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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles commonly called as Drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot on board. Various application areas such as military, fire emergency and even civilian applications makes it more interesting to go for various research advancements. The objective of this paper is to create a cheap, cost effective, and better range of communication between transmitter and receiver for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles which can be used over large ranges to reduce waiting time and to help medical emergencies for militaries, fire services, and for patients. In this paper, the transmitter and receiver systems use a 2.4 GHz RF module, which is a best option for cost effectiveness and high range data transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Sensor Network environment contains a set of sensor nodes which are centralized by means of the routing protocol defined for communication between source and destination entities. The centralized access point mentioned here is the basestation, in which it accumulates the details of every node and maintain that into the log for providing service assistance to the nodes to establish the successful communication between entities. This kind of Wireless Sensor Network medium is admired by many attackers to raise the attack over the weak node to accumulate the information easily by proving them as a destination. The neighbor nodes usually does not have an explicit identity of the destination, in case if any weak or compromised nodes proves that the node is a destination, the data packets are delivered to the specific destination. Of course the data once reached the destination can identify the destination is fake and revert back the data sent by means of IP verification. However, once the data reached the fake destination means it is stolen and public. So, that a new routing protocol is required to provide an efficient communication between source and destination. In this paper, a new routing protocol is introduced with the help of classical Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), in which it is called as Enhanced AODV (eAODV). This approach define a new way of identifying the route to the destination by means of dynamic route selection as well as electing the neighbor node based on the routing principles such as Route Request (RREQ) and Route Response (RREP). The main motto of this project is to provide better security and performance in terms of the packet delivery ratio than the traditional AODV routing protocol in the presence of one or multiple black hole attacks with marginal rise in average end-to-end delay and normalized routing overhead. This proposed routing protocol called Enhanced AODV provides intense RREQ and RREP facility to carry over the data transmission successfully between Source and Destination. The resulting section of the paper proves the efficiency of the network in terms of improved throughput ratio, enhanced network lifetime and packet delivery ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research described in this paper outlines the comprehensive development process of a system spanning five key sections: data collection and transmission, cloud connectivity, AGV Wi-Fi vehicle, fertilizing mechanism, and data analytics. The investigation involved the careful selection of tools and techniques for each section, with a focus on NodeMCU ESP8266 as the microcontroller for data collection and transmission, utilizing various sensors. Google Sheet was chosen as the cloud service provider due to its suitability for the project, and a detailed comparison of platform advantages was provided. The workflow of the WIFI controlled vehicle and cloud connectivity was elucidated through block diagrams and flowcharts. The system implementation successfully integrated Google Sheet with Microsoft Power BI for data analytics, leveraging its user-friendly interface. The connection setup between Google Sheet and Power BI was illustrated, and a step-by-step guide for interpreting data analytics results was presented. The paper concludes by showcasing the implemented system and displaying the Power BI dashboard, demonstrating the practical application of the developed solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solar energy system based on PV (photovoltaic) parameters monitoring techniques compromise of the both the electrical and environmental data, the number of parameters being measured in a PV plant that combine and analyze to observe and/or evaluate its efficiency. with a view to vouch the responsible and stable performance of any solar system, an effective measuring system is essential. large scale solar energy plants are respectable complicated and increase the cost and complexity on PV parameters measuring systems, so we can note in the past decennium, numerous ideas of monitoring systems were determined in vast number of research papers. For this review article different PV measuring systems were be studied and reviewed in details. The review manner included the most of solar parameters measuring techniques of PV system, and its efficiency and performance. The most of PV monitoring techniques which exhibited and examined. in other hand the different sensors and their operation principle, microcontroller, data acquisition technologies, data transmission units and types, and information modules storage and display are studied and reviewed in this paper. at last, this survey sustains the selective suggestions for upcoming researches. A massive solar PV monitoring techniques in this review paper concise an inclusive survey of techniques, these techniques based the phenomenal information handling units and different and novel data transmission protocols. The innovative photovoltaic measuring technology's especially that based on the internet of things discussed and investigated in innovative manners. The review will confidently completely the emphasized perceptions progress to improved exertions on the road to improvement of the monitoring technologies in future maintainable solar PV efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A telepresence robot is nothing less than a virtual companion that is used to assist in various fields like healthcare, education, manufacturing, etc. The telepresence robot is controlled from a distant location using a mobile or tablet. This paper discusses about controlling the telepresence robot from a distant location by using an android application. It also discusses how the connection is done and data are transmitted and controlled. The data transmission is between the telepresence robot and the application is done by interfacing the microcontroller of the robot with the application. The results of the experiments done are reallypromising. This method is robust and can be helpful in a remote environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a wireless network like ad-hoc, IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordinated Function (DCF) is used for computation of idle channel that is predominantly built on Carrier Sensing Manifold Access Mechanism through Collision Avoidance (CSMA-CA) approach. While transmission of data among multiple stations at the same time, contention occurs and resolving the issue of contention Back-off (BO) algorithm is used and assigned on a contention window (CW).However, the current approaches for addressing the contention issue do not decrement the issue explicitly which gave rise to numerous issues and this paper provides an optimal solution to these issues. This paper proposes a Fuzzy and game theory-based on back off algorithm to multi-traffic classes, the proposed algorithm is compared with the efficient adaptive MAC protocol that is based on attributes which include but not limited to packet delivery ration, residual energy, packet drop along with throughput to upsurge the utility function, saturation throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid growth of wireless communication system has boosted the exponential development on smart technology while driving a substantial increase in traffic volume. With a highly congested and demand on RF bandwidth spectrum, Visible Light Communication (VLC) seem as a complementary technology towards RF based system which provide wider bandwidth, free and unregulated channel, poses no health hazard, high security and low power consumption leads VLC to be one of the promising technology in data transmission. By maintaining the main purpose of illumination, the exploitation on the existing LED-based lighting system is used as a transmission mechanism to photodetector or image sensor which is used to detect the variations of the light intensity via free space optical channels. Different VLC modulation schemes is review in this paper to see the pros and cons of each scheme implemented in outdoor application specifically for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) VLC system. Various type of noises is presented in this paper with the denoising scheme to eliminate or reduce the shot and thermal noise caused by natural sunlight and artificial roadside infrastructure light which degrades the performance of VLC system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's Wi-Fi innovation is growing at a rapid pace. Since the remote range is often obstructed, each open spot and private office has Wi-Fi. Because of its efficiency, RF impedance is becoming more common, resolving the problem and paving the way for light fidelity (Li-Fi) innovation. Li-Fi uses LED light sources to transmit data over long distances. Visible Light Communication (VLC) is another name for this technique to create a new way of using Li-Fi as a remote advanced technique. This is a clever way to have internet connectivity. Information transferred from a host PC using visual light correspondence. As a result, the photodetector will benefit. Li-Fi serves as a remote interface between the sender and the receiver. Using Li-Fi technology, we will track the patient and update the patient's condition. The main goal of this paper is to use LEDs to transmit data (Light Emitting Diode). VLC is becoming more widely accepted as an innovative and promising technology for achieving short-range, high-speed, and large-capacity wireless data transmission, thanks to the growing popularity of solid-state lighting devices. A real-time video broadcast system prototype using inexpensive commercially available light emitting diode (LED) lamps is proposed in this paper. Experiments show that by properly arranging LED sources and improving focus effects, real-time video with a maximum distance of 2 feet can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Network security has become a big concern in the modern age. And in the last few years we have seen so many different invalid uses of our data there is many prompt for the government to control the data exploiting sites but we have to detect such VPN and delete with it so in future our data network is secure network. In almost all areas, such as online banking, online shopping, communications, companies, and organizations, the internet offers tremendous convenience. As a result, the communication network necessitates the protection of sensitive data that is stored or transferred over the internet. Because of the rapid growth of computerized devices and their widespread use the internet has resulted in data protection issues for users. Security and privacy risks have become increasingly complex in recent years, highlighting the need for a modernized secured medium to safeguard valuable data on the internet. Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a great way to secure devices and information from hackers, as described in this article. A virtual private network (VPN) is a network device that runs more than a network connection and sends encrypted data. data to prevent attackers from accessing it. The aim of a VPN is to provide vari ous security elements such as authenticity, confidentiality, and data integrity, which is why they are becoming increasingly popular, low-cost, and simple to use. Smartphones, laptops, and tablets will all use VPN services. The creation, protocols, tunneling, and protection of VPNs are also discussed in this paper. It is a rapidly developing technology that plays a critical role in WLAN by enabling safe data transmission over the Internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secure Online examination system is a system with an innovative solution for the conduct of the online proctored examination. Data encryption facilitates the security of data. The objective of this work is to monitor the students effectively and to store the data securely. The accuracy of results is produced using this proposed work. Online examination is broadly used in teaching. Currently, the online examination is used in Browser/Server model and Client/Server model. These models can be installed or configured through a browser easily. The client resources are not utilized properly and the server is overloaded with network traffic, data transmission between client and server. Moreover, the security of the data is needed. In this proposed work of the secured browser/server model, the secured data transmission is guaranteed using the AES algorithm, and the model is implemented using PHP. The system has been implemented and analyzed with an existing system and assured better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicle drivetrain modeling and simulation is a crucial aspect of electric vehicle design and development. A driveline is responsible for transferring power from the motor to the wheels, and the modeling and simulation process helps optimize the drivetrain design for efficiency, performance and safety. This paper presents in an extended manner the design and mathematical modeling of a dynamic transmission system of an electric vehicle. The mathematical model was simulated in Matlab Simulink and the obtained results were the basis of the implementation of the entire system in a small vehicle with off-road capabilities. This work is part of a larger project that has as its objective the creation of a complete electric vehicle starting from the design part and up to the testing on the roads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Rwanda approaches the UNAIDS Fast Track goals which recommend that 95% of HIV-infected individuals know their status, of whom 95% should receive treatment and 95% of those on treatment achieve viral suppression, the country currently relies on an inefficient paper, and disjointed electronic, systems for case-based surveillance (CBS). Rwanda has established an ecosystem of interoperable systems based on open standards to support HIV CBS. Data were successfully exchanged between an EMR, a client registry, laboratory information system and DHIS-2 Tracker, and subsequently, a complete analytic dataset was ingested into MS-Power Business Intelligence (MS-PowerBI) for analytics and visualization of the CBS data. Existing challenges included inadequate workforce capacity to support mapping of data elements to HL7 FHIR resources. Interoperability optimization to support CBS is work in progress and rigorous evaluations on the effect on health information exchange on monitoring patient outcomes are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modulation formats play an important role in providing speed and efficiency of the internet and data transmission though optical fiber. The concept of coherency in optical communication has gained popularity because coherent optical communication provides better spectral efficiency, more efficient way of managing non-linear impairments, better sensitivity, an increased capacity with use of DSP (Digital Signal Processing) and a support for the multilevel modulation formats. Coherent communication technology gives rise to advanced modulation formats compared to Intensity Modulation Direct Detection (IM-DD) counterparts. This paper presents a comparison-based analysis to investigate the suitability of various modulation formats available for fiber-optic coherent communication. The selection of a suitable modulation format for coherent optical transmission through fiber is required in order to obtain optimal transmission efficiency and speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Error-correction codes (ECCs) are one of the most important issues in digital communication systems to enhance data reliability via noisy channels. In wireless transmission channels, the transmitted data is exposed to several factors (for instance, multipath fading environments, atmospheric variations, and electromagnetic interferences), which makes the performance of any communication system unacceptable. In this paper, different forward error-correction (FEC) codes (including turbo, LDPC, convolutional, RS, polar, and BCH), especially those that are already proposed for LTE systems in terms of BER performance and decoding complexity, were discussed to show the advantages and disadvantages of each. While the trade-off between improving system performance and decoding complexity has been discussed, achieving balance between decreasing BER and maintaining the decoding complexity at acceptable levels is important. Where, this comparison is a necessary to figure out the optimal ECCs for LTE systems in terms of capability of error correction and low decoding complexity. The comparison shows that, although error correction capability is high for LDPC codes, the phenomenon of error floor restricts using them in applications that need to lower error rates. By contrast, in finite-length regimes, the performance of polar codes is critical unlike other coding techniques. Among different forward error-correction codes, RS and BCH codes were the best with LTE systems because of their highly improved system performance and low decoding complexity unlike convolutional and turbo codes. However, RS codes outperform BCH codes in terms of BER performance because of their high capability in correcting burst errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research paper we transmit the data or message to the receiver using the optimisedweight Injective technique on a family of certain acyclic graphs. Weight injective labeling is a class of graphs labeling widely used in networking of communication channels. Labeling is a technique used to number each vertex or edge with non-negative values. Weight injective labeling of a graph is an injection, where the edges are numbered with a set of forms. Networking plays a major role in communication. This communication should be safe and secure. We use weight injective labeling technique on acyclic graph patterns. Also we have clubbed octal numeral system to hide a message. Our goal is to secure the message in an appropriate way that hacking should be avoided. In this paper work we investigated a new labeling technique with cryptography to provide secure data transmission to avoid hacking of data by Brute force attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MANET nodes have restricted energy supply and the dynamic nature of these nodes makes minimizing energy consumption and maximizing network lifetime a top priority. Besides, the network experiences irregular node connections, node transmission ability, etc. So, for increasing the lifetime and transmission capability of data in MANET, the selection of the best node and optimal route is necessary throughout the data transmission and processing. This paper presents a novel Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) based Flow Direction routing algorithm to minimize energy consumption and maximize the network lifetime by cluster head selection and optimal routing. The nodes nearer to the destination are selected as the cluster head by the Flow Direction Algorithm (FDA) based on minimal distance and maximum residual energy. The state-of-art techniques simply integrated the routing metrics which will not always lead to an efficient optimal routing decision that will be accurate. Hence this paper incorporates the fuzzy logic controller to select the MANET node position, link quality, bandwidth, and mobility parameters to take an optimal routing decision. The results show that the proposed model minimizes the Bit error rate and energy consumption up to 97% and 99%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of cloud computing is increasing in the world. The prominence of cloud computing in the future, where networking will become converged, and everything electronic or digital will be connected, is incontestable. This is due to the advantage of the cloud as a medium of storage. Cloud computing can access platforms with minimal hardware requirements at the user end. Secure transmission of data traffic from the cloud is a serious issue that needs to be addressed professionally. This paper explores various security issues related to cloud computing and some essential techniques implemented to deal with those issues. In cloud computing, anything and everything is available as a service on the cloud to the client of the cloud. So, the client must get the best service possible through cloud resources. Security of the client's data and other computing resources is the company's responsibility for providing cloud services. Availability, Security of Data, Third-Party Control, Privacy and Legal Issues are some of the issues related to cloud computing. Various computing security techniques are devised to implement security measures in cloud computing. Some of them include using encryption algorithms. Homomorphic Encryption is considered the most potent among all other encryption techniques when implementing it for cloud computing services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IoT based Fog Computing become major needy technology integration for innovative engineering. In the IoT based technologies the Fog nodes communicate with network edge node and creates easy interaction with Cloud data centers. The data which generated from the origin points transmit to destination in the network of different devices. In each device to process and execute the task needs some energy consumption. In this paper we proposed a Cost Function for Energy (CFE) which evaluate the total energy consumption during in transmission of data from source to destination based on the task. The total energy consumption depended on the total delay of task execution which presents amount of time for execution of a task. The CFE calculated for every tasks execution at local and other nodes of network. In our proposal we have included the greedy heuristic approach for evaluate the total delay accordingly the energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research paper, we are describing a project that is based on a Li-Fi system. The navigation system and toll collection are two projects through which we are trying to show how we can apply Li-Fi in various systems. Li-Fi is a short form of Light Fidelity, it is a predecessor of WI-FI technology but these both systems as a lot of difference in every aspect. Li-Fi can provide us a speed of about 10Gbps whereas WI-FI only provides us the speed of about 150mbps. In the coming days, Li-Fi will have a lot of applications due to its speed and non-electromagnetic behavior. The concept of Li-Fi is very simple, the normal bulb that we see in our house, blinks approximately 10 billion times/sec, of course, it is not possible to see with the naked eye but artificial eyes (phone camera or light sensors) can detect these blinking. So, this blinking can be converted in the form of 0 s and 1s, thus can be used for communication between two digital systems. The project consists of two sections, the transmitter section, and the receiver section. At the transmitter section, we are going to use Light Emitting Diode (LED) for data transmission, and for the reception of data we are going to use Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). One new feature which we plan to add is audio feedback in which the receiver device will play location information using an mp3 player and speaker system. This is to provide benefits to the users to understand their location easily. We wish to reduce the dependency on GPS devices and make LI-FI a commonly used technology for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the complex pedological framework where the high-precision sensors from the meteorological stations are tested in order to remotely transmit the soil parameters with express reference to the NPK content and the water content of the soil. In the context of climate change, the interest in continuous, "in situ" knowledge of soil moisture and macroelement content is high because soil properties are correlated with the mathematical simulation of how crops are formed on agricultural plots. While regional simulation has been operational worldwide for over two decades, during which prediction errors have decreased significantly, remote measurement of NPK and soil moisture with the required accuracy at the local scale, at the level of agricultural plots, is still under investigation. It is necessary to continue the research in this context because the collection of soil samples in order to determine the properties of the soil in the laboratory is becoming more and more restrictive due to the high prices. The determination of soil parameters in the laboratory cannot be completely replaced by remote measurements, but the latter method ensures, if the sensors are properly calibrated and calibrated, a high degree of accuracy and can complete the information provided by pedological laboratories specializing in hydrophysics or agrochemistry. On the other hand, the development of precision agriculture exerts an important pressure in the direction of the development of research on the digitization of agricultural parameters to allow sufficiently accurate measurements at the plot scale, the hydrophysical and agrochemical properties being essential. To be relevant on this scale, the sensors must be calibrated to provide real data, especially for the phenological phases in which the plant is sensitive to various stresses: water, nutrition, disease attacks and pests. Referring only to water stress and NPK content, in the absence of the actual value of surface moisture, and the content of macroelements, the simulation of the "sowing-sunrise" period, greatly influenced by the water available for seed germination, may be affected by significant errors., the results of the simulations being uncertain or even wrong. To date, farmers have relied almost exclusively on the results of NPK determinations and soil moisture in the laboratory, which involves a great deal of financial effort. Now they can continuously know, in addition to the standard weather data provided by meteorological stations, the content of macroelements and the gravimetric humidity of the soil at a given time by transmitting data remotely via satellites. The field experiments followed the methodological framework that is summarized in this paper and took place between September 2021 and May 2022, in pilot agricultural areas in different geographical areas: Baneasa (Bucharest), Fundulea (Calarasi) and Dabuleni (Dolj). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel results on a long-reach communication over SI-POF with LED and laser diode operating near 520 nm are reported in the paper. A bit rate of 230 Mbit/s at a BER of 10-3 has been achieved over 500 m SI-POF link with two additional FSMA connectors by employing a laser diode and receiver based on an avalanche photodiode. A similar transmission link with an LED has demonstrated a capacity of 110 Mbit/s at a BER of 10-3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand for high speed data communications (> 1Gbps) and low latency (milliseconds scale or lower) has been on the rise [1,2,3,4,5]. The chief driving forces behind the demand for high speeds & low latency are applications of 8K video, 5G/6G, smart technologies and COVID19 pandemic-induced demands. For the emerging smart medical applications, especially the ones that are in metaverse, super high data speed with low latency is a must. All-optical network (AON) is one way to meet the demand. Perfluorinated graded-index polymer optical fiber (Gi-POF) is among the best media choices offering high data speeds. Gi-POF, complementing glass optical fiber (GOF) with its better bendability, can form all optical networks with optical/optical (O/O) connections. Due to reduced usage of E/O conversions, the latency of all optical networks will potentially be reduced, too. In this paper we will examine the functions of GI-POF O/O GOF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid evolution of Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) technology marks a pivotal moment in the realm of wireless communication, promising to bring transformative changes across a spectrum of industries and applications. In this research paper, we embark on a journey through the exhilarating landscape of Li-Fi's potential, where the convergence of innovative technology and cutting-edge research points toward a future where high-speed, secure wireless communication is no longer a vision but a tangible reality. Li-Fi's remarkable capability to harness visible light for data transmission has ignited imaginations and piqued the interest of technologists and visionaries alike. The applications of Li-Fi extend far beyond conventional communication. As we delve deeper into its potential across domains, we uncover its transformative impact on smart cities, where Li-Fi could enable ultra-efficient, interconnected systems, reducing energy consumption, enhancing public services, and redefining urban living. In the healthcare sector, Li-Fi offers the promise of enhancing patient care through reliable and high-speed data transfer, potentially revolutionizing the way medical professionals' access and exchange critical information. Within the industrial landscape, Li-Fi has the potential to empower automation and industrial processes with its low latency and interference-resistant properties, fundamentally reshaping how industries operate and communicate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological advancement makes human life more manageable in different aspects, and several variants are available to provide the same. Wireless communication helps to transfer information or data from one place to another without any physical connection between devices. The application includes mobile communication, remote access, satellite transmission, vehicle communication, broadcasting, etc. There are two categories of wireless communication: infrastructure-less networks and infrastructure networks. Any network where nodes connect without the need of infrastructure is called a mobile ad hoc network. Because of features like changeable topology, rapid setup, multi-hop data transmission, and others, MANETs have become more and more common. Due to their distinctive features, MANETs are ideally suited to several real-time applications, such as calamity control, environmental monitoring, and military activities. To assist in actualizing the vision of Industry 4.0, MANETs may also be employed with innovative technologies including cloud computing, machine learning, and the Internet of Things, etc. Any MANET-based critical real-time applications require reliable and secure data delivery. Hence, this study explores several security approaches that advance safe transmission while enhancing MANET performance. The findings of this article indicate that while significant progress has been made in terms of security of MANETs, there are still many challenges that need to be addressed. Overall, this survey paper provides a thorough rundown of security boundaries of MANETs, highlighting both the progress made and the areas that require further attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromatic Dispersion (CD) compensation in optical fiber Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation based Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC-OQAM) systems is the most used today, especially on terrestrial Long-haul optical fiber type. As any other related system, FBMC-OQAM have a lot of strength and weakness points that should take in account, therefore, focus on studying data transmission over optical cables with FBMC-OQAM modulation for long distance and improve data access by reducing the noise on phase and have less dispersion on the transmitted light. To get a high spectral efficiency keep the subcarriers number sufficiently high, so will work on 256 subcarriers with cable length up to 3000 km. To get less complexity on an algorithm chose to use, and therefore compensate some of the dispersion at the receiver, must not set the subcarriers number at too high level. In parallel, know that the fiber dispersion or the propagation distance increases or the number of subcarriers decreases, the CD tolerance of single-tap equalization is reduced, so in this paper, propose to use the frequency sampling multi-tap equalizer for improving the CD compensation. Furthermore, will derive a new simple phase noise (PN) estimation algorithm which can be seen as an adaptive maximum likelihood (AML) algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless networks are using an increasing amount of energy to assure the quality of service as the number of high-data-rate applications increases. As a result of inadequate energy resources and eco-friendly transmission, energy-efficient communications have received significant attention. Data transmission and energy usage are tightly related in wireless communication, whereas the channel's capacity limits the data rate, and It's currently unclear how much energy a communication system require in future generations. So, in this paper, transmission power p, bandwidth B are varied to find the maximum achievable limit on Energy efficiency in future wireless devices under different scenarios. Analysis of energy efficiency as a function of channel gain and bandwidth is performed in the simulation of a single antenna system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we show the efficacy of Unequal Error Protection (UEP) for data communication using punctured convolutional codes. We have considered PCM and numeric data types to analyse the performance of Unequal Error Protection scheme as compared to the conventional scheme. The performance is evaluated in terms of the decoding error distribution and the word error rate (WER) under Gaussian noise for both the schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote monitoring and control of appliances or equipment at institute, city, home, or industry from a large distances with low power consumption is still a complicated task. Nowadays, some smart devices or mobile phones are being proactively used to monitor and control equipment using Internet of Things (IoT) systems. However, this system requires high power consumption and covers only short distances. This paper presents Long range wide area network (LoRaWAN) based smart campus controlling system. The proposed system contains of the transmitter, receiver and a web application. A private network server is built and connected to a LoRa gateway, which gathers information from end nodes/wireless sensors and transmits it to a network server which is, TheThingsNetwork (TTN) without the use of routers at the transmitter end. At the receiver end, the data can be used to power an end-user application/dashboard/mobile app, as well as to monitor and operate various appliances and devices. LoRa is used to implement the network interface, which solves communication failure problems and allows for energy-efficient data transmission. The LoRa smart campus platform optimizes the energy utilization of the campus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) modulation is widely used in control systems such as health monitoring with bio-implants, tire pressuring monitoring systems etc. In binary ASK digital modulation, the time to transmit one bit of information depends on the length of the symbol. In a sound communication system, the symbol is transmitted as a sound pulse. The total transmission time of a message is associated with a symbol length. For a symbol length of 0.01 s, the transmission rate is 100 bps. But transmitting short sound pulses at low frequencies requires the use of low-quality factor emitters. This is necessary to be able to achieve fast decay for the small number of oscillations of the pulse being emitted. With a carrier frequency of 1000 Hz and a pulse duration of 0.01 s, the pulse contains 10 periods. On the other hand, to achieve the required received signal power that provides the desired Beet Error Rate (BER) levels, the use of high gain emitters allows the use of a lower power transmitting device. A contradiction arises between the two transmitter requirements due to the fact that a small quality factor does not allow a high gain factor to be achieved. In this paper, using a sound data transmission system with binary ASK digital modulation, how the BER levels change at different symbol lengths and carrier frequencies of the transmitted signal is investigated. The audio transmission and reception channels were implemented on a PC using the LabView. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) constituted one of the major research areas which can offer solutions economically interesting and easily deployed to the remote monitoring and the data processing in several application domains. It became pervasive in all areas of our lives, viz: agriculture, healthcare, transportation, automation industry, banking, military, security and many other fields of application. This requires a larger and more complex network than the current internet. Therefore, it is crucial to create a unified IoT architecture and standardize IoT protocols to solve the challenges of energy efficiency, interoperability, scalability, security, bandwidth management. The communication protocols constitute an important part of the data communication of IoT applications. However, due to the diverse nature of IoT systems and their different messaging challenges, the selection of the appropriate messaging protocol is very difficult. Therefore, this paper presents a study of communication protocols MQTT, SMQTT, AMQP, and CoAP for IoT applications, to determine the appropriate protocol for each domain based on the type of IoT applications. It presents an evaluation of the important needs of some IoT application domains. Subsequently, it performs a detailed analysis of established communication protocols MQTT, SMQTT, AMQP, and CoAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, Maintaining secure, reliable and secure communication of information between different organizations is very important. However, secure data communications are always vulnerable to intruders and misuse over the Internet and other networks. To achieve this, intrusion detection systems have become a necessary component of computer and computer network security. However, different approaches are used for intrusion detection. Unfortunately, not all previous systems are completely error-free. Therefore, try to improve security. In this course, we will introduce the intrusion detection system "IDS". Before applying a genetic algorithm (GA) to efficiently detect different types of network intruders. Use parameters to learn and implement the GA evolution process. Because of the ascent in specialized progressions, there is likewise an unexpected spike in cyber attacks. To safeguard against these dangers, the IDS is a viable technique, however the standard IDS isn't exceptionally astute and strong to hold the client back from experiencing new assaults on an ordinary premise. To improve the classifiers and calculations, AI classifiers and calculations can be utilized. These AI models are extremely useful and can prepare models to recognizetypical traffic and awful traffic. By means of the help of AI, IDS can then perceive inconsistency assaults and stay away from them. With standard IDS, while distinguishing oddity assaults, the bogus positive rate is high, and that implies that it is erroneous, to limit the misleading positive rate ML calculations can be utilized. Additionally, oddity recognition is conceivable involving ML in interruption identification which will give a high exactness of assaults being distinguished. Our proposed paper includes various ML Algorithm to filter and reduce traffic data complicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Versatile Ad hoc network will be a network in which hubs impart with practically no focal setup or organization pattern.MANET is linked via remote nodes and can perform numerous jumps to edit information with them. Steering assemblage is expected for accord and organization of such networks, where it objects capable and opportune transmission of data. DSR is an essential and productive steering show arranged unequivocally for use in multi-hop remote promotion of movable nodes. DSR allows the organization when there is no need for a framework to the current organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of things is a popular technology which is growing at a faster pace day by day. the internet of things (IoT) describes physical objects (or groups of such objects) that are embedded with sensors, processing ability, software, and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the internet or other communications networks. the important concerns in the data security of IoT applications are insecure communications and data storage. one of the significant challenges for IoT security is that compromised devices can be used to access confidential data. cryptography is an efficient way to deal with this challenge. encryption is a fundamental form of defense that deals with security of the data itself. this means that even in the event of a system breach, compromised data is still only readable by authorized users in possession of the right encryption keys. it's an efficient solution against eavesdropping attacks (used in industrial espionage), also known as sniffing attacks, when the cybercriminal passively accesses data as it is being sent or received on the network. cryptography is also a good defense against active eavesdropping (aka man-in-the-middle attack) in which the hacker intercepts all relevant messages and injects new ones between two devices. this paper contains of comparison of various models and framework & algorithms used in earlier research with respect to IoT security issues. our future proceedings can be in the direction to develop a novel approach to ensure security for IoT using efficient cryptographic algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical equipment and Installation such as induction motors, transformers, and others have parameters of voltage, current, active power, apparent power, power factor, and that constantly change at any time along with changes in load, disturbance, or other abnormal conditions. Electrical equipment and Installation need to be monitored to identify its condition to prevent serious problems with the system. This paper aims to develop Smart Monitoring and Inspection of Electrical Installation based on The Internet of things (SMIEE-IoT) by measuring and monitoring electrical parameters in real-time. The development of SMIEE-IoT is carried out using the scientific method, which consists of the following stages: 1) needs analysis conducted through literature study, observation, and interviews with technicians and engineers. 2) System Design which consists of designing hardware, software, and data communication systems. 3) Smart system development, 4. System testing to measure and test electrical equipment and installations in real-time based on IoT and 5. System implementation. The test results show that the SMIEE-IoT can work well. The system can measure and test the electrical parameter with an Android application that can send data within 16 seconds. The accuracy of the SMIEE-IoT in voltage measurement reaches 98.60%, current 98, 84%, active power 97.42%, reactive power 97.80%, energy 97.90%, and power factor 98.80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the issue of relevance of creating cheap and lightweight measuring devices that allow collecting and transmitting to remote information systems data on the waves of the water surface in natural reservoirs. The general scheme of functioning of the hardware-software complex designed to collect the wave parameters is described, the composition and characteristics of the sensors used in the hardware of the measuring device are given. The mathematical methods and algorithms used for filtering and smoothing the primary information received from the measuring device are described, their brief description is given. The scheme of interaction and transmission of data from measuring devices to the general information system for collecting and analyzing information has been developed and presented. The scheme of the information complex functioning and the detailed structure of the data analysis module are given. Examples of the functioning of the measuring module and the information system as a whole, the data analysis module are presented. The graphs of the received initial data, the data after their filtering by various algorithms, the calculated displacement of the measuring device along the vertical axis when using various filtering algorithms are presented. It is shown that for the set of hardware sensors used in this work, the most plausible results are obtained using the Savitsky-Golay filter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the problems arising in edge computing technology. A mathematical model describing the time delays in data processing and transmission is constructed, and suggestions are made to improve the efficiency of using the technology. The devices' examples developed taking into account the edge computing technology requirements are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of 5G networks launched before few years and is projected to bring about significant changes in people's daily lives, which connect nodes using optical transceiver modules and optical fibers. The connection between the Central and Base Stations is the most intriguing part of the 5G network, and many academics have examined it extensively in order to improve and maximize network efficiency and achieving the highest data rate with less complexity, and cost-effectiveness. As a result, this paper has been used the Optisystem program and a Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) Radio over Fiber (RoF) approach to demonstrate, plan, and execute in this article. For higher-speed transmission systems targeted toward Tbps connectivity, a 50 by 40 Gbps data transmission system is proposed. Channels 1, 4, 8, ..., 48, and 50 were chosen as samples for the investigation. The output analysis was based on the eye-opening parameters, Quality Factor (QF), and Min Bit Error Rate (MBER) for the distances ranging between (60 - 180) Km. The results showed a higher data rate performance for the proposed system to reach 2 Tbps for future applications. Furthermore, QF parameters showed encourage results as the averaged obtained values were above the threshold by ranging between (0.22-13) dBm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in sensor technology have made the bridge security supervising system automated in real-time. Many long-span bridges in Korea and Japan have implemented this system of real-time security surveillance. In this, a new concept is implemented in the bridge security supervising system. TCP/IP wireless network is tested for a short distance (among bridge sensors) and CDMA is tested for long-distance (between bridge and management center) data communication. (3) A dynamic database which stores bridge condition data; (4) a cloud-based system that monitors and evaluates transmitted information from the control systems. This system consists of: (1) Bridge environmental control system installed; (2) Bridges management system connecting cloud-based communication systems as well as cloud-based servers. This technology monitors as well as monitors in real time the circumstances of a bridge as well as its environment, including local water flows, pipelines, air conditioning, as well as other safety conditions. For the real-time supervision of the bridge situations the data and images observed are transmitted to the server via cellular telecommunication systems as well as the database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater acoustic modems are commonly used to send and receive data in underwater communications, this device converts the digital data on the sending side into acoustic signals. The acoustic signal that is sent will then be received by another modem and the received acoustic signal will be converted back into digital data. In order to communicate between nodes in underwater communication, an acoustic modem is needed, where the implementation of its use is such as in underwater wireless sensor networks, underwater surveillance systems and underwater monitoring systems. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is a modulation scheme that is often applied in underwater communications. In this paper, we analyze the performance of an acoustic modem with a bitrate of 4800 bps implemented in the FSK modulation scheme. The size of the data packet sent is 7 bits. This proposed bitrate scheme of FSK modulation aims to test higher modulation speeds. The test results show that the measurement of the Bit Error Rate (BER) at a distance of 100cm is 0%, while at a distance of 160cm it has a BER value of 12%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few years, computer network researchers have proposed many new congestion control algorithms for general and specific data transmission. However, most of these algorithms are completed by modelling and limited to the conditions of laboratory experiments; few of them have been practically tested in real high-performance networks. The paper solves an actual scientific problem of developing models and methods for increasing the bandwidth of distributed telecommunication systems of highly accessible cloud data storage based on new access protocols. The problems were analysed concerning the deployment and functioning of cloud data storage. The technological and functional problems were highlighted when deploying cloud data storage based on the analysis. The attention was focused on unsolvable problems of building distributed data transmission systems. A cloud data storage model was improved by presenting it as an algebraic system, which differs from the existing ones by introducing data processing methods based on session-level protocol tools into the architecture of a connected telecommunications network, which made it possible to determine and use its bandwidth more accurately and fully. The system architecture was designed based on the proposed and modelled methods to access cloud storage. Cloud storage was deployed in practice and data was exchanged. A comparative analysis was carried out of the proposed methods and the existing ones, and their effectiveness was proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With new technology, the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) has evolved into Data-Driven Intelligent Transport System (DDITS) and further to the Internet of Vehicles (IOV) during the last few decades. Vehicular Ad-hoc networks (VANETs), a hierarchy of Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs), are usually deployed in smart ITS in urban, highway, and rural scenarios. VANET facilitates vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication with massive exchanges of safety and non-safety messages to other vehicles. Moreover, it achieves low latency in an open-access environment without requiring fixed infrastructure or centralized administration, improving ride quality, safety, comfort, and efficiency issues in road traffic. However, open wireless communication channels make these messages vulnerable to attackers to intercept, tamper, replay, and eradicate them. Hence, this paper provides an extensive overview of VANETs, security, and various attacks and countermeasures. It further analyses the critical and challenging security issues, in particular Authentication, data confidentiality, data integrity, availability, and nonrepudiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents fiber optic data transmission system for temperature measurements. It is used for short-range frequency modulated data transmission in a noisy electromagnetic environment caused by high voltage equipment. The system is composed of an input data converter, optical transmitter, optical fiber channel, receiver and output data converter. It operates at a wavelength of 850 µm, with 100 MS/s transfer rate, at possible distance up to 2000 m. The system is fully assembled and tested in a laboratory environment. It is a reliable solution for single and multichannel temperature monitoring without an electric connection between transmitting and receiving sides. At the current implementation single channel data transmission is performed. Temperature is measured by thermo-electric sensor e.g. thermocouple or thermo-resistor, where data encoding and conversion device is optimized for the particular sensor constrains and typical sensor output signal. Multichannel data transmission is also possible within the current system implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of things is well-developing technology in the modern era. These technologies were used in various fields by passing the information or commands to electronic devices. In early stage, there is a communication between machine to machine, machine to environment and machine to infrastructure but IoT fills the gap between human intelligence and artificial intelligence. As a result, large number of database has been generated for processing and the processed information takes necessary action. Though it provides so many opportunities but the problem is it creates so many risks while transmitting information. Therefore it should be concern that how to keep these devices safe and secure. Hence the study is mainly focused how the machine learning techniques resolve the problems created due to the securing IoT surrounding. This proposed paper deliberate about the variables, features and existing technique and identified which method would be more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Laser based underwater communication is used as a best tool for mining the mysterious ocean atmosphere for gathering different types of information. Unmanned underwater vehicles are deployed underwater for this purpose. Laser based data transmission and reception gives a better way of communication utilizing the very interesting properties of it. Real time videos of Deep Ocean are captured using sensors and cameras and may be transferred to another UUV or equipment placed at land. This real time video transfer requires a feasible high speed with high data rate communication technique. This paper tries to implement a high speed underwater laser communication link by utilizing the USB based data transfer with the aid of lab-VIEW programming. The major objectives of the research are to study, compare the various underwater wireless technologies, design and development of UW laser communication link using USB based data transfer, to evaluate the communication link performance in varying simulated water conditions like pure, coastal and turbid waters, evaluate the link with data like text, images, audio and video files, bit Error rate analysis. Another objective is to introduce an IoUT concept with high data rate and low bit error rate. Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is defined as a network of smart interconnected underwater objects for monitoring/carrying out underwater operations. IoUT enables a system of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) communicating with each other, sensing, collecting and transmitting data to control centers above the surface at regular Internet speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We live in times where technology is advancing at an unprecedent rate. From online communication, shopping, data sharing, cashless payments to transmitting sensitive information through internet, everything is being done online. These online methods of data transfer are always vulnerable to online phishing and frauds. Therefore, it becomes very imperative to devise ways for safe and secure transmission of data. To keep up this, new and secure cryptographic schemes are the need of the modern age. In this paper, the author presents a new improvised encryption technique which makes modifications in the traditional approach of the Caesar cipher by combining it with extended Hill cipher. Additionally, it makes use of the Linear congruential method to generate the randomized secret key. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-Robot system (MRS) is a collaboration technique to coordinate and control a large number of robots. Navigation, communication, and coordination are some of the current challenges for these systems. Generally handling a multi-robot system poses challenge on the communication infrastructure or possibly a central controller and to resolve this robust communication for multi-robot system is needed. Most common wireless technology use microwave, infrared (IR) and radio frequency (RF) for data communication. Unlike RF, communication using ultrasonic wave can be promising alternative as it does not affect human health. Till now, communication systems are designed using RF and Infrared for multi-robot system. This paper discusses about the development and applicability of ultrasonic communication technology for multi-robot system. This technology uses ultrasonic transducers which are actuated by a 40 kHz signal to transmit the encoded data. The communication system is tested for a range of distance and angle for successful communication. The results of the analysis suggest the feasibility and viability of using ultrasonic waves for digital communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain offering various impactful data communication services across the network platform, the measurable characteristics of Blockchain are it's impressive features like immutability, consensus, proof of work and smart contracting technology bring Blockchain as a one of the strong technology of present and future network, if one talk about the network like MANET then the lack of communication resources makes wireless network very poor in which low capacity sensors are facing very serious problem of attacks, since outside attackers can access data, which makes MANET network very poor and low featured network for present as well as future of mobile ad hoc network technology, in this case Blockchain can be the best solution for lacking technology, Blockchain brings a trustworthy environment for the storage of data and also the management of intermediates like other participates since Blockchain ensure the security of data as well as the validity of authorized participation makes Blockchain technology beneficial for the deployment MANET through a series of blocks. This paper we put a latest research idea of deploying a trustworthy communication system in traditional MANET using Blockchain based data exchanging algorithm called BSLS (Blockchain based secured lightweight shield) and also concentrate on the challenging part of Blockchain in MANET like selection of valid and authorized node to involve in the process of communication along with reducing the complexity issues occurred during the management and maintenance of Blockchain deployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a huge congregation, several pilgrimages went missing because they got lost or other causes. Moreover, during the holy seasons, cases like panicking due to getting scattered around from the group or getting lost and not finding the way back. To accommodate this problem, Portable Pilgrim Tracker is proposed in this paper to overcome those missing pilgrimages cases. Portable Pilgrim Tracker is a monitoring and tracking device designated to detect the user's location and heart rate in real-time. Using Wi-Fi technology as the medium of data transmission, the data is collected from the GPS module and pulse sensor Arduino. The information such as the user's real-time location and heart rate will be sent to the guardian's Blynk mobile application. With the usage of this portable pilgrim tracker, it is expected that this will be able to assist the mobile application user (guardians or travel agency staff) with the screen of live maps about Pilgrim's location and their heart rate to avoid any unwanted consequences such as missing Pilgrim and health compilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An era of precision agriculture has started and its benefits to the human beings are assumed to be more. Now a days modern agriculture requires the usage of new technologies for getting higher yields. Currently Internet of Things (IoT) plays an innovative role in agricultural practices. IoT is a flexible network of sensor nodes which senses the data from physical environment and send it to the sink node for further process. Transmitting the data from sensor nodes to the sink node or Base Station is an important parameter in the IoT network. There is need to find the ways which makes the design and use of routing protocols and algorithms wherever possible for improving the automation in the agriculture. Precision Agriculture is nothing but bringing the automation in agriculture in such a way that its working happens autonomously in the situation where the involvement of human being is very hard. The life time of sensor node is restricted in IoT network. So, there is need to follow such an approach which dissipate as less as possible energy of nodes. While the transmission of data among the nodes energy aware and efficient routing protocols are necessary. There are various approaches of clustering algorithms exist to optimize the energy of routing protocols. Besides this there is a scope to pay attention on the latency, network life time, throughput etc. This paper addresses the features and limitations of existing cluster based routing protocols in the IoT assisted Precision Agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the transmission of video data with a huge size via limited bandwidth communication channels is considered a core challenge. Hence, the compression technology is widely used for video applications and one of the common efficient compression standards is H.264 that required to be protected. This paper focuses on classifying the selective video encryption techniques in terms of compression which is used for encrypted important or sensitive data on H.264 video using various encryption methods. The classification is consists of three classes: encryption before-compression, encryption during-compression, and encryption after-compression. Moreover, the H.264/AVC structure is explained in detail. The features for each class will be discussed for determining the open challenges in this approach. Finally, we concluded the review with open challenges and future directions. This review may help researchers and serve as a reference in the field of the selective H.264 video encryption system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]