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While increasing teachers' scientific knowledge base has been identified as a challenge for teacher education (e.g., NCES, 1996), the skills used to identify a need for knowledge and the skills necessary to search for that knowledge have been less discussed. Yet, the ability to learn for oneself is really the goal of lifelong teacher education. In this paper, four class periods of video data from a problem-based educational psychology curse were examined and an eight-minute segment was chosen to analyze in depth. The preservice science teachers grapple with science concepts of electricity and atomic structure as they analyze a video case of a physics classroom and devise ways to redesign instruction in order to enhance students' learning. Three analysis were undertaken: 1) categorizing the scientific discourse to determine how student teachers identify a need for knowledge and how they solve it; 2) analyzing the resources used to build understanding, including how student teachers present themselves as resources, which outside resources are used and why, and the status of those resources in the community; and 3) investigating learning-what did student teachers seem to understand based on the current data sources and how does this compare to an expert view of electricity? The results presented here indicate our current understanding of many rich sources of information, rather than a final analysis. Our discourse analysis of the video segment showed the student teachers identified a need for knowledge in the form of a direct question, or two types of inquiring statements. Most often, they attempted to answer the science question among themselves. The science mentor, World Wide Web, and facilitator were also helpful in building new knowledge. Student teachers made few reflective remarks during problem solving. They engaged in extended scientific reasoning during the video segment, constructed concepts related to charge imbalances, and generated difficult questions, according to science experts. Changes in the role of the participants, facilitator, and other resources are recommended. Coded transcript, transcript conventions, excerpt from final paper, and page of interactions with ment0r are appended. (Contains 44 references.) (Author/DDR)

Brazilian engineering schools are under a strict program to reengineer their courses with the financial support of the federal agencies. At the electronic engineering department at the University of Sao Paulo, this process started by modifying the Basic Electricity and Electronic Laboratories. This paper describes the new structure of these labs and the approaches taken in order to improve experimental engineering courses. After one year, various benefits resulting from these actions could already be observed: higher level reports, higher marks, less failures, and, above all, a great enthusiasm and interest that the new equipment and methodologies have risen in our students. (Author/YDS)

The expansion in the fields of optical engineering and optoelectronics has made it essential to introduce optical engineering concepts into undergraduate courses and curricula. Because of limits on the number of course requirements for the BS degree, it is not clear how these topics should be introduced without replacing some of the traditional requirements. This paper demonstrates how optical engineering concepts can be easily presented as an integral part of electrical engineering subjects, with a minimal amount of replacement, while enhancing the depth and understanding of both fields. Courses such as linear signals and systems, electricity and magnetism, and electronics, which traditionally represent the core requirements of the undergraduate electrical engineering curriculum, have direct correlations with optical engineering concepts. The major changes needed are the creation of textbooks that contain concepts and examples in areas of both optical and electrical engineering and some relearning and familiarization on the part of instructors. This approach allows for a fresh look at courses being offered in electrical engineering, while providing the necessary background in optical engineering for students. (Author/YDS)

This paper presents the results of a comparison of the effects of gender on fourth-grade students' learning in hands-on science. This study is part of a 3-year classroom based project of hands-on science in 6 urban and 2 suburban classrooms (n=171). Half of the teachers used a supported-inquiry approach, and half used activity-based science to teach a hands-on science unit on electricity over a 6 week period, each completing 12 learning experiences. Both approaches engaged students in hands-on exploration. Teachers participated in a 1-day training session, followed by two after-school coaching sessions. A written electricity test was used as a pre and posttest. A diagram analysis exam was used as a posttest only (both instruments are in the appendix). There were no gender effects on the pretest, posttests, and assessment modality. (Contains 15 references.) (PR)

Prior work has established the existence of a color-performance relationship in achievement contexts and has demonstrated its presence in some undergraduate course examinations. This study examines the manifestation of such a relationship in an introductory, 430-student, calculus-based electricity and magnetism course during which the paper color used in examinations was varied. In this report, we analyze three separate exams and differentiate between students' multiple choice, written response, conceptual, and computational performances. Also considered are factors such as the time students require to complete exams and their confidence levels prior to and immediately following assessment. Performance in all categories appears to be independent of paper color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These papers presented to educators within the state of Tennessee represent the latest thinking regarding techniques for long-range energy conservation when planning and constructing school facilities. The current and future availability of energy sources is summarized. Some of the wasteful practices consumers and manufacturers have practiced are cited and suggestions made for improvement. Codes and standards related to energy use in buildings are followed by some findings of energy usage studies including illumination levels, solar energy, and ventilation. Three completed solar heating projects are described. The final paper gives some advice for the operation and maintenance of heating and air-conditioning equipment and a systematic lighting maintenance program. (MLF)

Using an interactive method to teach middle school students can address the needs of this diverse population. Electrofiles provide opportunities for students to be actively engaged in learning. Students can build content knowledge in electrical circuits by designing an electrofile or they can review other content area knowledge through a variety of specifically designed file folders. (Author)

This study investigates the influences and relationships between self-concept elements and students' activities in a normal school environment and focuses on individual self-construct. Interest has an important effect on an individual's learning process and behavior. There are three common definitions of interest: (1) interest as a characteristic of the person (individual interest); (2) interest as a characteristic of the learning environment (interestingness); and (3) interest as a psychological state. The investigation is based on a play-oriented teaching approach in an 8th grade gymnasium course. (Contains 21 references.) (YDS)

The SENNAPE (Software Engineering and Neural Networks Applied to Physics and Electricity) project has been putting together the European and the Brazilian industries towards neural processing developments in the fields of high-energy physics and electricity. It is a multi-disciplinary international collaboration with the participation of different institutions and industries. The project is a platform of technology transfer, using the World Wide Web as the main information repository. Among team members of the various phases of the project, undergraduate and graduate engineering students are experiencing the development of a complex project and the importance of integrating their knowledge of basic sciences into engineering design. (Author)

A study involving upper elementary school students (n=30) was conducted to examine conceptual change and constructivism. It is argued that a constructivist view of learning is antithetical to a vision of conceptual change in which teachers act in a diagnostic and remediate manner to help students rid themselves of their inaccurate ideas. It further asserts that this vision, which has been premised on the results of studies which depict students' ideas as highly resistant to change and interfering with the construction of accepted scientific knowledge, stems from methodologically flawed work from a constructivist perspective. This study presents the methodology and findings used to refute the notion that students' ideas are highly resistant to change. Also discussed are the implications of the results with respect to: (1) characterizing knowledge construction; and (2) conducting research on student learning within a constructivist framework. (ZWH)

This section presents conference paper abstracts on entrepreneurship, including a study of how the individual trait of Entrepreneurial Orientation positively predicts how entrepreneurs evaluate business opportunities, an examination of the development of effective boards in venture capital-backed initial public offerings, and a discussion of how a cognitive perspective can provide important insights into the nature of opportunity recognition.

A utility scale energy storage plant can be used on the North American (NA) grid for the storage of solar (PV) electricity and/or to provide ancillary services. To help bankers and their engineers determine whether hydrogen (H2) energy storage is ready for prime time2, this paper presents a H2 storage plant (HSP) levelized cost of storage (LCOS) financial algorithm for a model HSP. The LCOS algorithm is based on engineering economics and financial accounting principles. The algorithm only uses S. I. energy units for both the HSP's kinetic (electricity) energy and its potential energy (H2). It converts US$ values into € values. The paper discusses HSP technology focusing on the three phases of all HSP; charging the HSP by using a H2 electrolyzer (HE) to produce H2, storage of the PV electricity as H2 in a "H2 "Tank", and discharging the PV electricity from the HSP by using the stored H2 as the fuel for a fuel cell (FC) to regenerate the PV electricity. The LCOS algorithm uses "project accounting" to compute a separate "LCOS" for each HSP phase. The LCOS algorithm is presented in the paper's Excel HSP LCOS Financial Algorithm Workbook. Based on the paper's LCOS algorithm and on the HSP specifications (specs, metrics) complied for a base case "data set" for the model HSP, H2 energy storage is not yet ready for commercial development on the North American grid. Low round trip HSP efficiency (n) and a high HSP CapEx do not allow a HSP to operate commercially on the North American grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reported is a study that was partly developmental and partly experimental. A series of worksheets were developed based on the Elementary School Science (ESS) unit, Batteries and Bulbs, and were used to teach three classes of sixth grade students. Two other classes covered the same material using a lecture-discussion technique. Student gains were evaluated through a pretest and posttest and attitudes were evaluated using a sematic differential scale. The net results of the study seemed to show that the students reacted more strongly to the subject matter than to the style in which it was presented. No significant differences were found in either achievement or attitude. Most students indicated a preference for the discussion over the worksheet. The authors believe there is no reason that one method or the other should be chosen for exclusive use and, because sixth grade students can become bored with almost anything if they are forced to keep doing it for too long, it is useful to have two methods available which seem to work about equally well. (Author/EB)

The observational data from a project which was designed to implement and monitor the effects of an inservice program in facilitating a non-sexist approach to the teaching of science in Australian primary schools are reported in this paper. Descriptions and analyses are provided both of the children's participation in activity-centered lessons on electricity and the nature of the teachers' interactins with the children. All 20 participating teachers received instruction in the teaching of electricity but only ten were designated as the experimental group which was involved in an awareness program on the possibilities of sexism in the physical sciences. Results of this study showed that in the experimental classes, boys and girls in mixed-sex and single-sex groups exhibited the same pattern of activity, whereas the control classes showed behavior differences in the mixed-sex group. It was concluded that single-sex grouping may be beneficial to girls' science education in cases where teachers have a low level of awareness and skills in relation to creating and maintaining a non-sexist learning environment. (ML)

This paper presents considerations regarding the realization of the experimental model of a sale system (vending machine), independent of energy, of cold and hot products. In the current context, in which desiderata such as: reducing energy consumption and reducing physical interaction, in the field of sales between customer and seller, are particularly important, the present paper presents the experimental research platform realized in order to test an innovative system of storage and delivery of cold or hot products, system powered by electricity obtained from renewable sources. This paper presents the tests performed and the results obtained regarding the sustainability of the proposed innovative system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To illustrate the relevance of critical communication history and theory to media ethics, this paper examines a crucial episode in the history of public relations: the American electrical industry's cooperative advertising and public relations efforts in the 1920s to sell the "electrical idea" to consumers. The paper first enumerates some of the social, economic, and political consequences of electrification, such as strip-mining, pollution, and the near-complete dependence on electricity and electrical technology. The main body of the paper, "Selling the Electrical Idea in the 1920s" traces how electrical manufacturers, contractors, dealers, and utility companies--working through a network of 14 major national trade associations and hundreds of sectional, state, and local affiliates--produced advertisements, news stories, editorials, magazine features, speeches, exhibitions, films, radio programs, and window displays which fixed the "electrical idea" into public consciousness. The paper also examines trade association literature, technical publications, and corporate records revealing the factors which electrical leaders identified as constraints on the industry's expansion and, in turn, the advertising and public relations strategies which were formulated to eliminate those impediments. (Seven figures and 67 endnotes are included.) (SR)

In 2009 United Arab Emirates (UAE) has engaged in an ambitious nuclear power program with the construction of four 1400 MWe pressurized water reactor units at the Barakah site. Fourteen years later, three units are in commercial operation, and the fourth one is in the final steps of commissioning. The four units will produce up to 5600 megawatts of electricity, supplying approximately 25% of the UAE's electricity requirements. To ensure in such a short period of time the building of the nuclear capabilities and support to the program, Khalifa University has been, since 2010, a key contributor to education and training activities as well as the development of R&D capabilities in the field of nuclear technology. This paper provides an overview of Khalifa University's activities implemented within the Nuclear Engineering Department, the Gulf Nuclear Energy Infrastructure Institute and the Emirates Nuclear Technology Center (ENTC). This joint Center, which embarks the Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation and the Federal Authority for Nuclear Regulation, is a hub that addresses the research requirements of the nuclear stakeholders for the delivery of safe and efficient nuclear energy as well as the deployment of advanced nuclear technologies in the UAE. The paper briefly describes the current research projects implemented at the ENTC and gives reference related recent publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-part study examined the relationship between technical troubleshooting behavior and the level of expertise of service technicians who diagnose faulty equipment. The first investigation addressed the differences in the knowledge base that troubleshooters bring to a problem. A group of five novice troubleshooters and five experts was given electric generator sets to repair. The results showed that experts have a much greater depth of understanding of the basic principles and concepts that underlie the operation of generator sets. Experts can also comprehend the function and operation of the generator system, whereas the novices seem to lack an accurate mental model of the operation of the technical systems they repair daily. The second investigation attempted to identify differences in the actual troubleshooting performance of the expert and novice service technicians. In this test, the subjects were instructed to "think aloud" as they worked through a problem with either a faulty fuel pump or an open wire. The primary difference between the troubleshooting performance of the experts and the novices was that the experts were able to select better information and generate better hypotheses, probably because they have more knowledge and their knowledge is organized more effectively. The results of this study can be used to design training programs to reduce the differences between expert and novice technical troubleshooters. (KC)

To assess the extent to which the results of implementation studies relating to elementary and secondary schools were generalizable to vocational education contexts, a study of two specific curriculum innovations in vocational education was undertaken in Western Australia. It was designed to yield information about the context of curriculum implementation in vocational education, to identify implementation strategies currently being used, and to make an assessment of their effectiveness. Case study methods were used to allow for the indepth analysis of the two curriculum implementation attempts: a modular system of apprenticeship training in the electrical trades and a pre-apprenticeship training course in plumbing. These methods were supplemented by use of a standardized questionnaire. The study found that for lecturers in the electrical area, concerns focused predominantly on the demands of the innovation on individuals and on changing the innovation, whereas for lecturers in the plumbing area, concerns were focused on increasing the impact of the innovation on students and finding effective ways to work as a group. It was clear that the plumbing pre-apprenticeship course was much more clearly defined than the electrical apprenticeship course. The study concluded that successful implementation characterized by concern for the impact of the innovation on students is related to the following factors: (1) explicitness of the innovation in the mind of the users; (2) the provisions of feedback mechanisms for all participants; and (3) active user participation in decision making. Attention to these factors could aid in vocational education curriculum implementation efforts. (KC)

Self-driving cars are one of the newly emerging technologies, nowadays. These cars are also known as Autonomous vehicles or driverless vehicles, etc., Sometimes, the self-driving cars may not be able to detect the median barriers in the road which led to the accidents. A machine learning algorithm can be developed which detects the median in the road and prevAents median accident. Self-driving cars are e-vehicle that uses electricity. For vehicles that run on fuels, we have fuel stations, but for e-vehicles, we do not have many stations to recharge the vehicle. This may cause the vehicle to stop anywhere in the middle of the road when the battery goes low. To solve this problem, this paper finds a way to recharge vehicles from the light resources such as sunlight, headlight from other vehicles and convert them to electrical energy which can be used to recharge the vehicle. This can be done with the help of Photovoltaic cells, which is also known as Solar cells (when sunlight is used as a source of light) that is used to convert light energy into electricity to recharge the vehicle by storing the electricity in the car‟s battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a German study, students' descriptions of the processes in an electric circuit were related to the energy view as it is used in physics. (The representation of students' concepts describing the electric circuit is of importance because structured concepts may influence the perception and description of processes, the handling of electrical devices, and the assimilation of physical concepts.) It was shown that students generally do not distinguish between the circulating current and the unidirectional energy flow. Usually, students related current, bulb, and battery in a way that forms the students' so-called energy view. Several simple tasks were applied to isolate the correct information from information that is compatible with the student's energy view. The concept mapping of results showed a dominant students' energy view before and after instruction. Better results were obtained when the different views were explicitly taught. These recommendations for teachers were made: to present information on single concepts as well as on integrating views, to isolate situations that run counter to the student's representation and to produce a conflict between it and prospective learning materials, and to develop the different aspects of a voltage concept. (YLB)

Ascertaining changes in cognitive correlates of learning as students advanced through hierarchical instruction, 24 individual difference measures were obtained from 166 Navy trainees who had completed a computer-managed mastery course in electricity and electronics. Three types of cognitive characteristic measures were used in the study--tests of cognitive styles, abilities, and aptitudes. The instructional treatment consisted of the first 11 modules of the Basic Electricity/Electronics School curriculum. This involved computer managed instruction (CMI) to implement the mastery learning of the subject matter of the modules. The students self-studied and self-paced themselves through lesson modules off-line. From the tests of cognitive characteristics, principal component analysis and varimax rotation were computed, producing factor scores which were used in multiple regression analyses to predict achievement in the 11 modules of instruction. Results indicated that considerable changes occurred in the cognitive predictors of achievement as students progressed through the modules. During the acquisition of course content, the cognitive components sampled shifted noticeably in importance throughout the curriculum. These results seemed to imply that it is not only the content of instruction which matters, but also the task demanded of the students as they progress through the course that determine the nature of the relationship of cognitive style to achievement. The results have implications for research on transition from novice to expert, crystallized and fluid intelligence, task demands of instruction, and computer-managed mastery learning. (Author/KC)

In order to investigate the nature of students' prior knowledge of current electricity and how they applied their knowledge to different problems, 5 middle school science teachers and 11 elementary school teachers were given a written test that required them to: (1) predict what happens to the brightness of a bulb if a change is made to the circuit (a bulb is shorted or a second bulb is added in series or parallel); (2) compare the brightness of two bulbs in the same circuit; (3) compare the brightness of bulbs in different circuits; (4) compare the amount of current at different points in a series of parallel circuits; and (5) explain their reasoning for each question. The responses of the teachers were analyzed to determine the propositions they used for solving the problems and a matrix was formed of core propositions by subjects. From this matrix it was possible to determine the core propositions common to all teachers, as well as patterns of the different propositions held by different teachers. The results supported expectations about the nature of students' prior knowledge, how it is applied, and its application to the task of designing instruction for these students. (MVL)

The financial and electricity burden caused by the electrification of domestic heating has been investigated and presented in this paper. The overall cost to achieve legacy housing improvement and widespread ASHP adoption is approximately £309 billion pounds between 2023 and 2050. The financial burden will vary for each household, but most of the burden falls on legacy housing from pre-1919 and gradually reduces as property age reduces to 1981-1990 period. Multiple fund schemes financed by UK Government and local authorities will ease the burden, but they are targeting low-income housing representing 21% of the domestic market and are only scheduled to operate until 2026. Further and clear financial support is required to encourage insulation refits and heat pump adoption. The increased electricity demand requires an installed plant capacity of 248 GW by 2050 with the generation split of 39% renewables, 32% CCCT with carbon capture storage and 29% nuclear, a 137% increase from the existing capacity. Despite no demonstrable case study for the scale needed, a cornerstone of the UK Government strategy is the deployment of carbon capture storage (CCS) technology as a reliance on natural gas is retained for secure grid flexibility while fulfilling the definition of 'Net Zero' (1). Without CCS, the total consumption of natural gas increases in an electrified society compared to retaining domestic natural gas boilers by 2.9%, thereby increasing annual emissions. If a completely renewable UK society was targeted by 2050 an installed capacity of 435 GW would be required, an increase of ten times the current renewable capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a case study of a single-family home to apply Six Sigma Problem Solving Methods and tools to reduce the electricity Bill and usage. The goal of the project was to identify and implement improvements that would reduce electricity usage and hence reducing electricity bill. The project team applied the Six Sigma DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) problem solving approach. Six Sigma is a framework to improve performance Process or Tasks. The author of the paper has been working on the topic over the past 1 year. The author was able to reduce the electricity bill by 50-60% by making some proper research and lifestyle change. The highest bill that was noted is $135 a month and lowest after performing the control measures came down to $57 a month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an agent-based model is employed to study urban farm interconnectivity, with the goal of increasing food availability for the population and efficiently managing food, energy and water resources. Urban farms are presented as a case study, that belong to community microgrids that generate electricity from renewables (solar, wind), in the province of Chiriqui in Panama, is utilized to investigate the food-energy-water (FEW) nexus. The idea of different farms serving different communities can be viable, however, sometimes there is a shortage of fresh food, or other times a surplus of fresh food, which leads to food wastage. Food waste has the capability of being transformed into fertilizers or into biomass energy, however when we consider the associated natural resources and costs used to produce food, avoiding waste would be a better alternative. Thus, it is crucial to investigate the food supply chain, and the interaction between different urban farms in a community shared agriculture fashion. An optimization model is employed to minimize food transportation cost between the farms within the agent-based framework. The results show that food availability is improved due to the exchange between farms while food wastage is reduced by 17,137kg. Furthermore, the simulations show that the sharing of energy through the microgrid employing renewable energy is economical and significantly reduced carbon emissions by avoiding 13,078 tonnes of CO2 and generating 16,560 Mwh of electricity through solar, and 2,333 Mwh of electricity through wind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on analyzing customer load profiles and their impact on the electric distribution grid in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. With the increasing number of Filipinos working from home, energy consumption has surged, making it crucial for electric distribution companies to classify customer profiles based on energy usage. In this paper, we collected residential data from a Philippine electric distribution company during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective is to employ clustering methods, particularly the K-means algorithm, to group customer profiles and determine the optimal number of clusters using the multi-criteria model and elbow method. All simulation were performed using MATLAB platform. This study provides valuable insights for electric distribution companies in managing customer load profiles and optimizing the distribution grid amidst the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power to heat to power storage units, also known as Carnot batteries, are nowadays some of the most outstanding solutions for ensuring the response to the electricity demand in an energetic scenario based on non-dispatchable renewable sources like wind or photovoltaic technologies. One of the main challenges of this concept is how to store the electricity as heat in the most efficient way. In this paper the use of microwaves for converting electricity into thermal energy stored in molten salt is proposed. This paper explores the possibility of using microwaves for heating three different materials commonly considered as storage media in CSP applications: NaNO3, KNO3 and the solar salt mixture. The study focuses on permittivity measurements since this parameter allows distinguishing whether a material can be heated by microwaves or not. Further studies comparing both microwave and Joule heating methods will be presented in a future work at a later stage. The preliminary results of the feasibility of this CIEMAT's proposal are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With water and electricity as important scarce resources, it is important to conserve them and raise awareness on their usage, and as much as possible, avoid wastage. One way of conserving these valuable resources is by implementing a system that is able to monitor water and electricity usage, on an appliance level. This paper proposes a low-cost utility monitoring appliance-level system that can observe and monitor both power and water usages of common household appliances. The system has been implemented on a washing machine appliance operating on different modes, and it has been shown that speedy mode operates with an average power of 88W and consuming approximately 99 litres of water, in contrast to a standard mode, which operates with an average power of 43W and consuming 148 litres of water. This is a trade-off between less washing time for the speedy mode with power consumption. More importantly, the results have shown that the proposed low-cost system is able to monitor utility usage of common household appliances, and may be useful towards establishing an intelligent smart home system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-junction solar cells have inherent efficiency constraints that can be circumvented with multi-junction/tandem cells. The most recent iteration of tandem photovoltaic cells is the integration of perovskite top cells and silicon bottom cells. The perovskite top layer is superior in its ability to absorb blue light, while the silicon base layer is superior in its ability to absorb red light. Compared to their single-junction silicon counterparts, the combination of these materials greatly improves the efficiency with which sunlight is captured and converted into electricity. Numerous high-efficiency results are emerging from both commercial and scholarly research on Perovskite/Silicon tandem photovoltaic cells as an outcome of the intense interest in these materials. This paper provides an analysis of the current status of Perovskite/Silicon tandem photovoltaic cells. In this work, we take a look at where things stand with regard to the current state of Perovskite/Si tandem photovoltaic cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Container stowage problems are rich optimization problems with both high economic and environmental impact. These problems are typically decomposed into a master bay planning phase, which distributes containers to bay sections of the vessel, and a slot planning phase, which assigns a specific slot within the bay section to each container. In this paper, we extend existing models for slot planning by considering containers with dangerous goods. An important contribution of this paper is that we provide a model closer to the real-world problems faced by planners, and thus solutions based on this model should be easier to implement in practice. We show that our model can be solved to optimality in reasonable time using standard software like Gurobi or CPLEX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic's discovery resulted in a profound shift in human lives, and it is now used in a wide range of critical applications. Despite its importance, the world is struggling to control plastic waste and prevent it from infiltrating the natural environment. This paper intends to evaluate the environmental burdens of various plastic waste management scenarios using life cycle assessment (LCA). This paper evaluated five options: landfill, incineration, mechanical recycling, pyrolysis, and combined mechanical recycling and pyrolysis. The CML-IA Baseline approach is employed in this study for all scenarios, with OpenLCA software. The data for this paper came from the Ecoinvent 3.9.1 database and public reports. The last scenario, which is combined mechanical recycling and pyrolysis was found to have the lowest environmental burdens, according to the LCA results. Furthermore, the combined scenario may absorb a greater range of plastic waste, improving the whole waste management system to transition to a circular economy. Therefore, it is advised to build a portfolio of plastic waste handling techniques that provide high quality recovered products to meet numerous consumer requirements. Since it was established in this study that renewable energy has a notable favorable environmental impact across all impact categories, using renewable energy for electricity generation was recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document contains the proceedings of the First National Energy Youth Conference held in 1974. These proceedings were compiled from both the prepared texts of speakers' presentations during the conference, and from tape recordings of discussion sessions and question/answer periods. Contents are presented in four sections: (1) Understanding the Energy Dilemma; (2) Increasing the Energy Supply; (3) Cutting Down on the Energy Demand; and (4) Towards a National Energy Policy. Student delegate energy resolutions, biographical sketches, and suggested readings and informational source sections are appended. The purpose of this conference was to establish communication between tomorrow's leaders and today's energy policy makers. (MR)

The conference goal was to provide educators with knowledge and motivation about energy in order to establish an awareness of it in their classrooms. Speakers were from universities, research laboratories, utilities, government agencies, and private businesses. Coal, gas and oil, geothermal and solar sources of energy in Arizona were each discussed by different experts. Several of the presentations dealt with nuclear energy from nuclear theory to specific applications with discussions of safeguards, waste disposal alternatives, and economic considerations. Other speakers described the use of nuclear physics in fine arts, archeology, agriculture, and criminology. (TM)

The implementation of a four-day week (Monday-Thursday) for on-campus classes at the College of DuPage, an Illinois community college, was assessed in terms of student registration; class enrollment; student success rates; instructional quality; and savings resulting from driving differences, energy use, and building maintenance. Withdrawal and failure rates and grade point averages in the four-day week implemented during the summer quarter 1980 were compared to those occurring during the regular schedule of the previous summer, and the reactions of students, college faculty, and nonteaching employees were considered. It was found that the shortened week did not affect student success rates, and class enrollment and grade point averages were normal. The four-day summer schedule received general support from students and employees. Approximately 72 percent of the respondents liked the four-day schedule and 15 percent had no preference, while approximately 13 percent did not prefer it. More employees (20 percent) reported problems with the schedule than students (5 percent). Reaction to a proposed four day schedule for the whole school year was less favorable: 69 percent of the employees and 58 percent of students favored the option. Savings were realized from the reduction in driving and electricity usage during the 12 weeks of the four-day schedule. Cost savings due to a reduction in miles driven was estimated at more than $30,000, and savings from reduced building maintenance was in excess of $23,000. (SW)

The Technical Scoool of the Air was developed to deliver video-based courses via boradcast and cable television. The system was designed to implement competency-based instructional courses and programs statewide. An audio visual material production consortium was established to facilitate joint production/acquisition efforts, reduce duplicate production, and increase course quality. Materials in Basic Electricity and AC-DC circuits were first developed and broadcast on educational television. Although the project focus had been postsecondary, Wisconsin high school districts requested and received permission for taping programs off the air for future use. Four courses have been produced or acquired and used in broadcast. Over 3000 students have enrolled in these courses via open broadcast and cablecast. The system has been effective in reaching previously unserved adults and is extremely cost effective from an acquisition/production perspective. It also provides programming software needed to experiment with alternative and innovative delivery systems. Planned activities focus on course identification and purchase, establishment of additional co-production and -funding agreements with other agencies, national distribution of materials, and solicitation of funds. (Appendixes include brochures on the video courses available.) (YLB)

There is a pressing need for the involvement of the educational community in electrical energy matters. The case for that involvement is persuasive as evidenced by examples of energy illiteracy in the mass communication media. Intellectual wastelands breed governmental indecision and foster conditions in which the entrepreneurial sector cannot plan optimum electric energy projects because of the lack of requisite public consensus. The issue is no longer an argument for or against public involvement in energy matters. Rather, the issue is how to involve an enlightened public in an orderly way in the governmental and entrepreneurial sectors. Utility accountants, bankers, economists, engineers, lawyers, and regulators will serve the interests of the electric industry by challenging the educator to eliminate energy illiteracy. The following topics are discussed to help meet this challenge: present and future perspectives of the electric industry, capital costs, facility costs, the regulatory process, nuclear energy, coal energy, and institutional changes. The National Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (from the Senate Congressional Record) and selections from court cases are provided in appendices. (Author/JN)

It is postulated that many types of renewable energy resources, like fossil fuels, are amenable to regional availability analysis. Among these are hydropower, geothermal, ocean temperature gradient, wind, and direct solar energy. A review of the spatial attributes of each of these types reveals areas of the United States that contain comparative advantages for the conversion of one or more of these alternative forms into electrical energy. Combining the results of five separate studies produces a generalized map of alternative energy supply regions within the United States. (Author/JN)

While it is evident that photovoltaic installations are becoming more and more widespread globally, demand for them in the Russian market remains low. Considering recent changes in the legal framework, which are beneficial for households with renewable energy, it is crucial to evaluate photovoltaic installation's economic feasibility for the Russian context, which is evaluated in this article. First, the authors created an hourly electricity consumption profile for a typical Russian multifamily house. Then a PV installation was designed and scaled to reach annual net-zero balance and net-zero balance in July for different ways of installing PV modules. After that, a monthly energy balance, considering underproduction and overproduction of electrical energy, was calculated. Finally the costs of PV electricity were calculated including purchased equipment, costs for installation as well as cost for buying electricity not covered by the PV modules and sold electricity during hours of overproduction. The economical evaluation was performed assuming a 30 year lifetime for the PV installation. It is concluded in this paper that PV installations can be profitable in the Russian market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation electrification is one of the most effective ways to reduce the emission pollution in metropolitans. For this reason, the government of many of countries defined an incentive based policies to increase the penetration of electric vehicles in the cities, especially in large cities. Although the electric vehicles can have a positive impact of emission reduction, their development have some strong challenges that should be considered in roadmap designing process. The electric vehicles have various strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) that need to be analyzed. In this paper, the SWOT analysis of electric vehicles will be carried out from technical, economic, and environmental perspectives. The challenges of electric vehicles integration on electricity networks will be investigated and the practical solutions to address these challenges will be presented. Moreover, from the economic perspective, the market challenges from the buyers, manufactures, and governments points of view will be analyzed. Finally, the impact of electric vehicles on emission reduction will be studied and the practical ways to increase their positive impacts will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report contains summaries and syntheses of materials from the Technical Working Group Meeting for curriculum planning and instructional materials design for vocational and technical education. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the objectives and procedures of the meeting and lists the participants. In chapter 2 are presented summaries of the participants' analytical papers regarding existing methodologies and approaches in curriculum planning, development of instructional materials and facilities, and teacher training in the field of electrical and electronics subjects and in the relevant parts of the science curriculum for general education courses. These countries are represented: Australia, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Chapter 3 synthesizes the country experiences under these headings: general education, vocational and technical education, formal and nonformal education, curriculum planning, instructional materials, physical facilities, teacher training, problems and strategies for solving them, innovations, and future plans. Chapter 4 provides guidelines for development of curriculum, instructional materials and physical facilities, and teacher training. Conclusions and recommendations for future regional cooperative action are given in chapter 5. Appendixes include a summary of participant experience from visits, inaugural and closing addresses, and other materials from the meeting. (YLB)

When the exploration in information technologies and the range of new technology developed every passing day green computing refers to using the energy efficiently without effecting and comprising the necessity of technology for the present day. It is also defines as the study of designing, engineering, manufacturing,using and disposing of computing devices in a way that reduces their envionrnental impact. Data centers are a significant consumer of energy-both to power the computer as well as to provide the necessary cooling. This paper cover the study of green computing and new technologies in green computing, the ways through which we can able to reduce the green computing in these paper we have made research over the green computing by using solar technology to reduce the waste of electricity and to make environment Eco-friendly, “MAKE INDIA GREEN INDIA” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small hydropower is one of the most cost-effective and environmentally benign energy technologies for production of electrical power worldwide. In India, the available potential of small hydro is at about 15,000MW and small hydro can provide electricity to 120,000 unelectrified rural villages. Hence, this paper focuses the status of small hydro development in India and discusses the barriers/obstacles to the development of small hydro in India by taking government policy, economical aspects and environmental benefits of few countries into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this symposium was to find new ideas and resources for the evaluation and improvement of physics education on all levels. The papers included in this document are entitled: (1) "Quality of Physics Teaching Through Building Models and Advancing Research Skills"; (2) "Evaluation of Physics Education in Terms of Its Long Term Effects"; (3) "The Physical-Mathematical Classes and Summer School on Physics at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology"; (4) "Evaluation and Qualification of Physics Education: Reform in Danish Secondary Schools"; (5) "Aims and Goals of Physics Teaching on Personal Level"; (6) Physics Teacher Evaluation by Students: A Report on 10 Years of Experience at the University of Innsbruck"; (7) "Problem Solving as a Probe for Examining the Epistemological Obstacles in the Understanding of Physics"; (8) "Coupling of Physical Situation to Graphical Representation"; (9) "Use of Stroboscopic and Videocamera in Studying Two-Dimensional Motion"; (10) "Electricity Concepts in Primary School"; (11) "On the Integrality of Orbital Angular Momentum Quantum Numbers"; (12) "On the Teaching of the Concept of Energy at the Upper Secondary School"; (13) "An Analysis of Exercises in Finnish Secondary School Physics Textbooks"; (14) "The Microcomputer in the Laboratory: Contributions to Conceptual Development"; (15) "New Computer Demonstrations in Physics Teaching"; (16) "Satellites in Education and Training in Europe and North America"; (17) "The Minerva Project and the Teaching of Physics"; (18) "Empirica--A Program for Data Acquisition and Analysis in Science Teaching and Its Pedagogical Applications"; (19) "Three Computer Programs for Junior High School"; (20) "The Application of Physics in Teaching Oral Radiology"; (21) Physics and Technology of a Solar Car"; (22) "An Integrative Course as a Possibility of Developing Physics Teaching"; (23) "Aspects on Interdisciplinary Physics Teaching"; (24) "Difficulties in Physics Teaching"; (25) "Modern Physics Pieces of Information in Teaching Process--The Integration of Mathematic and Natural-Scientific Education in Czechoslovakia"; (26) "Problems of Teaching Physics in Estonian Universities"; (27) "Alternative Ideas in Mechanics: Where Can They Come From?"; and (28) "Cognitive Style of Students as an Essential Factor of Forming Their Physical World Conception." (KR)