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Analysis on finding patterns of household expenditures including the relationships between various household characteristics and family consumptions is important. This is because the behaviours of household expenditures affect economic developments and policy planning of a country. This paper explores characteristics of households with different levels of household expenditures to determine characteristics of consumers in Malaysia. Drawing from the Household Expenditure Survey (HES) done by the Department of Statistics Malaysia, the relationships between all variables in the household expenditure survey are extracted by using an association rules mining algorithm which is the Apriori algorithm. Association rules mining method is proposed in this study to gather hidden information in the survey since it is able to identify combinations of variables that occur concurrently in large dataset. The Apriori algorithm is chosen because it is simple and easy to execute. The study shows that there are significant relationships between the characteristics of a household with their total expenditures based on chi-squared test. Family size, education background and marital status are all important factors influencing household expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of e-commerce in Indian market witnesses the emergence of new consumer group known as e-consumers. Due to extreme involvement of consumers purchasing goods/services through online mode, consumers required protection against online fraud. As majority transactions are through online consumer protection should be availed through online. The main objective of the study is to know about the e-consumer awareness towards e-commerce consumer protection Act 2019, what are the guidelines and measures taken by the e-consumers protection act to protect the interest of e-consumers towards online trading. The study is based on both primary and secondary data, we have used Percentage analysis and chi-square test. So, this paper aims to examine the awareness about e-commerce guidelines for consumer protection 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is designed to investigate the expected drive time from source (Dolphin and Ugbuwangwejetty) to destination (Kurutie jetty) in Gbaramatu kingdom. The chi square goodness of fit test and the proposed modified chi square test goodness of fit (MCSTGF) are applied to determine the expected drive time from source to destination. The Pearson correlation technique was used to investigate the strength of association between the computed expected drive time and the observed drive time. The results based on the hypothesis revealed that the expected drive time from source to destination with Yamaha 115hp is less than one hour (49 minutes) and more than one hour (95.1 minutes) with Yamaha 90hp. The finding demonstrated that the expected drive time between 49 minutes and 95.1 minutes depends on the capacity of the speed boat engine. The results showed that the computed expected drive time of the MCSTGF methodand the observed drive time could be used effectively to determine the strength of association. The study inferred that there is a very weak positive association (r=0.021) and (r=0.021) for study condition one and two based on the MCSTGF method whereas thecomputed expected drive time from the conventional chi-square method and the observed drive time indicates that there is no correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the internal research plan of the Research Institute for Agrarian Economy and Rural Development, the project entitled "Marketing studies for sustainable agri-food products and analysis of consumption behavior, in the objectives context of the European strategy From farm to Fork (From farm to consumer)". Starting from the objectives of the strategy mentioned in the title of the project, in the first phase, we identified 4 groups of agri-food products for which marketing studies will be carried out, respectively: nuts, fruits, vegetables and whole grains. The present work presents the main results obtained following the analysis methodology used, to outline the profile of consumers of nuts in Romania, as well as a form of validation or not of research hypotheses, using the SPSS program, in order to calculate reference parameters for studying the synergies between the independent and dependent variables under research, such as the chi-square test or the contingency coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual universities have developed considerably over the past decade, particularly on the African continent. They provide a way to deal with the considerable need to educate a large young population, but the lack of physical space can be a drawback that prevents students from succeeding and increasing dropout compared to a more traditional face-to-face university. To limit these issues, some virtual universities have been opening Open Digital Spaces (ODS) to complement the virtual space and offer students a place where to work and solve pedagogical, technical or administrative issues. However, it is unclear how students actually make use of these ODS and which uses can be beneficial or detrimental to their success and limit dropout. In this paper we lead an exploratory study of the results of a large-scale digital survey in a major African Virtual University (N=2392 answers) to identify factors in the use of Open Digital Spaces (ODS) that have an impact on students' success and dropout. We analyzed the data using multiple Chi-Square tests of independence. Results indicate that students who visit ODSs more during the 2 weeks before an exam or only when it is mandatory are statistically less likely to succeed, contrary to students who come to work in groups or for the internet access who are more likely to succeed. Conversely, students who do not see the value of ODSs for learning and who visit only when mandatory are more likely to dropout, contrary to students who come when they have a pedagogical need or to work in groups who are less likely to dropout. Some factors particularly impact first year university students, highlighting the need to make them understand which use of the ODS are relevant to increase their chances to graduate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2019 novel Corona-virus infection spreads very quickly all over the world, many employers have decided to secure themselves as freelancers and to shift to remote work. The current system offers project outsourcing in a manual work. Hiring a Freelance Coder is designed to develop an interface for the organization and the freelancing professionals using responsive web design. This article highlights the project outsourcing through virtual environment there is no need of real physical meet up. The working flow of this website, The Company posts its project requirement to this application by the given category. The freelancer can search and view any project posted on this application and the freelancer can bid the project to outsource from the company. The entire bid details can be verified by the company and can approve the bid. The company can monitor the work status given by the freelancer and ask queries. The internship candidate can view the internship list and they can apply and send a resume. The present study was conducted during the month of December 2020, where questionnaires are formed and data collected using Google forms. Analysis of the data is made through Simple percentage method, Chi square test and ranking method. After analysis it found that the majority holding 31-40 age group of freelancers prefer online freelancing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is a serious issue in most parts of Bihar, especially in its capital city, Patna. The air quality in Patna has significantly worsened due to factors like rapid urbanization, increased traffic, and various natural and human-related causes. This decline in air quality has led to several negative health effects. In light of this, the aim of this study was to examine how air pollution affects the long-term health of Patna's residents, taking into account age and exposure time as important factors. We gathered data from one busy intersection in Patna, specifically Danapur. Health effects from air pollution were collected from the residents via a formatted questionnaire. To analyze the relationship between age, exposure time, and the health effects reported by the participants, we used a statistical test called the chi square test of independence. The findings of the study revealed a clear link between age, exposure time, and the health status of the participants. We concluded that older individuals and those with longer exposure times faced a higher risk associated with the increasing air pollution levels. This study provides a foundation for raising awareness among both authorities and the general public of the adverse health impacts associated with declining air quality, emphasizing the urgency in taking appropriate measures to counter this challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several prescribed preventive measures that have brought changes in mode choice patterns due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study is focused specifically on the distribution of the travelers' modal choice pattern amidst lockdown period in Dhaka city. A comprehensive questionnaire survey with the 224 responders (Male 34.8%, Female 65.2%) has been conducted and the participants chosen their modes based on five factors i.e., transmission risk, comfort, safety, cost effectiveness and timeliness. Additionally, their travel frequencies, ride sharing preferences and overall trip satisfactions have also been documented. The study performed a number of statistical tests including frequency distribution, chi square test etc. Also, accident statistics is incorporated to understand the relativity of modal choices with the accident frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The numbers of male and female candidates admitted to physical science streams in all universities in Sri Lanka were respectively 6,023 and 1,807 in 2017; 5,787 and 1,772 in 2018; and 5,707 and 1,729 in 2019. Thus, the male-to-female ratio was maintained at 3.3:1. In the physics departments of all Sri Lankan universities, as of 2021, there were 85 male and 32 female faculty members in the permanent cadre, with 84 of all members holding a PhD degree. However, it is relatively difficult for female academics to achieve research-based merit promotions to senior faculty grades such as associate professor and professor. This trend has essentially remained unchanged over the past several years, although the chi square test suggests that gender is not a factor in obtaining a PhD among the staff at all universities (p=.633). The proportion of males among all staff members is approximately 0.659 (p=.082). Since the 95 confidence interval is 0.639–0.806, there is a high chance that the female-to-male ratio will be approximately 1:2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the local authority in each city was implementing different approaches to limit the virus spread within the population. Jakarta, as the city with the most reported cases in Indonesia, reinforced the lockdown policy to limit the activities of its people. This regulation has been reported by news outlets as the main factor which improve the traffic condition in Jakarta during this period. The present study proposed a text mining approach to explore this phenomenon in the social media realm, especially Twitter. The tweets used in this study were gathered from the Jakarta police department's official Twitter account, @TMCPoldaMetro. This account regularly reports the traffic condition from several locations across Jakarta. The proposed method extracted the location and its traffic condition reported on the tweets. Then, the weighted scores, from zero to two, were calculated to quantify this traffic condition during the lockdown period (10th of April - 31st of December 2020). These scores are compared to the same period from the two previous years, as well as the previous period within the same year (1st January - 9th of April 2020). Firstly, a series of t-test was conducted to statistically measures the traffic condition differences in general. The result of this study indicates a significant traffic improvement during the lockdown period in overall reported locations. Furthermore, chi-squared tests were also performed to measure traffic improvement in each specific location. Surprisingly, several locations which considered as office district was reported no traffic improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia territory is an earthquake-prone area because it is located at the confluence of three major world plates, namely the Eurasian, Indo-Australian, and Pacific Plates. The causes many earthquakes that cause casualties and damage buildings. Lombok Island is one part of Indonesia's territory, prone to earthquakes. This study focused on determining the type of foreshock and aftershock earthquake distribution in 2018 on Lombok Island using descriptive statistical methods. Determination of the type of distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test approach and the Chi- Square test. The results of this study are expected to be used by the Regional Government of West Nusa Tenggara Province and Regency / City Governments on the Island of Lombok related to disaster mitigation and evaluation of regional spatial planning documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students' academic success has always been the top priority and is believed to be one of the factors that will help in increasing students' employability. Soft skills are also known to be vital before entering the working world. There have been many studies that sought to investigate factors that influence graduate employability. This study aims to determine the impact of academic factors and soft skills on students' employability after they have graduated from university from two main sources, which are the Feedback on the Attributes of UMS Trainee Who Are Currently Undergoing Industrial Training for the year 2017 and the Graduates Tracer Study 2017 administered by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. The population of the study is all the graduates in the year 2017 and a sample of 1028 students was obtained from the respondents that responded to the two matched main sources. Several tests such as the Chi Square test, Independent T-test, and Mann Whitney U test were employed for analyses to determine the relationships and differences between academic factors and soft skills towards graduate employability. The results show that there are no relationships between academic factors, qualification, and program of study. There seem to be a mean difference between academic factors, such as entry and final CGPA, PPIB results and SPM English results towards employability status of graduates. However, as for soft skills (i.e. knowledge, technical skills, ICT skills, problem solving, communication skills, teamwork, leadership, professionalism and ethics), the results show that only ICT skill is statistically significant towards graduate employability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 outbreak has unpredictably disrupted the operations of numerous museums. Museum visitor experience has a physical, personal, and social context, which are not achievable during the pandemic. Despite the depreciation during the Circuit Breaker period, the disruption also presents an opportunity for local museums to develop new strategies of audience engagement to accommodate the altered audience behavior. This exploratory study analyses data from six Singapore-based museums to understand the visitorship patterns across different ages and genders. The impact of COVID-19 is also analysed. Using R-studio and relevant packages, we conducted statistical tests such as hypothesis testing, Chi-square testing and regression. It was concluded that overall, museums attracted a younger demographic compared to the general Singapore population, and male visitors were more likely to visit more than once. Furthermore, the average number of visitors in the second half of 2020, after a nation-wide COVID-19 stay-home order, was found to be statistically greater than the average number of visitors before. An interactive R Shiny app was also designed to allow users to explore the visitor profile of each museum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to assess medical students' use of decision-support medical apps and evaluate their perception of app use. A cross-sectional multi-center observational study was conducted among medical students with and without a medical informatics course as part of their undergraduate medical curriculum. We assessed trust, perceptions, patient impression, reliability, and comfort using an online survey. A total of 439 responses were received. There were significant differences between the two groups when indicating which apps, they trust. Students agreed that using apps enhanced knowledge (91%), saved time (88%), improved patient care (85%), and increased diagnostic accuracy (82%). Students indicated that patients would think that students didn't know what they were doing (63%) or students were fresh out of training (53%) when using apps in the presence of patients. Incorporating medical app usage as part of learning may increase trust and comfort with using medical apps in medical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every event of life is an act of action. To take any action, one must make a decision. This is the main crux of the Research. In today's world, humans' decision is based on two aspects: Cognitive Decision Making and Artificial Intelligence Decision Making. The proposed research studies about these mentioned Decision-Making Processes. The main objective of the research is to evaluate how an individual takes a decision, i.e., do they consider their own Self- Belief and Gut Feelings or do they consider a recommendation from an Expert System. To achieve the goal, a survey was conducted in the form of a questionnaire. The questionnaire has 16 questions. These questions are statements of decision- making that contain questions dealing with the Cognitive Decision Making Process and Artificial Intelligence Decision Making Process. A sample size of 257 responses was selected randomly. Data were analyzed for each question, and the result was put forward. It was observed that the majority of the people are inclined to making Decisions based on their Self-Belief and Gut Feeling. To analyze how people make a decision, individuals were generalized into gender. Two variables were formed: Gender and Decisions Taken. A hypothesis test using the Chi-Square test of Independence was conducted in order to understand the association of these two variables. A result was formed which showed the majority of the decisions rejected the Null hypothesis, i.e., there is no association between Gender and how Decisions are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 is rapidly spreading over the world, resulting in a global health crisis. SARS-COV-2 is the pathogen of COVID-19, and prior research has suggested a link between the ABO blood group and coronavirus. The goal of this study is to look at the link between the ABO blood group and COVID-19 infection, severity, and death. Through detection of detect the association between blood group and (age and Gender) in COVID-19 infected. The 375 samples from many Hospital and Health center in Iraq- Wasit, Erbil, Kirkuk, and Sulaimani applied to determine the results of the present study included: Descriptive statistical data analysis :(Frequency, Percentage, Mean, and Mode and stander deviation) and inferential data analysis: Chi-square test and one-way ANOVA (F-Test). A result of this study shows that, there was a statistically significant association between Blood groups in age (p=0.01). Nevertheless, there was no statistically significant association between A, B, AB, and O) Blood Groups in related gender (p=0.19) which was more than the stander alpha of 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Family businesses are an essential element in improving living standards, especially in developing countries in Africa. But unless they are defined as a unique form of business it is not possible to create support for them.Universities can be considered key players in this issue. Based on the scientific outputs, family businesses could become acknowledged by a government organization. The aim of this study is therefore to identify the way in which the issue of family businesses is perceived by representatives of African universitiesand whether there is a relationship between this perception and financial supportfor them. Methodology: The questionnaire survey was conducted at 38 faculties of economics at African universities, those faculties being chosen at random. The population numbered 481 faculties of economics. Chi-square tests of independence were used to analyse the questionnaire results. Results: Dependency was found between whether family businesses in a particular country are deemed by scientists at African faculties of economics to be a specific form of business undertaking and whether the respondents considerfamily businesses to have sufficient support in tertiary education. It was also found that in those countries in which a family business is deemed by scientists to be a unique form of business undertaking, such businesses are more frequently provided with financial support by the government. More than 97 % ofrespondents think it desirable to also consider family businesses from the perspective of scientific research. Originality: The study provides novel insights into the education about familybusiness in the frame of tertiary economic education across the Africa regionand from the scientist point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The participation of students in the MBKM program implemented, especially at the Narotama University Surabaya Campus, cannot be separated from students' perceptions of the benefits that can be obtained by participating in MBKM activities. The perception of these benefits certainly cannot be separated from students' knowledge of the MBKM program itself. This study aims to determine the effect of knowledge on students' perceptions of the benefits of MBKM activities. The research data was used using the MBKM evaluation instrument made by Dikti. Respondents in this study were all students at the Faculty of Economics and Business. The number of respondents who filled out the questionnaire was 549 people. The data that has been collected were analyzed using frequency distribution analysis, cross-tabulation, and chi-square. The result showed that in general, the level of student knowledge of the MBKM program has an impact on students' perceptions of the benefits of the MBKM program. The better the level of students' knowledge of the MBKM program, the better students' perceptions of the benefits of the MBKM program. For this reason, Narotama University Surabaya, Indonesia needs to continue to disseminate information to students regarding the MBKM policy implemented on campus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examines how academic representatives of African universities perceive the family business issue. It aims to investigate whether there is a relationship between this perception and the tertiary education of this topic and support for these businesses in selected African countries. Methodology: The empirical part of this study aimed to examine the interdependence between African university representatives' perspectives of family businesses and specific support for these businesses. Firstly, in the context of promoting the topic in tertiary education and secondly, within the specific support for these businesses. For data processing, we used Chi-square tests to test the independence of the variables. To measure the strength of this relationship, we used Cramer's V- test. Findings: The research results show that in countries where academics consider family businesses as a unique type of business, this subject is more likely to be adequately promoted in tertiary education. We also found that family businesses in these countries are more likely to receive specific support through special programmes, financial support and counselling. Limitations: The random sample of respondents does not include respondents from all countries in Africa which makes the possibility of generalizing the research findings speculative. Originality: The study offers new insights into family businesses in the context of tertiary education in African countries. It is the first study to show the relationship between academic perceptions of the family businesses and actual support for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient-Accessible Electronic Health Records (PAEHR) is particularly controversial in mental healthcare. We aim to explore if there is any association between patients with mental health conditions and the experience of someone demanding access to their PAEHR. A chi-square test showed a significant association between group belonging and experiences of someone demanding access to the PAEHR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]