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Sustainability of Public Transport System is a hot topic that has become a rather taboo issue to be discussed in South East Asian countries like Bangkok, Thailand and Jakarta, Indonesia. Malaysia too with its high vehicle congestion also belong to this category. The respective government dilemma is whether to increase allocation for more highways or to provide more fund to build more Public Transport such as Light Rail Transit (LRT), Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) or Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). The aim of this study is to identify the determinants and challenges in ensuring sustainability of Public Transport in Kuala Lumpur and to propose policy to encourage more LRT ridership. The focus of the study is on LRT Kelana Jaya Line as it has higher ridership. A survey would be conducted using electronic questionnaires to gather the data for content analysis to be carry out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation-driven firms must adopt an open design strategy for competitiveness. Co-design games are recommended to foster an open, equal, and collaborative culture. However, most studies focus on the West. East-Asian countries, notably China, face unique challenges due to cultural disparities and inertia. This paper explores design games in the Chinese context through a case study with traditional workshops, revealing participants' perspectives and the potential impact on cultural inertia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a web system of assessment and 16 days in-advance forecast of weather fire danger according to the modified method by V.G. Nesterov. The system is used to regulate the duties and responsibilities of regional forest protection agencies and is aimed at deciding on aerial observation of fire-hazard vegetation areas. Global Forecast System climate model is used as actual and forecasting weather data. The designed system comprises a relational database of weather data and 3D polygons (grounds), modules of data uploading and making up a catalogued storage, converting GRIB-files and data visualization by JavaScript API via the electronic Google Maps. The software checkout was done using the specimen of the fire season in 2019 inside the territory of the Jewish Autonomous Region and Khabarovsk Territory of the Russian Far East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the prospects of developing renewable energy sources (RES) in the Russian Far East and analyses the methods of state support by market segments and regions. The financial consequences of introducing RES differ not only by market segments but by consumer groups as well. The authors evaluated the economic availability of electricity for the consumers in the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) with regards to their income, which confirms the presence of differentiation. The potential consequences of RES distribution in the subjects of the FEFD were evaluated. All territories will show the decrease of purchasing power if the new tariff on electricity is introduced, except for Chukotka Autonomous Okrug where introducing RES would instead lower energy expenses. This would necessitate additional expenses on state support of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-based foods reduce and reduce mortality from both acute and chronic diseases, including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, inflammatory diseases, and neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. The paper presents the results of a study of phenolic compounds of fruits of wild-growing common lingonberry (V. vitis-idaea) growing on the territory of the Far East region. It was found that V. vitis-idaea berries contain a large amount of arbutin, chlorgenic acid, quercetin, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B3 and resveratrol. In the course of the research, an extract of V. vitis-idaea berries was obtained and the technological parameters of its production were substantiated. Indicators of quality and nutritional value of Vaccinium vitis-idaea berry extract indicate a high content of polyphenolic compounds in the extract. The results obtained give grounds to recommend berries and an extract from Vaccinium vitis-idaeae as a functional basis for food production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relations between the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula and East Asia are recorded in a number of different written sources. Given that most of the traded goods were perishable, the archaeological evidence is today limited to pottery and coins, although the latter has rarely been found in Arabia. The aim of this paper is to investigate the connections between the two areas, focusing on the recent discoveries from the settlement of al-Balīd (ancient afār), which flourished along the southern coast of the Sultanate of Oman during the medieval period, reaching its peak between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries AD. Work at the site has recently been resumed and is currently focused on the excavation of the citadel (Husn al-Balīd) and on the study of small finds and pottery, including the collection of ceramics from East Asia. Not only frankincense, silk, Chinese porcelain, and stoneware, but also resins, natural pigments, and exotic animals were travelling at that time between Arabia and East Asia in both directions. Following the written sources and by studying the East Asian imports discovered during the recent excavations at Husn al-Balīd, two periods of major contact have been identified and are discussed below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research paper investigates international competitiveness and trade of the former regional integration The East Asia Economic Caucus (EAEC) or East Asia Economic Group (EAEG) countries. This paper has special insight on what would be with former EAEC countries and their international competitiveness. The research includes the implementation of four international trade and competitiveness indicators like export-import ratio, trade balance, intra-industry trade and trade openness. The research is conducted by using data for 12 former EAEC member states within the period from year 2014 to 2018. The key aim of the research is to identify international competitiveness and trade for former EAEC Member States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the previous research on cultural taste supports class determinism. However, rapid cultural flow following globalization makes it possible for consumers of different classes to access various cultural products, which declares the failure of class determinism in cultural taste. The paper proposes the regional shift and the classificatory shift in taste research. It also examines the effect of globalization on cultural taste through "horizontal" and "vertical" omnivorousness in East Asian societies. The study finds that: (1) social class fails to predict cultural omnivorousness; (2) individuals with higher level of globalization have a wider range of cultural taste; (3) the process of globalization on national level encourages people to appreciate various cultural products. The discussion on the effect of globalization on cultural omnivorousness in East Asia helps to better understand patterns of cultural taste in a globalized context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s contributed to the intensification of regional economic integration in East Asia. However, the initial optimism resulting from the greater interest in integration among participants weakened over time. One of the most important countries with real and growing influence on partners in East Asia is China. Its rising economic position makes China’s perception of regional integration and its activity in that field crucial for the development of the process. These issues are covered in this study. The main purpose of the paper is to present and evaluate China’s role in the development of regional economic integration in East Asia in the period from the Asian financial crisis to the present. Two most important components of the regional economic integration will be analysed, namely regionalisation and regionalism. The main conclusion is that as a result of China's growing position as one of the leading economic centres of East Asia, its role in the development of East Asian economic integration has significantly increased. It can be observed in engagement in institutional frameworks, but above all, in the development of real economic ties in the region. Potentially, China can act as the most influential promoter of regional economic integration in East Asia. However, it depends on the significance of regional aspirations in a broader global strategy of China. It seems that currently global ambitions far outweigh the regional ones. Various research methods are used to achieve the goal of the study: method of critical analysis of literature, method of inference and method of statistical data analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to develop an analytical framework for discussing the link between financial systems and economic growth. Financial systems help overcome an information asymmetry between borrowers and lenders. If they do not function well, economic growth will be negatively affected. Economists have long recognized the importance of the financial system. In the year since the onset of the East Asian crisis we have increasingly heard that the financial system was one of the main causes of the crisis, that the financial system needs to be reformed in order to resolve the crisis, and that we need to pay attention to the effects of other reforms on the financial system. While there is a firm consensus that a well-functioning financial sector is a precondition for the efficient allocation of resources and the exploitation of an economy's growth potential, the economic literature is less consensual on how and to what extent finance affects economic growth. Economic theory suggests that sound and efficient financial systems--banks, equity markets, and bond markets--which channel capital to its most productive uses are beneficial for economic growth. Sound and efficient financial systems are especially important for sustaining growth in developing Asia because efficiency of investment will overshadow quantity of investment as the driver of growth in the region. Overall, our evidence supports the notion that further development of the financial sector matters for sustaining developing Asia‗s growth in the post crisis period. However, the primary role of financial sector development in growth is likely to shift away from mobilizing savings, thus augmenting the quantity of investment toward improving the efficiency of investment, and thereby contributing to higher economy wide productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marshes of Mesopotamia are distinguished by their environmental and biological diversity and of economic and natural importance as they are considered one of the largest wetlands in East Asia, and significant changes have occurred in them during the last period, this paper aims to know and determine the extent of the changes in the land cover and the main features (water, cane, plant, soil) for AlHammar marsh in southern Iraq, and to achieve this object, the Landsat 8 satellite images was used for the years (OLI) 2018,2019. And remote sensing techniques were adopted here using the three-way supervised classification technique (maximum likelihood, minimum distance, parallelepiped) and applied Three color combinations Various are (432), (451) and (452) through the (ENVI) program, and also the (ArcGIS 10.4.1 "arcMap") program was used to cut off the study area and to extract maps, the results showed that there were major changes in the flooded areas of the marshes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

East Asia is a region because of its economic activity. Current transformation towards a digital economy, East Asia must also transform their synergy to maintain its economic growth. China, which has become a leading economy in the international environment, must address its capability to lead East Asia into a more united region. Therefore, this article will discuss two main topics. First is the current condition of regional economic integration in East Asia regarding digital economy transformation. Second, how China could manifest and lead the region's digital economy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in China and the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus caused at first some kind of shift in attitudes towards East Asia. However, in the longer term, wider effects apply into international relations around the world. COVID-19 pandemic determined various activities implemented by government all over the world, which aims at fist were to protect health and life of its inhabitant, but later turned out to wider strategy of each country. COVID-19 pandemic expects negative consequences, which undoubtedly are dominant, in some cases turned out to be very stimulating to development. The article aims to present the changes that have taken place in the context of the international position of East Asian countries over the last two years, caused by the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bringing sustainability practices to the aviation industry has helped in offsetting carbon emissions to a great extend. However, the question of whether these practices neutralize carbon emissions is yet unanswered. The research presents an eco-efficiency performance analysis on selected seven airlines in Eastern Asia based on data availability using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as the evaluation technique. The study was carried out with five environmental indicators as inputs (Electricity Consumption, Jet fuel Consumption, GHG emissions, water consumption, and waste generated) and four value-added indicators as the outputs (revenue, passengers, employees, and cargo carried) to compare the sustainability performance levels for the selected airlines. The data related to the airlines required for the assessment was obtained from several database resources, including the GRI, annual airline sustainability reports, ICAO, and IATA. All Nippon Airlines (ANA) is the most eco-efficient and sustainably performing airline in Eastern Asia based on the selected indicators and the obtained datasets. It was observed that there is a discrepancy in the measuring units for the indicators in the metric system used in the published sustainability reports between airlines; thus, collecting complete and consistent data is best recommended to evaluate each airline's sustainability performance from a broader perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental protection and maintaining the ecological balance are the most important state development priorities. Environmental policy issues are closely related to the level of technological equipment of economic sectors, sustainable development of territories, social policy and are aimed at ensuring environmental safety. The expansion of the geography of oil and gas production in Russian Federation in the direction of the northern and Far Eastern territories, the development of new territories (Eastern Siberia, the Arctic, the Far East) determine increased requirements for the environmental component of the extraction, processing and transportation of raw materials. At the same time, comprehensive interdisciplinary studies of anthropogenic changes in natural ecosystems under the influence of oil and gas production are practically not carried out. A unique feature of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (YNAO) is the coexistence of two opposite areas of economic activity in a vulnerable and extreme Arctic environment: the development of rich reserves of mineral resources and traditional nature management of the indigenous peoples of the North. The district has become a center of gas and oil production, intensive industrial development of the territory has led to the formation of significant foci of pollution and environmental degradation in recent years. An urgent task is the geo-ecological monitoring of the state of the environment of the regions of oil and gas production in the YNAO. The purpose of this work is to detect changes in the chemical composition of the waters in the lakes on the territory of Pur-Tazovsky district of YNAO with the beginning of industrial operation of the oil and gas condensate deposit. This article provides the chemical composition of the surface waters of the Gydan Peninsula, Parisento lake area. Physicochemical parameters and chemical components were discussed: pH, Eh, conductivity, major ions, and trace elements. The regularities of change surface waters composition depending on the genesis of reservoirs and the passage of time were determined. During research in 2016-2018, it was found that with the beginning of industrial operation of the East Messoyakhsky oil and gas condensate field there was a slight increase in mineralization and pH values in the water bodies of the Tasovsky district. The changes affected the main anion-cationic composition, where there was an increase in the percentage of sodium and chlorine. Similar transformations of the chemical composition of water bodies are possible under the action of alkaline and chlorine-containing process solutions used in the development and operation of wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research moves beyond the civilizing versus destructive moral views of market society to examine the emerging local/transnational Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) market in Taiwan. The author adopts Fourcade and Healy's (2007) approach of "moralized market" to understand the moral landscape of an emerging market and its economic orders. Multiple research methods were utilized for data collection, mainly fieldwork, in-depth interview, and secondary source data search. The author argues that social actors mobilize contesting justificatory logics to do moral legitimacy, through which the moral and economic orders of commencing ARTs care have been generated, practiced, and experienced. In addition, my findings suggest that there is a variation in the ARTs market organization. This research contributes to the old question about morality and market in economics and economic sociology. Positioning in economic and organizational sociology, feminist studies, and science, technology, and society (STS) studies, this research specifically contributes to the body of literature on the moralized market by incorporating techno-scientific and feminist lens, and contributes to the previous feminist and STS studies of the ARTs by incorporating a moralized market approach. Moreover, this research offers an empirical understanding of the emerging global ARTs market in our current time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deteriorating employment circumstances for young adults have been posited as one of the major factors contributing to fertility decline in East Asia. Using two nationally representative longitudinal data of young adults in Japan (Japanese Panel Study of Consumers) and South Korea (Korean Welfare Panel Study), we examine relationships of women's work (e.g., unemployment, standard, and nonstandard employment) with fertility outcomes in these two countries. Results from discrete-time hazard models show that women in standard employment delay childbirth for both first and second birth. In addition, women in nonstandard employment are least likely to make a transition to first and second childbirth. These patterns are found to be the same in Japan and South Korea. We speculate that the reasons for delaying childbirth may vary by women's employment type. Women in career jobs with standard employment may postpone childbirth for career advancement. In contrast, women in unstable employment conditions with nonstandard employment may postpone childbearing because of economic constraints. Findings of this study will help us understand interrelationships between precarious work, gender, and fertility. They will also shed light on the role of social, economic, and policy contexts that may condition these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased prevalence of premarital pregnancy is thought to be a key indicator of family change in East Asian societies. Drawing on retrospective data on women's pregnancy histories collected in 2016, we investigate prevalence, trends, and factors associated with premarital pregnancy in China. Overall, 12% of Chinese married women born between the 1970s and the 1990s have experienced at least one premarital pregnancy. Women in more recent cohorts are more likely than their counterparts born in the 1970s to have premarital pregnancies. Moreover, the cohort trend toward increased premarital pregnancies is largely because women with very low levels of education are increasingly more likely to have premarital pregnancies across cohorts. The diverging patterns of premarital pregnancy challenge the second demographic transition perspective that attributes family change in low-fertility countries to ideational change and the diffusion of innovative attitudes and behaviors from more advantaged groups to others. The findings suggest that in the midst of the sexual revolution and drastic social change in China, there has been a growing social divide between those with very low levels of education and those with more education. With the growing diversity in Chinese families, more research should be devoted to investigating whether people follow different trajectories depending on their class position and what the consequences are for children, family, and social inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of "world revolutions" comes from studies of the Europe-centered ("modern") world-system, referring to periods in which protests, rebellions and revolutions broke out in the same decades in different parts of the system. We propose to evaluate the world revolution hypothesis as it may have operated in the East Asian world-system since the Bronze Age. We will examine the timing of protest and rebellion events to see if they cluster in time and across space. We consider economic and political contexts, synchronies of rebellions, and connections among those that rebelled and among those that sought to repress or ameliorate the rebellions. And we will eventually quantitatively test hypotheses about the interactions among within-state and between state conflicts, the role of rebellions in dynastic cycles and the relationships between rebellions and changes in the scale of polities and cities in the East Asian worldsystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the works of the Far East explorer V.K. Arsenyev (1872-1930) with the purpose of using his works to find the representational potential of the region's image. Using social constructivism as a methodology, we outline and analyze scientific and artistic types of constructing the Far East image and demonstrate the place each of these types occupies in Arsenyev's works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the topical problem of energy security in East Asia under the context of the unfolding struggle of the major powers in this region for priority access to energy sources from Russia, the Middle East and fields in the East China and South China seas. The problems of bilateral and multilateral energy cooperation, ways of its institutionalization in the context of the prospects of the formation of a common regionwide energy space are depicted in this article. The authors note that the territorial disputes between China and Japan over the Senkaku Islands, as well as the disputes over the ownership of the Paracel Islands, which have repeatedly led the countries of East Asia to the brink of a military confrontation, have a strong natural resources background, because either there are large deposits of hydrocarbons, or there are strategically important ways of transporting oil and gas from the Middle East. The confrontation between China and Japan, the world largest economies and powerful military powers at the same time the countries with lack of oil and gas reserves and that have been experiencing a severe shortage of this strategically important for the functioning of their industry natural resources for the last two decades represents grave danger. The current military and political situation between China and Japan, characterized by the intensification of their struggle for regional leadership and often accompanied by the manifestation of force, calls for intensified efforts of the two governments to establish political cooperation and to reach compromise solutions. According to the authors, the common interests of energy security and stable development of energy cooperation in East Asia suggest the creation of responsible structural department within the existing regional integration associations that would directly deal with energy issues and would allow their depoliticization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies in Western countries and cross-national comparisons have shown that there are several important factors contributing to the level of happiness of individuals. Utilizing the East Asian Social Survey Health Module (2010), the present study examines this relationship in four East Asian countries: China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. East Asian countries are interesting cases for this inquiry, due to the cultural contexts such as traditional gender relations. Therefore, we focus on gender differences in predictors of happiness of individuals and attempt to answer three questions: (1) Do gender differences in happiness exist in East Asian countries? (2) Does marriage still serve as the norm and thus contribute to individual's happiness? (3) Does conforming to traditional gender roles contribute to or deteriorate individual's happiness? (4) Is the availability of social support (i.e., emotional, financial, and instrumental) positively associated with happiness of individuals? We find that there are gender differences in the level of happiness and its determinants in East Asian countries. The result also indicates that marital status is a strong indicator of happiness in East Asian countries, especially for men but not necessarily for women. In addition, full-time employment is positively associated with men's happiness in China but negatively associated with women's in Japan. Finally, social support is positively associated with an individual's happiness, especially for women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]