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This paper develops a two-way research method - both top-down and bottom-up - to define a "standard but tailored" assessment framework for smart cities, based on shared smart city concepts, but designed to respond to different needs of each city. The method aims not to design a measurement standard, but to define a process able to create the best smart city measurement system. It is based on a standard framework but tailored on each city - with its own features, problems, values, and ideas about the quality of life. This method overcomes the limitations of using standard framework, as it links smart city assessment tools to local policies but giving to the tool the authoritativeness deriving from the scientific literature and the robustness acquired from international nest practices. An empirical implementation supports the theoretical background and allows to validate the method, as it has been successfully implemented in Genoa, a medium-sized city in Italy looking for its own performance measurement system that allows comparison with other smart cities at the same time. The bidirectional method is designed by the authors of this paper, and it is a novelty in the international literature about research methodology for business and management studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating organisational performance in relation to the Circular Economy (CE) has become increasingly important, yet the literature highlights certain limitations of micro-level CE indicators, such as the lack of a widely accepted method for measuring CE in both academia and industry. Among various Performance Management Systems (PMSs), the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) stands out as one of the most widely used by organisations, offering a more comprehensive perspective beyond purely financial metrics. Therefore, this paper aims to explore how CE measurement can be combined with organisational strategy assessment using the BSC. To achieve this, a theoretical framework that defines Circular Balanced Scorecard (CBSC) archetypes and integrates them with CE indicators is proposed. This framework serves as a tool for seamlessly integrating CE measurement into the PMS of organisations with different levels of CE maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a two-way research method -- both top-down and bottom-up -- to define a "standard but tailored" assessment framework for smart cities, based on shared smart city concepts, but designed to respond to different needs of each city. The method aims not to design a measurement standard, but to define a process able to create the best smart city measurement system. It is based on a standard framework but tailored on each city -- with its own features, problems, values, and ideas about the quality of life. This method overcomes the limitations of using standard framework, as it links smart city assessment tools to local policies but giving to the tool the authoritativeness deriving from the scientific literature and the robustness acquired from international nest practices. An empirical implementation supports the theoretical background and allows to validate the method, as it has been successfully implemented in Genoa, a medium-sized city in Italy looking for its own performance measurement system that allows comparison with other smart cities at the same time. The bidirectional method is designed by the authors of this paper, and it is a novelty in the international literature about research methodology for business and management studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To analyse the evolution of sustainability indicators, present in the various national tourism plans in Portugal, and, subsequently, to propose the creation of a tourism sustainability index that can provide a perspective on the level of sustainable development. Methodology: Qualitative methodology of document analysis of the main national tourism plans identifying the indicators used to measure sustainability over time and identifying the different possible methodologies for the implementation of a tourism sustainability index. Results: It was determined the methodology that seems more suited to implement a tourism sustainability index for Portugal, taking in consideration the different indicators analysed and made available by the Portuguese Tourism Board. Research limitations: This paper only proposes a methodology for the calculation of the sustainability index but does not calculate the index itself. This is subject of future work, which will also make it possible to verify the quality of the index itself and to adjust the methodology, if needed. Originality: Although there have been authors that have proposed sustainability indices for other areas of activity, there has never been a tourism sustainability index proposal for Portugal. This may be an important contribution to facilitate the analysis and comparison of sustainable development among different cities/regions/countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]