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Resilience is a widely studied concept that is a key objective in the design and development of sustainable systems. This is especially true for the agricultural systems critical to food production, economic viability, and sustainability of our communities, as farmers seek to meet increasing demand in the face of shocks such as climate change and natural disasters. Although there is a rich body of work examining resilience, there is limited understanding of how the concept of resilience should be tailored for agricultural systems. This study seeks to address this gap by performing a systematic literature review of 50 papers selected from SCOPUS using the PRISMA protocol. A summary of research topics and characteristics by geographical region is presented. The paper also categorizes the types of shocks studied and the corresponding response methods. Results suggest that the focus of resilience research changes by region, which may indicate that design strategies and objectives should also differ by region. Furthermore, the work identifies a need for more simulation-based quantitative research into the impact of resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines upgradability through modular product design, aiming to extend lifecycles and promote cross-generational use. It builds up on a preceding work, a systematic literature- review identifying four fields of action in future-robust product design. The paper itself contains an in-depth interview study with 17 experts from industry and research to validate and expand the literature-based fields of action. The results provide insights into the application and employment of future-robust product design, with a focus on adaptable product architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the midst of Industry 4.0 where digitalisation is stimulated through the Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, and machine learning technologies, an increasing volume of valuable data has been acquired from sensors and interconnected devices. This data-driven paradigm can enable organisations to create new or improved products and services, build long-term customer relationships in a value co-creation manner, adapt to continuous business reconfiguration or address societal challenges such as sustainability. Scientific research addressing Data-driven design has increased steadily in the last few years. However, despite this, there is still a need for a comprehensive understanding of data-driven design processes. Thus, through a systematic literature review, we review the data-driven design activities observed in the new product and service development and types of data utilised in New Product Development (NPD) process. This paper contributes to design research and through reviewing the current landscape of Data-driven design identifies ten data-driven design activities and four-dimensional aspects in NPD process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A volatile environment and an increasing number of products along with a growing range of functions pose a challenge for companies when it comes to further development. Existing methods are no longer sufficient to cope with these challenges. In order to develop new methods, the process and challenges in the advancement of product portfolios must be understood. In this paper we conduct an interview study with ten experts to gain a better understanding of the advancement of product portfolios. Triggers, changes and actions are examined and goals and requirements for new methods are derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering standards are an important source of knowledge in product development. Despite the increasing digitalisation, the provision and usage of standards is characterised by lots of manual steps. This research paper aims at applying automatic knowledge graph creation in the domain of engineering standards to enable machine-actionable standards. For this, a formula knowledge graph ontology as well as suitable information extraction techniques are developed. The concept is validated using the example of DIN ISO 281, showing the overall capability of automatic knowledge graph creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased focus on sustainability significantly impacts product development portfolio management in organizations. This paper focuses on the significant unaccommodated uncertainty caused by the green transition for current mid- and long-term portfolio management processes. These uncertainties arise in areas such as the regulatory environment, market demands, and technical capabilities. This paper makes four contributions: First, current product portfolio management literature is mostly employing deterministic practices. Uncertainties are incompletely addressed, and current methods fail to address the deep uncertainties of the green transition. Second, building a literature-based conceptual framework of the sources of uncertainty in 6 areas: Business Models, Technology, Regulation and Legislation, Finance and Insurance, Market and Consumer, and Organizational Context. Third, preliminary empirical evidence supports the usefulness of our model for product development portfolio management. Fourth, concluding with a suggested empirical research agenda to develop a deeper understanding of challenges towards method and theory development to support the green transition on the portfolio management level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One life-cycle issue that is often overlooked in the design process is that of intellectual property (IP). Yet the IP associated with a product is a valuable asset of the company, sometime comparable to the materials produced or the manufacturing infrastructure. In particular, this paper addresses the IP of patents, the opportunity for patent infringement, and ways to reduce the risk of getting into this situation. One poorly managed patent infringement case could cost the company millions of dollars, wiping out years of profit from production of that product. Patent infringement is a complex topic that combines design and law with many uncertainties. Designing products that do not infringe the patent rights of others is a goal that cannot be done with certainty. A primary reason is due to the uncertainty of understanding what is protected in a patent and the uncertainty of the patent infringement process. The purpose of this paper is to educate the designer on what constitutes patent infringement and explain some ways to reduce the risk of infringing the patent rights of others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Product architecture decisions are made early in the product development process and have far-reaching effects. Unless anticipated through experience or intuition, many of these effects may not be apparent until much later in the development process, making changes to the architecture costly in time, effort, and resources. Many researchers through the years have studied various elements of product architecture and their effects. By aggregating observations on the effects of architecture strategies from a selection of the literature on the topic and storing them in a systematic data set, this information can be recalled in a matrix structure which allows for the identification, comparison and evaluation, and then selection of the most desirable product architecture strategies before expending resources along any development path. This paper introduces this matrix, referred to as the Product Architecture Strategy and Effect (PASE) Matrix, how to construct one, and a demonstration of its use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global resource consumption is steadily rising. One option for stopping this upward trend is to reduce material consumption in general. With economics built for growth, this is not a practical path to pursue. Another recently explored alternative is the paradigm shift from a linear economy to a circular economy. The most common concept among practitioners and academics comprises the 6R's: Reuse, Repair, Refurbish, Remanufacture, Repurpose, and Recycle. In addition to business cases and supply chains that have been adapted to the circular economy, the products themselves must be circular. Developers face the challenge of developing novel products without appropriate experience from previous tasks. This paper takes up the challenge of gathering relevant methods in the context of circular product development. A classification with regard to the required input data and use case shall help users effectively and efficiently find development methods suitable for their given development task. With the categorization via a product development framework it is pointed out in which phase existing methods support users and where a lack of support occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) is seen as a great opportunity to secure future competitiveness in many corporate sectors. Potential for its use also exists in product development (PD) activities due to the amount of data generated and processed. Nevertheless, there are problems in applying the technology. This paper addresses current challenges based on a literature review, considering three disciplines that are necessary for the scope of this paper as a minimum: AI itself, information technology infrastructures (ITI) in context of digital transformation (DT), and PD as an application area. Building on the basic considerations of the state of the art, a link between the domains is established by outlining a possible reference framework towards the utilization of AI applications in PD. This enables an expanded interdisciplinary understanding. Key obstacles appear specifically to be difficult collaboration conditions between the disciplines of PD and AI applications development due to communication problems. Reasons for this include: – Meta models of PD do not provide a sufficient information base – Lack of standardized process models for the deployment of AI [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a hybrid user-centred/simulation approach to populate the design specification. It presents an application in the field of exoskeleton design, with the final goal to support workers to carry out their professional tasks. More than 100 professionals (mostly health workers) participated in the survey. The qualitative requirements were extracted are then tested in simulation environments. The approach proved to generate meaningful results for product concept generation. Beyond the expectations, the simulation also showed more adequate product architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of digitization and the growing flood of information, the automatic, role-specific identification of information is crucial. This research paper aims to investigate whether the adaptation of LLM is suitable for classifying information obtained from standards for corresponding role profiles. This research reveals that with systematic fine-tuning, prediction accuracy can be increased by almost 100%. The validation was carried out using a two-digit number of standards for three predefined roles and demonstrates the significant potential of LM for labelling content with regard to roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Images provide concise representations of design artifacts and emerge as the primary mode of communication among innovators, engineers, and designers. The advanced of Artificial Intelligence tools which integrates image and textual information can significantly support the Engineering Design process. In this paper we create 5 different datasets combining both images and text of patents and we develop a set of text-based metrics to assess the quality of text for multimodal applications. Finally, we discuss the challenges arising in the development of multimodal patent datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a novel approach to visualize the impacts of design heuristics in sustainable product development. Focusing on the integration of ecological sustainability, our research introduces a multivariate visual approach, combining Sunburst Charts and Radial Heat Maps. The methodology, based on a description standard for design heuristics, enhances knowledge sharing and provides an intuitive tool for designers. A dynamic three-series radial heatmap facilitates comparisons across different product properties, fostering informed decision-making in product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understanding of prototyping has changed in recent years to an approach that accompanies the product development process. This paper examines whether classic approaches from product development are also suitable for planning prototyping sequences. The stepwise process-oriented and the problem-oriented approach are discussed. A criticality assessment is proposed as a metric for the prioritization of the functional areas and a procedure is derived from this. The procedure is illustrated using an example. The result is discussed and future steps are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive structures have the potential to play a significant role in saving resources in the construction industry in the future. For realisation, this requires actuators that meet the requirements of different buildings with their specific load-bearing structures. In the past, the actuators were mainly developed particularly for one exemplary load-bearing structure. This paper analyses the primary classifications for buildings, followed by challenges of adaptive structures, before outlining the draft of a framework for actuators for adaptive structures to speed up and simplify development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's competitive market, design firms are under pressure to enhance the speed of their decision-making processes to foster innovative products. Due to specialized nature of contemporary technology, enterprises are directed to consider Design for X factors during the product development process like environmental impact and production efficiency. This transformation leads to an increase in gaining knowledge from different fields. This paper presents a comprehensive framework for efficiently acquiring and applying knowledge, aimed at improving knowledge management and sharing practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using foresight methods such as scenarios, possible futures can be described and anticipated. Needs and requirements as well as product properties can be derived from that, which is necessary to plan successful products for future customers. Changes that occur in the future development can be identified with monitoring and the expected future can be adjusted. A consistent understanding of the use of monitoring for the product engineering process does not exist and is developed in this paper. Thereby, monitoring is considered in the context of validation and located in iPeM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical studies show that adaptations of existing agile methods are necessary for developing physical products creating obstacles and challenges. This paper aggregates the gathered findings from several cross-sectional industry surveys and establishes a relationship between the extent of utilization of individual agile elements based on Scrum and the need to adapt these elements in applying agile procedural models. The emphasis of examination resides in the purpose perspective of agile elements with the aim of facilitating context-specific adaptations more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Product development is multidisciplinary with high uncertainties necessitating coordinated decision-making between design and production. This paper presents a method to work with production requirements to support production preparation during product development aligned with different product and production maturities. The work was conducted in collaboration with two global manufacturing firms. The method supports identification, definition, and structuring of production requirements and the collaboration between design and production engineers for requirement prioritization and follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When viewing a product for the first time, a consumer's aesthetic perception is based on their knowledge of other products, artefacts, and concepts. These mental images function as visual references for consumers and affect the processing fluency of the new product. Designers frequently use visual references as inspiration during the research stage of the design process. It has been documented, however, that there is a gap between designer intent and consumer response; Consumers do not always realize the intent of designers nor draw on the same visual references when perceiving a product, which can reduce their processing fluency of new products. Visual references differ from one consumer to the other which make them difficult to study. In this paper, we argue for a new way of studying visual references: by analyzing the cognitive process that occurs when consumers view a new product and recognize aspects of that product that are similar to visual references in their memory. We present a framework of three approaches for recognizing this similarity and implications for design practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In global competition, companies are continuously searching for a competitive advantage. A growing number of companies have identified the design of their products as a major success factor. The promises for companies associated with outstanding design are extremely attractive, ranging from better customer experience to higher sales growth. But even though the advantages of design seem to be compelling, companies are still having difficulties in leveraging the benefits of design. In this paper, we want to identify the underlying challenges that explain this gap. We are especially interested in the role and challenges of design in interdisciplinary product development. Therefore, we perform a literature review that clarifies terminology, analyses research approaches and identifies challenges. We determine seven key challenges for design in interdisciplinary product development. Furthermore, we observe a limited scope of research approaches in the reviewed literature. Based on these findings, we propose three further research directions to strengthen the role of design in interdisciplinary product development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current ways of coping with uncertainty such as changes during product design or use have been through methods such as easy restructuring (e.g., modularity with buffer in interface definition), by overdesign and so on. The present investments on maintaining products in the economy for "as long as possible" is challenging these strategies from a cost and environmental perspective. Moreover, these strategies often lead to highly overdesigned products. An alternative strategy is to introduce features in a design, called "resilient objects", which are able to absorb such uncertainties without wasteful overdesign of other parts. By applying a 'text-mining' approach on patents, this paper has identified 5,552 candidates for such resilient objects that can be recombined and inserted in regions of the product that are likely to be most affected by current and future uncertainties. The application of resilient objects is demonstrated on a case study (a cooling system for battery electric vehicles). The case study highlights the ability of these objects to 1) significantly increase protection against uncertainties without the need for restructuring, 2) reduce the risk for overdesign and 3) dampen effects of change propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimization-driven design offers advantages over traditional experience-based mechanical design. As an example, topology optimization can be a powerful tool to generate body shapes for Additive Manufacturing (AM). This is helpful, when (1) load paths are non-intuitive due to complex design domains or boundary conditions, or (2) the design process is to be automated to minimize effort associated with experience-based design. However, practically relevant boundary conditions are often difficult to put into a formal mathematical language to, for example, either feed it into a topology optimization algorithm, or provide precise quantitative criteria for CAE-supported manual design. This paper presents a survey of three industry use cases and identifies three types of requirements: the first can be directly cast into parts of an optimization problem statement (∼ 40%), the second is considered indirectly by adapting the optimization problem without explicit reference to the requirement (∼ 20%), and the third is only assessed after the design is finalized (∼ 40%). For categories 2 and 3 we propose directions of improvement to support formulating complex design tasks as unambiguous design problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During product development, the customer or internal stakeholders initiate changes concerning the components or functions of a cyber-physical system (CPS). The complexity of such a CPS causes difficulties in evaluating the effects of a component change. Accordingly, product developers need an assistance system to quantify the impact of a component change on hardware, software, system functions, and production processes. Therefore, this paper focuses on concepts to evaluate the effects of component, functional, and process changes and contributes to its clarification and further understanding of the importance and requirements for such an assistance system. The literature review assesses the identified methods regarding their objectives, application objects, level of automation, and relations characteristics. However, the literature review pointed out that the change prediction method from Clarkson et al. (2004) is well-established in the literature and able to quantify the impact of a change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prototyping is essential for knowledge acquisition and, thus, for informed decision-making in product development. The gold standard is still the use of physical prototypes. However, with the increase in computing capacity, it is becoming easier also to use virtual prototypes. The selection of prototyping approaches often starts with the distinction between physical and virtual prototypes and therefore excluding a broad range of possibilities early on. This paper explains why a selection of prototypes based on the distinction between physical and virtual is not necessarily the best solution and suggests a selection approach based on characteristics which offer the possibility to avoid this limitation. Therefore the characteristics of physical prototypes commonly used in literature are analysed and reduced to a generally valid selection. Examples of virtual prototypes are selected and analysed regarding their characteristics. All elaborated characteristics are then tested for their applicability to the examples of virtual prototypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The breadth of media and approaches used when prototyping are vast, with each holding inherent properties that vary their suitability for a given prototyping activity. While several have established classifications of types and purposes of prototypes, there is little by way of guidance for designers on how select and strategise prototyping given their activity needs, or how the prototype chosen may influence their process, success or efficiency. This paper presents nine affordances of prototypes derived from literature, together characterising the properties of prototyping media or approaches that affect their suitability across prototyping activities. The affordances are illustrated through application to physical and digital classes of prototypes and four real prototype cases, showing descriptive capability, inherent differences between the media, and enabling direct and consistent comparison. By mapping affordances across many media and approaches, this work enables better method selection to align with activity needs, better description and comparison of media and approaches, and the ability the broadly interrogate and direct future development of prototyping technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A component-orientated approach is commonplace in the automotive industry where the development focus lies on components. However, current challenges in the industry necessitates a mindset change in the development. Shifting the perspective from the components to functions can help with changing requirements, manage increasing complexity, support cross-disciplinary development, and foster innovation. To successfully implement this approach, it is essential to address not only the technical aspects of the solution, but also the human and organizational aspects affecting the process for its long-term success. This paper investigates the function-oriented development methods of complex mechatronic products. A systematic literature review is conducted to analyse the current state of research. The existing function-oriented development approaches are summarized, the technological, human, and organizational perspectives are analysed, and the research gaps are highlighted. It is concluded that while function-orientation gains significance in industry and academia, and the importance of human and organizational factors are highlighted in the literature, they are not yet widely considered within the current function-oriented approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in prototyping technologies – haptics and extended reality – are creating exciting new environments to enhance stakeholder and user interaction with design concepts. These interactions can now occur earlier in the design process, transforming feedback mechanisms resulting in greater and faster iterations. This is essential for bringing right-first-time products to market as quickly as possible. While existing feedback tools, such as speak-aloud, surveys and/or questionnaires, are a useful means for capturing user feedback and reflections on interactions, there is a desire to explicitly map user feedback to their physical prototype interaction. Over the past decade, several hand-tracking tools have been developed that can, in principle, capture product user interaction. In this paper, we explore the capability of the LeapMotion Controller, MediaPipe and Manus Prime X Haptic gloves to capture user interaction with prototypes. A broad perspective of capability is adopted, including accuracy as well as the practical aspects of knowledge, skills, and ease of use. In this study, challenges in accuracy, occlusion and data processing were elicited in the capture and translation of user interaction into design insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perceived complexity of a product (product complexity) is doubtless an influential phenomenon in a design project. Insight into this factor and how it can be measured, is key to understanding its influence, supporting project planning and resource demand estimation. Opinions on product complexity vary greatly, with many definitions, scales and techniques to measure product complexity available; many of which draw their conclusions from engineering design research. Yet the field of product (or industrial) design companies, whose designers work across a vast range of product types, from domestic to industrial remains under researched. These designers have a tacit understanding of many influences over their projects, of which product complexity is one. This paper presents an analysis of the dimensions (or measures) of product complexity found in literature and compares its findings to the measures defined by practicing product designers. This paper will demonstrate the process used to identify these dimensions and the scales developed to assess product complexity in a practical way and will make conclusions on the perspectives held on product complexity by product designers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This viewpoint paper uses two established classifications – March's distinction between exploration and exploitation and Andreasen's Domain Theory – to develop a classification matrix to map industrial challenges and design research topics. Exploration/exploitation and the organ, part and activity domains of Domain Theory are respectively the two dimensions of this classification matrix. Examples are given of the fit of design research and industrial innovation topics into each cell of this matrix, and the need for change in industrial emphasis towards exploration across the range of domains to meet current challenges is discussed. We show how design research covers all categories in the matrix, and argue that using a simple classification may assist the research community in explaining its activities to a wider world, and in organising and directing these activities. We conclude by making suggestions for topics for debate in the design research community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The defense industry tends to anticipate environmental issues through eco-design integration in the overall design process. This leads to focus on the impact of technological and design choices of complex systems while maximizing operational performance. Such development involves long and complex processes and is constrained in a project owner and industrial project manager context. In this context poorly described in the literature, the objective of this paper is to identify barriers and drivers to achieve an efficient application of eco-design. A comprehensive analysis of the interactions and the current design processes is performed in the context of the French defense industry. Through internal documentation and semi-structured interviews with the key actors, the generic design process of a project owner is analysed (including relationships with industrial project manager). The failure modes that currently limit the integration of eco-design in projects are also identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study during pandemic revealed the major drawbacks of the traditional product development process for MedTech industry. Disruption of conventional manufacturing, urgent need for accelerated design and production, faster regulatory approval have challenged the industry. In this paper the conventional medical product development process is explored based on the intramuscular injector case study. The study revealed core areas for improvement of the medical devices development process. The paper proposes the Lean-Agile methodology with the incorporated elements of Concurrent Engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As organisations grow, consequences of poor knowledge management are evident for new employees in product developing companies. The problem of leveraging existing knowledge between development projects and departments is still relevant. This paper presents an industrial case study of a traditional manufacturing company and extends prior research addressing the reuse of organisational knowledge in new product development. The paper outlines barriers that hinder effective reuse of codified engineering knowledge and suggest means to overcome those barriers by using A3-reports in the PLM-system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an evaluation study for the System State Flow Diagram function modeling framework based on a large-scale study with an automotive OEM. Technical reports are used to evaluate the usage of the framework within the organization. The paper also introduces a list of the type of problems that engineers are interested in in practical function modelling. The findings suggest that there is a widespread uptake of the framework across the organization and it supports the usage of relevant key engineering tools within the context of a broader model-based Failure Mode Analysis methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The act of prototyping is a key element of the design process. However, capturing information on how prototypes evolve and influence one another is a complex problem. This paper presents an iterative evolution to a prototyping capture platform, termed Pro2Booth, designed to address the shortcomings encountered in previous systems. The Pro2Booth hardware and online software described in this paper provide a new baseline for future innovation and exploration of the prototype capture process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Product development in today's manufacturing companies is characterized by multiple development projects under intense time constraints. This means that the success of projects impacts the company's success significantly. However, industrial practices show that many projects fail to meet their time targets. This paper presents a methodology to systematically improve project schedule adherence of development projects by combining exploratory data analysis of historic project data with project scheduling optimizations to enhance the project schedules and enable more successful projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design process modelling is well-founded in fields of mechanical engineering, and product design and development but not in Building Design (BD). This paper looks at the selection process when choosing appropriate models for specific BD processes. The paper adapts process model selection criteria from Trauer's work and combines it with anecdotal evidence from the authors to select these models. The selection criteria were ranked, categorised, and applied to BD processes explained. Process models related to each selection criteria were then selected from backward snowballing of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify the reasons for neglecting and the motivations for using management tools among three groups of students participating in a project that was carried out and followed over a period of one semester. For this purpose, a survey in the form of questionnaires and interviews was created. Particular emphasis was placed on the use of project management methods, tools and techniques and respondents were asked to rate the effectiveness of their usage. Additionally, the participants were asked to report limitations or distractions they had encountered. The results revealed five aspects that mainly influenced the students' motivation in using management tools: the team atmosphere, determining responsibilities, performance transparency, expectations by the supervisors, feedback and performance evaluation. On that basis conclusions were drawn on what actions can be taken to motivate future students and designers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Product development stages are typically characterized by different forms of representations and degrees of specification, which potentially affect user's perception and evaluation. These effects are worth investigating more closely also because of the growing relevance of new technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR) in the design field. The objective of this paper is to elucidate the mutual relations between forms of representation, visual behaviour, and people's evaluations. The focus is on differences between virtual and physical prototypes. In the illustrated experiment, participants visited a tiny house in an immersive VR (360° images acquisition). The results were compared with a past experiment where the physical prototype of the same product was similarly evaluated. The dwell times on Areas of Interest (AOIs) pertaining to the tiny house were compared and correlated to variables concerning subjective evaluations. The results show just a few similarities of visual exploration in terms of gazed AOIs. Substantial differences in terms of how the duration of gazing affects evaluations have been found too. The larger number of significant correlations between observations and evaluations in the virtual exploration emerged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many immersive approaches for design activities show a great potential for their specific use cases, but still overall usage of extended reality technology in product developers day-to-day work is little. The user's workflow between classical desktop work environment and its immersive counterpart is interrupted by both a data gap and an interface gap. The three-dimensional product data usually needs preparation and the user has to physically change the interface in use. The hybrid augmented reality computer workstation aims to close these gaps. A hologram of the current model is visualized next to the screen in reach of the user for intuitive inspection and spatial interactions. In this paper we present use cases for this novel immersive workstation in the CAD workflow. An explorative user study of the typical product designer's workflow reveals the most common activities. Guided by those, eight uses cases are formulated and classified into fundamental, drafting, and modelling CAD tasks. These cases include novel hybrid augmented reality interactions derived from literature, which are assessed with respect to their applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The more dynamic the markets become, i.e., the more surprises the markets have in store for companies, the more important it becomes for companies to react quickly to these changes in order to have market-driven and individual solutions. This is especially important for tier 1 suppliers, as competition is fierce and the customers, the OEMs, also have to adapt to the changing market and thus customer needs. In order to be best prepared for this, it is necessary to align one's own company in a flexible and responsive manner. In particular, the context-specific development and application of a framework as well as a model for the improvement of internal collaboration in companies is necessary. In this paper, exactly such a framework has been developed in several pilot projects within the framework of an agile transformation at a tier 1 supplier over a period of two years by means of participative action research. As a result, the conception and development of an individually scaled agile framework for a tier 1 supplier in the automotive industry, the AHEAD framework, is presented here. The Hotdog model is the central basis for the collaboration model, which is scalable to all company levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive façades (AF) present a promising approach to reduce environmental impacts in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction sector. However, the automatization of the façade produces new challenges as the complexity of the system increases. To support the early phase of interdisciplinary development, solution collections such as databases are helpful. Previous research identified that existing solution collections of AF do not meet the requirements that such a method demands. In the effort to develop an optimized database, this paper investigates how the state of the art can be structured in terms of content in order to present it in the database. Here, a set of design parameters is developed based on identified requirements and on the main characteristics of AF that were previously elaborated. This set offers a comprehensive perspective on the previously realized functions and mechanisms of AF and can also contribute to finding creative solutions in the form of new concepts by combining the design parameters in new ways. Finally, 40 case studies of previously implemented adaptive façades are used to evaluate the set of design parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

User Experience is becoming an increasing centre of interest both in the academic and industrial worlds. Design agencies are no strangers to this phenomenon and are willing to shift from product-oriented design toward user experience design. However, their design process is often loose which may explain a lack of final UX quality or proof of quality, and does not allow to diagnose misuses and improvement opportunities due to a lack of UX formulation and traceability. We propose in this paper to retrospectively represent a design project and its specified, designed and validated UX, in the perspective to conduct a posterior collective diagnosis of UX design in a design agency. The proposed representation model is used to analyse one design project. Results show that only a few UX traces are found in the presented project, and that many dimensions are not considered (like perceptions or affects). Finally, we discuss the next steps of this tool's deployment to create a shared mental model of the design process among the design players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current engineering environment demands for an increasing level of interdisciplinarity, innovation, creativity and cross-domain thinking as well as the consideration of sustainability aspects. New concepts, such as Digital Twins and complex product systems lead to the need for integrated product development approaches and new methods that put the user perspective in focus. This also needs to be an integral part in today's teaching concepts of the next generation of engineers. At the Department of Industrial Information Technology of the Technical University of Berlin, a case study was conducted by applying a concept of project-based learning in the engineering domain to address these challenges. In this paper, the case study as well as the method and its validation are presented. Students from different engineering disciplines had the task of developing virtual and physical prototypes for a sustainable, complex product system with a digital twin and respective sustainable business models. Within a structured survey, the teaching concept and the applied method were validated and lessons learned as well as further improvement measures are derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Solution spaces are sets of designs that meet all quantitative requirements of a given design problem, aiding requirement management. In previous works, ways of calculating subsets of the complete solution space as hyper-boxes, corresponding to a collection of permissible intervals for design variables, were developed. These intervals can be used to formulate independent component requirements with built-in tolerance. However, these works did not take physical feasibility into account, which has two disadvantages: first, solution spaces may be useless, when the included designs cannot be realized. Second, bad designs that are not physically feasible unnecessarily restrict the design space that can be used for requirement formulation. In this paper, we present the new concept of a requirement space that is defined as the largest set of designs that (1) allows for decomposition (e.g., into intervals when it is box-shaped), (2) maximizes the useful design space (good and physically feasible), and (3) excludes the non-acceptable design space (bad and physically feasible). A small example from robot design illustrates that requirement spaces can be significantly larger than solution spaces and thus improve requirement decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finite element (FE) simulations can be used both in the early product development phase to evaluate the performance of developed components as well as in later stages to verify the reliability of functions and components that would otherwise require a large number of physical prototype tests. This requires calibrated material cards that are capable of realistically representing the specific material behavior. The necessary material parameter identification process is usually time-consuming and resource-intensive, which is why the direct inverse method based on machine learning has recently become increasingly popular. Within the neural network (NN) the generated domain knowledge can be stored and retrieved within milliseconds, which is why this method is time and resource-efficient. This research paper describes advantages and potentials of the direct inverse method in the context of the product development process (PDP). Additionally, arising transformation opportunities of the PDP are discussed and an application scenario of the method is presented followed by possible linkage potentials with existing development methods such as shape optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The task of developing "concepts" is common in all fields of engineering, especially in the early phases of product development. However, an in-depth literature analysis showed that authors - often depending on different contexts in design research, education, and industry - define the term "concept" in differing ways. The aspect of reference-based development is rarely addressed in existing definitions. This indicates that there is a need for an updated and concise concept definition. In this paper, the authors propose a new definition of the term "system concept" within the context of SGE - System Generation Engineering that incorporates the findings from the literature analysis. The definition was reflected on in two case-studies. The first one contained the system concept for automotive display and operating systems, the second one the system concept for a kinesthetic-haptic VR interface. The proposed definition contains the relevant characteristics identified from the literature review and supports both current activity-based process models and reference-based development, as practical application has shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition activities, such as design reviews, are often utilised in product development to evaluate the conducted work and plan future actions. While key decisions are made during these activities, they are still underexplored. This paper studies the effect of transition goals and virtual reality (VR) on transition team performance. In an experimental study, four-member teams conducted two transition-related experimental tasks (validation and verification) working in one of the two conditions (VR or desktop interface). The results show that transition goals and VR affect performance. More specifically, the validation-oriented transition was more efficient but less effective than the verification one. Furthermore, the performance of the validation-oriented transition compared to the verification one was increased in VR and decreased in a desktop interface. Finally, the high-performing teams consistently discussed new issues, while low-performing teams had prolonged moments of not discussing anything new. These findings suggest that desktop interface and VR are not substitutable but rather complementary technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing digital platform business models, especially in business-to-business (B2B) markets, has a high potential for companies who successfully develop their products in generations. The model of SGE - System Generation Engineering describes the development of mechatronic systems on subsystem level. The authors investigate to what extent a comprehensive and unified methodology can be identified, connecting the research areas of product development and digital B2B platform business models. Therefore, this study conducted a bibliometric analysis of scientific data to identify a research gap and a qualitative literature review to affirm the relevance of future research in this research area. The results show a gap between the research areas of digital B2B platform business models and product development. Essentially, several renowned platform researchers suggested performing future research with a methodology that fulfils the following purposes: (1) improve the general understanding of digital platforms, (2) understand their success factors and development, and (3) deal with challenges (e.g., monetization) and loss of valued personal relations in B2B markets through digitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]