding mesh gearbox. Sliding gears are installed on splined shafts so that they may move along the shaft's axis and mesh with possible combinations of gear. The result shows that the deformation, maximum stresses and elastic strain are under safe limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares empirical and topology optimization methods for reducing gear body mass. Specimens produced via empirical guidelines and topology optimization were compared to referent full-disc gear, focusing on stresses and deformations. Values were determined numerically (Ansys was used) and the calculation method was verified using ISO 6336. The empirical approach exhibited substantial increases in stress and deformation while topology optimization method had promising outcomes. While decreasing mass, it also diminished tooth root stress on the tensile side by 17.1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the determination of the mechanical properties of the spherical floors of pressure vessels, obtained by the welding process and shaped by the process of gradual local deformation in the cold state, i.e. by the process of Incremental sheet forming (ISF). Spherical cylindrical bottoms are an integral part of most closed-pressure vessels. Cylindrical pressure vessel floors are made from one part, but the standards also allow for welded construction when the dimensions of the floors are larger than the standard dimensions of the sheet metal for production. Pressure vessel floors obtained by the welding process and shaped by the process of gradual local deformation in the cold state, i.e. by the process of incremental deformation, have a multiaxial initial stress state, which differs significantly from the initial stress state of the cylindrical part of the vessel. Checking the behavior of such floors before completing the vessel itself, i.e. before putting it into operation, is necessary, on the one hand, due to a large number of influencing factors, and on the other hand, due to the high cost of testing the real construction itself. The aim of the test is to determine the influence of the parameter: type of material, thickness, and diameter on the following quantities: mechanical properties, ReH, Rm, A5, and total energy used for impact, KV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a device that, in final connection with presses, allows toothed gear (with a crown similar to a toothed wheel with right teeth) to be achieved by hot deformation starting from a cylindrical steel bar. For this, finite element simulations were performed in Forge software. The proposed device has 23 rollers, so for the simulation process, a slice representing a part (the 23rd) of a circle which simplifies the essential functionality of this device was taken into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper describes the structural analysis performed on a preloaded bolted joint. The first joint modeled was comprised of a conventional cylindrical flange that was sliced to simplify the analysis for two bolts in lieu of four. This involved an L-shaped flat segment flange. Parametric studies were performed using elastic, large-deformation, non-linear finite element analysis to determine the influence of several factors on the bolted-joint response. The factors considered included bolt preload, contact surfaces, edge boundary conditions, and joint segment length in this first approach. The second model applied the previous preloaded torque on a complex flange to study the flange lift off. Joint response is reported in terms of displacements, gap opening, and surface strains. Most of the factors studied were determined to have minimal effect on the bolted joint response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land subsidence induced by excessive groundwater withdrawal has been a major environmental and geological problem in the Beijing plain area. The monitoring network of land subsidence in Beijing has been established since 2002 and has covered the entire plain area by the end of 2008. Based on data from extensometers and groundwater observation wells, this paper establishes curves of variations over time for both soil mass deformation and water levels and the relationship between soil mass deformation and water level. In addition, an analysis of deformation behavior is carried out for soil mass with various lithologies at different depths depending on the corresponding water level. Finally, the deformation behavior of soil mass is generalized into five categories. The conclusions include: (i) the current rate of deformation of the shallow soil mass is slowing, and most of the mid-deep and deep soil mass continue to compress at a more rapid speed; (ii) the sand strata behaves elastically, while the clay soil mass at different depths is usually characterized by elastic-plastic and creep deformation, which can be considered as visco-elastoplastic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to describe the basic reasons for obtaining narrower clad layers of CuZn10 alloy in regards to the central layer of steel strip DC04 are described. Some reasons for the reduction of the thickness of clad layers along the side edges of the strip are also described, as well as the change in the length of these parts with reduced thickness related to the reduction of the height of the rolled strip. A total spreading of the three-layers strip during hot rolling was determined and also the distance from the side edges of the strip which, after rolling, remained uncovered with the clad layers including the parts with reduced thickness of clad layers along the side edges of the strip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

InSAR time series analysis is widely used for detection and monitoring of slow surface deformation. In this paper, 15 TerraSAR-X radar images acquired in stripmap mode between 2012 and 2013 are processed for land subsidence monitoring with the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) approach in Beijing Plain in China. Mapping results produced by SBAS show that the subsidence rates in the area of Beijing Plain range from -97.5 (subsidence) and to C23.8mmyr-1 (uplift), relative to a presumably stable benchmark. The mapping result also reveals that there are the five subsidence centers formed by surface deformation spreading north to south east of the downtown. An uneven subsidence patten was detected near the Beijing Capital International Airpor, which may be related to loading of buildings and the aircraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shape-memory alloys possess a number of unique characteristics, such as shape memory and superelasticity. Shape memory means the alloys return to their original condition when heated, whereas superelasticity allows large deformations with limited or no residual strain. When the alloys repeatedly undergo phase transformation, they have superior energy dissipation capacity compared to normal metallic materials. Recent developments have been rapid, making the alloys a viable solution for numerous situations in buildings and infrastructure. This paper provides an overview of the potential and limitations of shape-memory alloys in construction. First, applications in real projects are introduced and lessons learned are discussed. Second, the use of shape-memory alloys to mitigate natural disasters and enhance structural performance; to reduce vibration by increased damping; and to integrate into building envelopes to respond to the environment and improve energy efficiency are reviewed and discussed. Finally, factors that affect the shape-memory alloys used in construction are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a modified variational multiscale method coupling with the adaptive element free Galerkin method (EFGM) is first time developed here. The proposed new method takes full advantages of meshfree methods since no mesh regeneration is needed. So, particles can easily be added without any complications in the data structure with the adaptive refinement procedure. Here, modified variational multiscale method combines with EFGM with adaptive procedure in order to produce a more accurate results especially for high gradient problems. The refinement procedure in this paper will automatically insert additional nodes into high gradient regions. The development of this modified variational multiscale method is shown in this paper as well as the refinement strategy. The performance of this new method is presented by solving two dimensional large localized gradients problem and validated with available analytic solutions. Numerical results indicated that this proposed new method is able to obtain a more accurate results compared with the standard element free Galerkin method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) is a remote sensing technique used to measure and monitor land deformation from a stack of interferometric SAR images. The main products that can be derived using the PSI technique are the deformation maps and the time series of deformation. In this paper, an approach to apply the PSI technique to a stack of Sentinel-1 images is described. Moreover, the problems encountered during the processing are detailed and an explanation of how they were dealt with is provided. Finally, Sentinel-1 deformation maps and time series obtained over the metropolitan area of Mexico DF are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, textured cutting tool was used for machining nickel-based superalloy Inconel 600. A finite element analysis (FEA) to study the machining behaviour of nickel while cutting with textured tools was conducted. The tool rake face was textured with dimple pattern at a gap of 150 µm from the cutting edge. The force exerted from experimental study was used as an input boundary conditions and the simulated with respect to time. From the analysis the principal stress, normal strain and deformation of the tool have been studied using contours plot and its range. It has been confirmed that, the rate of stress and strain found gradual at the beginning and it varied due to the friction and work-tool material behavior. The inference is made to justify the deformation with original worn tool edge and it is confirmed that the tool is qualified to machine hard nickel alloy. The results can also be studied by varying the input parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present paper is to analyze how the concepts of customer integration can support the evaluation of the quality related to information technology (IT) service process in order to identify aspects of positive improvements. The customer can assume different roles in the IT service process; the effect is analyzed based on these potential customer roles, by the results of a developed survey. Research concepts of customer integration give little consideration so far to the perspective of the customer. However, the customer will only bear his own expenses for the integration, if he even reaches a significant benefit in the IT service process quality. The research methodology used in the investigation consists of a combination of methods and tools of customer integration and customer binding applied in the IT service process management. The aim of the research is to evaluate whether these methods can contribute positively to the IT service quality improvement. The result of this research consists of a model for evaluation of the IT service process effects. Within empirical research, a structured standardized interview was conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to the consideration of possible solution for the analysis of stress-strain state of anisotropic massif containing the deep located diagonal mines of arbitrary profile under the propagation of elastic longitudinal and shift waves. The special case of generalized plane deformation is considered at this paper to get solutions for different located mines (drifts, crosscuts and diagonal mines). The cases of the first and second fundamental problems are formulated in the given paper as well as rigorous mathematical solutions based on theory of cylindrical function are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to the research analysis of stress-strain state of anisotropic massif containing the deep located diagonal mines of arbitrary profile under the propagation of elastic longitudinal and shift waves. The special case of generalized plane deformation is considered at this paper to demonstrate possible results of the solutions for different located mines (drifts, crosscuts and diagonal mines). The cases of two fundamental problems are considered as boundary conditions in the given paper. Based on solutions for generalized plane deformation we demonstrate different diagrams and graphs for the concentration of stresses and displacements in dependency of various physical and mechanical properties of anisotropic rock massif, incident waves and ways of mines location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of e-learning in the contemporary educational environment (as viable alternative to traditional education methods) is able to develop the inquiring-creative spirit to improve the quality of learning experiences, to ensure the conversion of scientific research results into econtents. The authors of this paper intend to highlight the fact that the presence of the Adept Cobra EVario robot within the Research Centre for Management and Technology - The Advanced Logistic Technologies Laboratory of the "Nicolae Bălcescu" Land Forces Academy from Sibiu, as a result of research grant no.59/2010, is in a position to contribute to the harmonization of theoretical approaches to practical-applicative ones, to increase the level of performance, to exploit the creative potential and, last but not least, to emphasize the necessity and utility of transposing scientific research findings in the field of educational activities. In addition, the authors aim to bring to the attention a case study on the deformations that can occur in the modules composing the robot under study during its operation within a flexible work cell with a parallel organization. Based on the calculation of efforts, diagrams and emerging requests in the mechanical structure of the robot during its operation in dynamic mode, using finite element design software's, ways to improve and functionally optimize the robot during its activity will be determined. This paper is also a mouthpiece for the authors intention to designate a way in which contemporary technological realities can contribute to the shaping of a favourable environment for the educational endeavour, enrolling in the direction of promoting good practice examples in the realm of science and education, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing methods present prospects for designed mechanical deformation via the integration of controlled anisotropic lattice structure forms. Their assimilation into a Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) process would create a novel framework for the design of compliant mechanisms (CM). The method uses lattice structures to replace rigid multi-part mechanisms, with integrated and controlled flexibility into a single, compact, and precise component. In recent years, a lot of research has gone into making algorithms that enable users to generate CMs for their designs. But by relying on algorithms to design solutions, are they neglecting to fully understand how these mechanisms work. This work undertakes the design and development of a novel DfAM Framework, that utilises controlled lattice structure deformations to create a standardised method of CM design. The authors have developed a method for this, whilst allowing users to tailor CMs to their design, by using a wide selection of pretested structures. Indicating suitable structures for their design using an integrated novel taxonomy. The framework is tested and developed using a series of case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes research on the formula proposed by Bazant, where the existence of size effect is shown. The beams made of different types of concrete loaded at three points, with a slot in the middle of the beam, were experimentally burdened to the point of fracture. The fracture energy (Gf) and the characteristic length in the fracture zone (cf) were determined. For the experiment beams of common, high-quality, lightweight concrete and concrete with steel fibers were used. As the fifth sample ordinary concrete with a change in the width of the bearing under load was made. The maximum size of aggregate grain for the concrete is 10 mm. The beams for the experiment were of three different sizes, and three samples of each size. A total of 45 beams were used. Cross-section of beams was changed proportionally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the performances of the two approaches proposed by Heidebrecht and Smith [1] and Lee et al. [4] by conducting a series of static and modal analyses on a model problem of high-rise wall-frame structures. The accuracies of the two approaches are evaluated by comparing their analysis results with the reference solutions obtained from a standard twodimensional frame finite element analysis. The results of the analysis show that the Lee et al.'s approach can accurately describe the structural behavior of wall-frame structures in case that the height of the building is sufficiently high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part of Czech highway D1 connecting Ostrava city with Prague and Poland, is built over an undermined area of Ostrava-Svinov, with mines closed since 1991 in the area. Soon after its opening ceremony in 2008, the highway began to exhibit various significant deformations. An attempt of InSAR monitoring using ERS, Envisat and several TerraSAR-X Spotlight acquisitions was done in order to monitor progress of deformations, to consider suitability of satellite InSAR for such purposes and to search for footprints whether the deformations were caused by fading subsidence due to undermining or by another, local, reason. Only shallow subsidence was found in the area from Envisat data ranging 2005-2010. Highway deformations in late 2011 are observable from processing of limited set of 5 TerraSAR-X images using different methods. Detected deformations are very probably due to longitudinal thermal expansion of the observed highway bridge. This publication contains issues to be taken into consideration for appropriate interpretation and processing if the available input dataset is limited and not optimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present paper is to provide a brief overview of the recent activities in the Oxford HEX-lab group aimed at the development of experimentally validated deformation models at multiple scales of interest: from macroscopic to meso- to micro-scopic level. The emphasis is placed on establishing the connection between the simulation, notably using the Finite Element Method, and the experiment, notably synchrotron x-ray diffraction characterization. The combined approach provides us with a powerful arsenal of analytical tools for the study of deformation behavior of complex materials and engineering components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impact of free flying projectiles onto flat plates produces characteristically different types of response whose boundaries and transitions have previously been identified based on macro scale variables such as projectile mass and velocity. This paper explored the limitations of the macro scale approach specifically focussing on the boundary transitions that contain the most complex behaviour, by observing time evolution profiles of normal, shear and Von-Mises stresses. It also showed details of behaviour that has not previously been observed through other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of titanium foam (Ti-foam) as an implant material has gained a lot of interest recently due to its good biocompatibility as well as stable fixation between implant and human bone. A finite element model is required in order to effectively design appropriate implants. Accurate finite element analyses rely on accuracy and efficiency of the applied material models. Mechanical behaviour of the Ti-foam under loadings are different from the solid titanium therefore an appropriate metal foam constitutive model is needed. In this paper, the Deshpande and Fleck model which is available as the crushable foam model in the ABAQUS finite element software has been employed together with appropriate material parameters to describe the deformation behaviour of the Ti-foam with various porosity levels under compressive and bending loads. The simulation results have been compared against recently published data. Good comparisons have been seen. This validated Ti-foam material model has been employed to study stress distributions on the Ti-foam dental implant system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uniaxial tensile or compressive test provides a fundamental indication of strength and stiffness properties for a given material. The primary concept to characterize a material by axial testing is changing. Currently, there is a pure bending experimental method by which it is possible to obtain simultaneously tensile and compressive stress-strain curves. In this paper, it is presented a pure bending method to determine the stress-strain behavior of a material. Results were obtained on final manufactured specimens from Aluminum alloy 6063-T5. The advantages of this method are related mainly with its versatility and easy implementation. Besides, it demonstrates feasibility to determine previous loading history in a component. Additionally it does not need extensive mechanical preparation of specimens. The method presented is based on calculations from the value of the bending moment and the corresponding value of the strain produced in the upper and lower surfaces of the specimen. Bending experimental results were compared against axial testing. Results and the affinity derived from the balance in stress-strain curves are satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the study of bending specific deformation for some types of composite materials using two methods in order to be able to compare the results. The theoretical method is based upon the finite element method (FEM) and the results are experimentally checked by help of electric tensometers measurements (ETM) using strain gauges inserted between the material layers in an original way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a simple technique of double exposure speckle photography is applied to measure small deformation of a surface. Two images of the speckle pattern were recorded; one at the system at rest and another after the deformation was made in surface. By simple subtraction of the digital pictures, we obtain a fringe pattern that gives us information about the deformation. The results of displacement/deformation can be obtained by different methods of analysis of the speckle images has been studied and verified by the conventional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dependency of surface- and groundwater flows and aquifer hydraulic properties on deformation induced by changes in aquifer head is not accounted for in the standard version of MODFLOW. A new USGS integrated hydrologic model, MODFLOW-OWHM, incorporates this dependency by linking subsidence and mesh deformation with changes in aquifer transmissivity and storage coefficient, and with flows that also depend on aquifer characteristics and land-surface geometry. This new deformation-dependent approach is being used for the further development of the integrated Central Valley hydrologic model (CVHM) in California. Preliminary results from this application and from hypothetical test cases of similar systems show that changes in canal flows, stream seepage, and evapotranspiration from groundwater (ETgw) are sensitive to deformation. Deformation feedback has been shown to also have an indirect effect on conjunctive surface- and groundwater use components with increased stream seepage and streamflows influencing surface-water deliveries and return flows. In the Central Valley model, land subsidence may significantly degrade the ability of the major canals to deliver surface water from the Delta to the San Joaquin and Tulare basins. Subsidence can also affect irrigation demand and ETgw, which, along with altered surface-water supplies, causes a feedback response resulting in changed estimates of groundwater pumping for irrigation. This modeling feature also may improve the impact assessment of dewatering-induced land subsidence/uplift (following irrigation pumping or coal-seam gas extraction) on surface receptors, inter-basin transfers, and surface infrastructure integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2010, eight companies which are exploiting natural gas and brine water in the Southern Kanto natural gas field, Chiba prefecture, Japan constructed an in-situ formation deformation monitoring well with a depth of approximately 80 m, and in-situ formation deformation was measured on a trial basis. After this field test, by conducting the simulation study, we verified whether the deformation behavior at the monitoring well was perfectly elastic or not. In addition, we compared in-situ rock properties like Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio which were estimated by the simulation study with those determined from a triaxial compression test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous measurements of deformation have been made in Chino, California across an earth fissure and nearby unfissured soil since 2011 in two buried, horizontal, 150mm pipes, 51m long, which are connected by sealed boxes enclosing vertical posts at mostly 6m intervals. Horizontal displacements and normal strain are measured in one line using nine end-to-end quartz tubes that are attached to posts and span fissured or unfissured soil. The free ends of the tubes are supported by slings and move relative to the attachment post of the next quartz tube. Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) sensors measure the relative movements. Five biaxial tilt sensors were also attached to selected posts in that line. Relative vertical movement was measured at nine locations along the line in the second pipe using low-level differential pressure sensors. The second pipe is half full of water giving a free water surface along its length. Data are recorded on a Campbell CR10 using multiplexers. The quartz-tube horizontal extensometers have exhibited more than 3mm of predominantly elastic opening and closing in response to about 32m of seasonal drawdown and recovery, respectively, in an observation well 0.8 km to the south. The nearest production well is 1.6 km to the west. The horizontal strain was 5:9×10-5 or 30% of the lowest estimate of strain-at-failure for alluvium. Maximum relative vertical movement was 4.8 mm. Maximum tilt in the fissure zone was 0.09 arcdeg while tilt at a separate sensor 100m to the east was 0.86 arcdeg, indicating a wider zone of deformation than is spanned by the instrumentation. High correlation of horizontal displacements during drawdown, and especially recovery, with change in effective stress supports differential compaction as the mechanism for earth-fissure movement. The continuous measurements of horizontal strain coupled with water-level fluctuations and vertical borehole extensometry can provide a real-time adaptive management tool for restricting pumping if strain approaches the lower limit of strain-at-failure or a stress-strain curve deviates from the previous mostly elastic regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gaoliying ground fissure in Beijing has caused building cracking and road damage, and has seriously influenced city construction. Based on investigations and trenching, the influences of the fault and the variation of groundwater levels on the formation mechanism of the Gaoliying ground fissure were investigated by using FLAC3D. The results indicated that (1) the surface location of Gaoliying fissure is controlled by the underlying normal fault activity, and over pumping further exacerbates development of the ground fissure; (2) when the groundwater level declines, obvious differential settlement occurs at both sides of the ground fissure, in which greater settlement occurs in the vicinity of the hanging wall, the greater the distance from the hanging wall, the smaller the ground subsidence, however smaller ground subsidence occurs in the vicinity of the footwall, the greater the distance from the footwall, the greater the ground subsidence; (3) the vertical velocity of the ground fissure triggered by the fault activity and groundwater decline ranges from 15.5 to 18.3mma-1, which is basically in line with the monitoring data. The fault activity contributes about 28-39 %, and the groundwater contributes about 61-72% to the deformation of the ground fissure, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantages of satellite radar interferometry for displacement monitoring are demonstrated in the cases of monitoring man-made structures, i.e., buildings, bridges and dams. Presented are the results from application of PSInSAR technology using ENVISAT radar images over urban area of Bratislava (Slovakia). As a whole, the investigated urban area of Bratislava is stable with the linear displacement trends of ±3 mm/year. However, a non-linear approach reveals small movements on the structures without prior interest of any regarding conventional monitoring technique. Thanks to the development of high resolution SAR sensors (e.g. TerraSAR-X) many permanent scatterers can be found in one individual man-made construction. Moreover, with the shorter revisit times, it is possible to process a long series of SAR data and expand standard PS model to account for a seasonal expansion due to changes in water level and/or temperature. The topic of separation between deformations and seasonal movements is discussed within the exploitation of TerraSAR-X data for deformation monitoring of Plover Cove Dam and building of Hyatt Hotel, both located in Hong Kong. Data have been processed using advanced processing techniques implemented in SARPROZ. These techniques show high potential for continuous monitoring of ground motion and structure stability in civil surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]