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Sargassum, though commonly called a seaweed, is a macroalgae originating in the mid-Atlantic that affects Caribbean coastlines, generating an environmental, economic, and social crisis as it washes up on shores. This article aims to highlight the complexity of the issue and the need to address it in a multidisciplinary way. To best address this issue, a collaboration between academia, government, industry, and society is needed. To support industry efforts, this article highlights various studied uses for the seaweed, including its use as an ingredient in fertilizers, cosmetics, and as a source for terpenes, which can be used in the creation of various synthetic polymers. In this sense, the sargassum problem could be converted into a source of valuable resources. However, the constant arrival of sargassum to beaches has negatively affected local economies as it can make an area undesirable for tourism. Due to the large scale of the issue, it can be hard to mitigate. In the Dominican Republic and Mexico, for example, the governments developed monitoring systems to help prepare early responses to the problem. This paper aims to present an initial framework that can be used in future research when addressing the issue of Sargassum in the Caribbean, broadly covering most of the problems it causes, government and non-government management solutions, and possible uses that are being developed for how to deal with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) is an important tool in ranking of adaptation options in the planning and management for climate change of investments in the coastal, port and maritime sectors. Many of the studies that have been completed have produced contradictory outcomes with key assumptions on which they were based being questioned. In the coastal context, CBA has been used to inform decisions on what coastal management option to adopt (do nothing, which is maintaining the status quo, or undertaking variations of protect, adapt or retreat), and the optimal timing of these decisions. It has also been used to evaluate merits of investments that improve community amenity (e.g., a surf lifesaving club). Distributional Analysis has been used in conjunction with CBA to understand impacts of decisions on different sections of the community, e.g., to inform decisions on the relative proportion of public/private funding for projects. In the ports and maritime context, CBA is used to rank options for investment with particular inclusion of pathways for adapting to climate change that emphasise working with nature, resilience and sustainability. Discount rates are an important input to the outcomes of CBA for long term decision making related to adaptation to climate change. Various agencies have differing guidance as to what is appropriate. In the paper and presentation, the role of discount rates and other key assumptions frequently used in CBA's are considered and assessed with reference to specific case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Projections of wave climate for the Gold Coast, Queensland suggest a reduction in wave height combined with an anticlockwise shift in wave direction which may lead to an overall local reduction in longshore sediment transport (LST). Understanding changes in LST variability into the future is crucial to better manage the coastline and prepare for future adaptation pathways. The aim of this paper is to analyse the variability of LST at the end of the 21st century and the implications it may have on coastal management. To do so, a benchmark model was established to assess the LST along the entire coast by using a Delft3D model, where boundary conditions are derived from a global wave hindcast forced with the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR). The Delft3D model was calibrated using the pumping rates of an artificial sand bypassing system at the northern Gold Coast for three representative years encompassing: low (2004), average (2001) and high (2003) LST rates. Then a hybrid wave downscaling technique was applied to obtain the wave data at the breaking point at three locations along the coast where the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) equation was calibrated based on the benchmark model. Finally, future wave climate scenarios (Contributions to the Coordinated Ocean Wave Climate Project, COWCliP) derived from CMIP5 (seven GCMs) and CMIP6 (two GCMs) were bias-corrected and used to generate ensembles to analyse future projected changes in the variability of LST along the Gold Coast by comparing historical and future projection model runs. The changes in interannual variability projections are inconclusive with the CMIP5 ensemble indicating a decrease in LST interannual variability while the CMIP6-derived models (ensemble with two members) indicate an increase. To allow for a fair comparison, more models to compose the CMIP6 ensemble are required. As for the seasonal variability, CMIP5-derived models suggest a decrease in LST between February and May and virtually no changes for the rest of the year, decreasing the seasonal variability in LST. Changes in LST and its variability may have flow-on effects for coastal management with changes to the creek dredging programs, potentially reduced input to the by- and back-passing systems on the coast and the dispersion of beach nourishment campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing structures near the coast is requires unique consideration. I have been working as an expert witness now for over 8 years and through the process I've learnt a great deal of what not to do. This paper shares some insights to bring attention to just how critical using the right people is when designing structures by the coast. I will share how the legal and insurance sectors deal with major and complex loss. Some of key principles I will explore include: • Intentions are great, but communications, specifications and drawings are what matters when things go wrong. • Think about the applicable standards carefully, this is not the client's job. • No structure is designed in a vacuum, the environment around the structure must be considered. • You might only be a maritime structural engineer or coastal engineer, that doesn't absolve you from understanding the other disciplines that should be involved in a problem. • Serviceability problems are more common than ultimate limits state problems. These principles might seem simple, but they are overlooked more than one might expect. I will share my learnings across eight different cases and in particular one case that spanned for over 5 years. The nature of the cases is confidential and therefore only general learnings will be shared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Bulgarian legislation, the boundaries of the specialized objects of the Black Sea coast - sea beaches, coastal and coastal protection systems and facilities, coastal lakes, lagoons, limanas and wetlands, as well as sand dunes are determined by direct geodetic measurements and are reflected in the cadastral map and the property register, i.e. specialized maps and a specialized register shall be drawn up in accordance with a by-law (ordinance) on the conditions and procedure for the commissioning, creation and maintenance of the latter. The aim of this paper is to present the UML Use Case Model in order to standardize the geodetic activities in the production of specialized maps, register and information system of the above mentioned specialized objects of the Black Sea coast. The created UML Use Case Model contains the necessary Use Case diagrams that: align the definitions and ways of delimitation; the obligations of the administrative bodies to perform actions and to provide information and data; the content, creation and acceptance of the specialized maps and registers; the procedures and conditions for maintaining and updating the specialized maps and registers in a current state and for providing services from them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in remote sensing technology have provided excellent opportunities for mapping the seabed and substrates. Pomorie and Nessebar are ideal for combining single-beam sonar, multi-beam sounding, and drone imaging to map seabed forms and substrates. This paper presents the final stage of the "Multidisciplinary study of Burgas Bay - MidBay" Project. The project aims to create a substrate map and identify different seabed forms. Recent systematic studies have shown that the seabed, beach, and shallowest parts up to 2 meters in depth have undergone changes, primarily observed in the shallowest part of the area. This justifies reconstructing a portion of the Nessebar and Pomorie coast in three dimensions. The article reviews echo sounder and drone research conducted along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, emphasizing the importance of combining successful methodologies and best practices to derive a contemporary digital model of the terrain and raster data for the bays. The primary mission is to accomplish this, utilizing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and sonar raster mosaics to locate the boundaries between the various lithological formations. This article aims to map the seabed substrates in the Folk 5 Classes and evaluate the accuracy of UAV-based DSMs, high-resolution orthomosaics, and single-beam echo sounding, essential for researching the most dynamic coastal landforms along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bulgarian Black Sea Coast is a well-formed mosaic of pockets, small, gravellysandy beaches, and erosion-prone or erosion-resistant cliffs. A significant portion of the depositional cost along the Strandzha sector includes sand beaches with frontal and stabilized dunes, whose high-resolution mapping is a major task in this work. Currently, unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are the main method for topographic reconstruction. The world's experience in UAS surveys and the rapid capture of hard-to-reach large shore areas are the reasons why we emphasize using drones to map coastal landforms. Based on high-resolution UAS-derived data, a map of depositional landforms was created for the Harmani-Sozopol beach-dune system for the first time. Raster RGB orthophoto mosaics have been used to digitalize and classify different types of dunes. Elevation data from DSM with 15 cm resolution were used to identify beach and dune morphological features: shoreline position, dune foot line, dune crest line, and stable vegetation line. The spatial analysis in the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) of the obtained elements allows an accurate assessment of the shoreline changes (erosion/accretion) and dynamics of the dune field. For the time period of 1918-2022, using the Linear Regression Rate (LRR) indicator, an average accretion rate of +0.02 m/yr was reported for Harmani beach-dune system. For the last 100 years, the area has registered a decrease in area by over 55% from 14.5 ha to 6.5 ha. The paper aims to present a multidisciplinary approach to the study of highly dynamic coastal landforms, the results of which would benefit local authorities in drawing up management plans for the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ghagha island is located at the westernmost extent of Abu Dhabi emirate, c.1 km from the UAE mainland. Survey and excavation by the Department of Culture and Tourism: Abu Dhabi has identified two previously unknown Neolithic sites on the island (GHG0014 and GHG0063). GHG0014 comprises a cluster of stone-built rooms, preserved to nearly 1 m in height. GHG0063 is still under excavation but comprises ash lenses and stone features. Finds from both sites include bifacial barbed and tanged arrowheads, fragments of plaster vessels, and other stone implements. Radiocarbon dates from GHG0014 indicate that it was occupied by 6500 cal BC. This is considerably earlier than any known domestic architecture in the region. A single assay from GHG0063 is in broad agreement with this chronology. In this paper we explore the implications of these discoveries for Neolithic coastal life in the Arabian Gulf, especially considering our growing understanding of the Flandrian Transgression. In addition, we position these discoveries against the normative framework which sees trade with Ubaid period Mesopotamia as a catalyst for economic change. Lastly, we explore how both sites, in combination with the discoveries from Marawah Island, can disarticulate the linear narrative of the Neolithic revolution in the ancient Near East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waves represent the most important factor in the evolution of the coastal zones. One of the main causes leading to the wave formation is the movement of the air masses. A particular influence on the wave agitation regime in the littoral sector is exerted by the shore configuration, water depth, bottom relief and the formation of ice cover in winter. The scope of this paper is to analyze the historical data on the wind and waves in the Danube discharge area. The emphasis is on the maximum values of wave heights and the insurance curves resulting from calculations, in the maritime sector of the Danube Delta. The research incorporates data from Jibrieni, Snake Island and Sulina stations, covering a timeframe of 5 years. Observation data have been processed and presented in order to generate an overall picture of these phenomena that affect the spatial unfolding of the shore. Furthermore, of a particular importance in the calculations is determining the correlations between wind speeds and wave height. The results suggest that the characteristics of the waves acquire significant values. This knowledge can be utilized in designing marine vessels or hydrotechnical structures. During the extreme events, storm-induced waves and the sea level are key factors in the evolution of the shore. The coastline response to these conditions takes into account the characteristics of the storm (intensity, direction and duration). In this respect, the hypothesis of the waves in the development stage was used, analyzing for each different wind direction the wind speed in correlation with wave height values. In conclusion, the present paper offers an overview of the wave characteristics in the maritime sector under different wind conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is an archipelagic country with a large number of daily coastal fishermen. The majority of fishing boats use diesel as fuel, on the other hand, solar energy as a renewable energy source is widely available in countries that cross the equator. This paper aims to conduct a preliminary design of a 5 GT fishing boat's use of solar panels as electric motor propulsion for daily coast fishermen. Based on field data processing, it was found that the appropriate fishing boat size was 10 m in length, 2.2 m in width, 1.1 m in height, and 0.55 m in the draft. The results of the design show that the electric motor propulsion fishing boat can operate optimally using solar energy is 7 hours with a sailing distance of 9 sea miles. These results can be used as a reference for the substitution of fossil fuels into renewable energy so that they can provide the benefits of low daily operating costs for daily coast fishermen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is considering several marine and coastal hydrological studies revealing a highrisk factor in coastal regions due to the climate change and associated storm surge-driven floods, wave and wind damage, and increased coastal erosion and overtopping. The work is focused on advancing the understanding of the impact of climate change and extreme events on the regional and local marine hydrodynamics, including the variability of the meso- and sub-mesoscale marine regime of the western basin of the Black Sea. By improving regional monitoring and forecasting capabilities, the Earth Observation/EO technologies are in line with the needs for considerable research and innovation perspectives, contributing to the risk mitigation actions, potential hazards and disasters rapid assessment, such as coastal erosion/floods, storm surges and industrial/oil-spill accidents. The paper is evaluating the marine and coastal hydrological variability, encompassing certain approaches on marine/coastal waves and currents, for the support of the sustainable growth of marine and maritime sectors, thus being placed with regard to the priority components of the Blue Growth strategy, but also the regional increasing needs of Maritime Spatial Planning activities (MSP Directive implementation), sustainable coastal management activities and maritime safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the echosounder systems in the Bulgarian Black Sea shelf have become a standard method of seabed exploration. The paper presents the present-day field activity of bathymetric research, which revised available hydrographic data for the seabed. The study aims to combine and update archival bathymetric data from contemporary multibeam echo-sounding scanning and archive single-beam data. This work presents activity in the second stage of Project "Multidisciplinary study of Burgas Bay - MidBay. (Composition of a detailed digital model of the bottom relief with analysis of modern geomorphological conditions and archaeological forecasting modelling)" with a primary scientific goal to create an overall bathymetric model of the Burgas and Pomorie bays. The studied bay is strongly anthropogenically modified by the port in its southern part. The reconstruction of seafloor topography will allow the detection of substrate varieties and the identification of contemporary geomorphological bedforms and processes. A historical review of hydrographic research and geo base database was created for the seabed of the Bulgarian coastal zone in support of this study with different-year bathymetric surveys. The used data consolidate sonar mosaics, single beam, multibeam bathymetric data and raster satellite images, processed in PDS 2000, SonarWiz, and GIS environment. The coverage and density of the bathymetric data allowed the generation of a seabed digital bathymetric model with a horizontal resolution of 11 m. In addition, a bathymetric map with an interval of 0.5 m was created with high accuracy. Such a high-resolution model is an important advance in the highresolution mapping of the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensive development of remote sensing in the marine environment provides excellent bathymetric and substrate mapping opportunities on the southern Bulgarian Black Sea coast. The Bay of Chernomorets is a perfect opportunity to combine data from single-beam sonar, multi-beam sounding and drone imaging for the purpose of seabedforms and substrate mapping. This paper presents the second stages activity of the Project "Multidisciplinary study of Burgas Bay - MidBay. (Composition of a detailed digital model of the bottom relief with analysis of modern geomorphological conditions and archaeological forecasting modelling)" with a scientific goal of creating a substrate map and identification of seabed forms. The studied bay is strongly anthropogenically modified by the port in its southern part. In recent years, systematic studies of the landform changes have shown that the seabedforms, the beach and the shallowest part up to 2 meters in depth have changed. This is the main reason for choosing a solution that allows the 3D reconstruction of a coastal sector of Chernomorets. One of the purposes of the publication is to review the research through echo sounders and unmanned aerial systems along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast and analyse the methodology, equipment, and results obtained. The main task is to use good practices and successful methodology to combine echo-sounding and UAV surveys to derive a modern digital model of the terrain and raster data for the Bay of Chernomorets. Additionally, the process follows the good practices of using UAV and Sonar raster mosaic to detect borders between lithological varieties. The article aims to map seabed substrates in Folk 5 Classes and evaluate the accuracy of UAV-based DSMs, high-resolution orthomosaics and singlebeam echo sounding, which are fundamental for studying the most dynamic coastal landforms along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK's largest and longest running coastal defence scheme reduces the coastal flood risk to 40% of Lincolnshire. A concrete seawall, sand dunes and beach frontage provide the primary protection to 45 000 properties across 35 000 ha. Annual beach nourishment sustains the standard of protection, but the cost and carbon dioxide emissions of the sediment volumes required will increase with climate change. This paper describes a new approach adopted in 2019, which involves working with local authorities and other stakeholders to realise a wider range of social, environmental, commercial and infrastructure benefits. Opportunities to achieve a target of net zero carbon dioxide emissions and reduce other causes of climate change are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 30% of the Bulgarian Black Sea shoreline is characterized as a depositional type of coast. A significant portion of it represents well-formed sandy beaches and dune fields, falling under the protection of the European ecological network NATURA 2000. The coastal sector of the Lower Kamchia Depression hosts the longest beach-dune system on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast called Kamchia-Shkorpilovtsi beach. The main task of the project "Mapping and monitoring of depositional areas along the Northern Bulgarian Black Sea coast using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles" is to compile an integrated geodatabase by geodetic measurements, seasonal monitoring remote sensing, and field reconnaissance surveys. The lack of shore protection facilities and the weak anthropogenic pressure on the beach is an excellent opportunity for high-resolution mapping of the natural beach and dune landforms. For the first time, based on high-resolution data from UAV, an analysis of the erosion-accumulative processes and the change of the shoreline between Cape Paletsa and Cape Karaburun was made. Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) was used for estimating short-term and long-term rates of shoreline changes (erosion or accretion). For the time period of 1983-2021, using the Linear Regression Rate (LRR) indicator, an average accretion rate of +0.05 m/y was reported for Kamchia-Shkorpilovtsi beach. From a geological and biological scientific point of view, the morphological changes around the mouths of the Kamchia and Fandakliyska rivers and their influence on the brackish ichthyofauna are of interest. By a combination of data from a drone and a single-beam echo sounder, an integrated surface model of the Fandakliyska River estuary was generated, which allowed a quantitative assessment of the morphological changes after the winter hydrological phenomena in the period November 2020 - May 2021. The main goal of the paper is to present a multidisciplinary approach to the study of highly dynamic coastal landforms, the results of which would benefit local authorities in drawing up management plans for the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Red River is a typical example of the Southeast Asian rivers, which has been strongly affected by human activities. This paper analyses the change of total suspended sediment (TSS) load of the Red River from 1960 to 2015 in which numerous new dams in both China and Vietnam have been constructed. A strong decrease of TSS load of the whole Red River (from 79±26×106 t yr -1 in 1960s to 6±1×106 t yr -1 in 2010s) allocated to the dam impoundments in spite of population and deforestation increase. Base on the experimental equation describing the relationship between TSS and total organic nitrogen (TON) concentrations, and on the available data of TSS concentration and river discharge, the longterm TON concentrations and fluxes were calculated for the three tributaries and the whole Red River. The annual average of TON concentrations spatially varied from 0.41 to 3.19 mg L -1 , averaging 0.98 mg L -1 for the whole period; the lowest was found for the Da River where the new dams have been impounded. The highest TON concentrations and fluxes occurred in the wet season in relationship with the highest sediment loads and river discharges. The riverine TON fluxes transferred to estuary significantly decreased from 141×103±38×103 t yr -1 (equivalent to 902±247 kg km -2 yr -1) in 1960s to 32×103±5×103 t yr -1 (equivalent to 207±35 kg km -2 yr -1) in 2010s. The TSS flux decrease has driven a clear reduction of associated elements like nitrogen, which let to hypothesis a change in biogeochemical processes in the coastal zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study and classify the types of shores of the Alakol lake according to the prevailing exogeodynamic processes and recreational conditions for planning various types of recreational activities. Coastal classification was carried out using the methods of decoding satellite images, field monitoring studies, analysis of archival stock materials, including geomorphological, geological and topographic 1: 200 000 scale maps. Criteria as genesis, age, lithology of soils, the predominant type of exogeodynamic processes and recreational use were applied to assess the geomorphological conditions and the favorable areas for recreation. It was revealed that for the Alakol lake most typical were the accumulative-phytogenic type of shore 261.84 km (50.6%), the accumulative - 144.54 km (27.9%), and to a lesser extent - the abrasive 50.94 km (9.8 %), abrasive-accumulative 38.24 (7.4%) and delta type of the coast 21.94 km (4.3%). The type of recreation and the degree of auspiciousness (slightly unfavorable, relatively favorable and favorable) of the studied area were determined. The 5 types of tourist and recreational activities as: medical and recreational, beach, sports, educational, ecological tourism are highlighted. A map of the types of shores of the Alakol lake and a geomorphological and recreational map of the coast of the Alakol lake at a scale of 1: 200 000 were compiled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timeshare is an alternative hotel concept and its share on the tourist market is still growing. It is attractive for all parties involved in the process of creating, implementing and using its product: entrepreneurs, investors, marketing, tourist and property development companies, hotel chains, individual owners. Timeshare is not a new concept, yet, for developing markets such as the Bulgarian one the product has potential. The purpose of the following paper is to outline and analyze the factors that favor the implementation of timeshare in the leisure hotel product on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. In order to achieve that a literature review of the main characteristics and specifics of timeshare in hotel management is made. Furthermore, the authors analyze the factors for implementing this product on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. They include tourism resources, superstructure, tourist flow, normative documents and others. A quantitative study in the form of a questionnaire deepens the research. It is distributed among owners and hotel managers in order to analyze their attitudes towards the implementation of timeshare. On the ground of results, the authors asses the factors that favor the use of this tourist concept in the hotel product of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the results of a series of field observations carried out on the Atlantic coasts of France polluted by heavy fuel oil spilled due the accident of the tanker “Erika” in December 1999. The aim of these observations is to determine the rates of the spilled fuel oil natural degradation and to consider their relationship with principal environmental factors. It is a part of a larger-scale research being performed on geographically different oiled seacoasts in France, Spain, and Russia. In France, eight campaigns of field research were undertaken in the period from 2004 to 2017. Special attention was paid to the most severely affected Cape Croisic and Noirmoutier Island (Pays de la Loire Region). On the studied coasts 74 samples of weathered fuel oil traces were taken and analyzed with the use of thin-layer and column chromatography coupled with infrared and ultraviolet photometry, luminescent and gravimetric methods. The results show that even in March 2017, i.e. 17 years after the spill, its traces were still present in the coastal zone. Over time the oil slicks demonstrate a steady diminution in their size, number and in the ratio of labile hydrocarbons content to conservative asphaltic components content as a result of weathering process. The half-period of this diminution calculated on the basis of n-order kinetic equation (with n = 2.72) varies from 274 to 395 days depending on geographical conditions as well as quantities and forms of fuel oil accumulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of this study is to underline the fact that the wind energy potential in the western part of the Black Sea basin can be considered significant, while the wave energy is lower in comparison with oceans. However, in winter time when energy consumption in Bulgaria and Romania is high, the wave energy presents the highest values. The aim of this research paper is to draw a comprehensive picture regarding the wave and wind energy near Bulgaria and Romania coastlines. More precisely, six locations were studied. Regarding the geographical location, the studied points are located in the range 42°N to 45.2°N and 27°E to 30°E as follows: three points are near to the Bulgaria’s coastline and the other three close to Romania’s coastline. In this study, the wind conditions were analyzed at 10-meter height. The data for the wind analysis were provided by the Regional Climate Model (RCM) from Euro-Cordex database (EUR-11) and covers three intervals. All intervals cover 30-year of data as follows: Historical dataset (01 January 1976 to 31 December 2005), near future RCP8.5 scenario (01 January 2021 to 31 December 2050) and future RCP8.5 scenario (01 January 2071 to 31 December 2100). The wave analysis was conducted on the same intervals but using data coming from SWAN model. Finally, by analyzing the resulted coming from this joint evaluation it can be concluded that the presented analysis provides a more comprehensive picture regarding the future wind and wave energy resources in the coastal environment of Bulgaria and Romania, compared with historical period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal areas of Java, especially Semarang and Demak, are tidal flooding -prone areas. In fact, tidal flooding decreases the quality of life in coastal areas due to the capacity of seawater in destroying the building, houses, and environment. One innovation is introduced in this paper, which is the premixed mortar additive to repair masonry walls of house in tidal-prone areas. Principally, some measures should be done to address the problems caused by tidal flooding. In this research, masonry walls were improved by applying premixed mortar additive. The results were investigated after its long term performance, for more than one year, by using non destructive Rebound Hammer Test. This research was conducted by experimental activity. There were two masonry walls that had been repaired about a year ago. Some old masonry and concrete bricks of the walls had been substituted by new concrete bricks made of polymermodified mortar with Moringa oleifera and Gracilaria Sp. and then covered by premixed mortar additive. Those masonry walls were built in Sriwulan village, Sayung and Pucang Gading--as the control site. Non destructive Rebound Hammer Test was applied on the masonry walls aged 12, 13, and 14 months. Each masonry wall was tested by 5 (five) zones (A, B, C, D, and E). Ten shoots were applied on each zone. The findings revealed: 1) In dry area, Pucang Gading site, there is a consistent performance of compressive strength masonry wall aged 12, 13, and 14 months, 2) In tidal flooding-prone area, Sayung site, there is fluctuative performance of compressive strength masonry wall aged 12, 13, and 14 months, 3) Compressive strength of masonry walls aged 14 months in Pucang Gading site is generally fluctuative, particularly at zone A to E (39.4 MPa to 44 MPa), while in Sayung site, compressive strength of zone A to E indicates declining values (44.3 MPa to 40.8 MPa), 4) At age 14 months, the compressive strength of zone B and E in Sayung site is lower than that in Pucang Gading site, due to tidal flooding, and 5) Slight distinction of compressive strength in Pucang Gading and Sayung site may be provided by premixed mortar additive that covers the walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changing the shoreline is an element of great interest for the coastal communities. The multitude of social, economic and environmental activities that take place in the Romanian coastal area requires a strategic approach. In the present paper, we are discussing strategic options for human intervention in the Romanian coastal zone. Engineering works to protect coasts from coastal erosion must be closely linked to human activities that take place in the coastal area, even though we are talking about tourism, transport, urbanization or industrial activities. We will choose the optimal approach that aims to analyze and evaluate these options by addressing economic, social and environmental factors. The multifactorial approach must take into account a careful analysis of stakeholders in a coastal area, bearing in mind that each area has its peculiarities and needs to be treated separately. When developing the approach to analyzing and evaluating strategic options, we will take into account the sectoral plans made in the coastal area as well as the local, regional and national development plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important problems with a negative impact for Romanian coast, the erosion phenomen, are given by the numerous conflicts between the development of various economic activities and it is necessary to implement a system for preventing the further deterioration of shoreline. Coastal protection systems can be represented by linear structures perpendicular to the shore, called groynes. The groynes trapping sand on the upstream side and in this way, protect the coast behind the sand filet. The protection depends on the stability of this sand filet under extreme conditions. Groynes can have special shapes and depends the type of protection which is necessary. In this paper we propose to analyze the influence of groynes on the shoreline, including the sediment transport, taking into account the type of coastal zone. We will see the coastal profile, the distribution of the littoral drift in the coastal profile and the evolution of the shore according to different sizes of groynes over a set time period. The erosion problem will be solved only on the upstream side of the groyne for a length and depends on the length of the groyne for the given wave climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution over time of Romanian fisheries has shown great variations. During the period 1950-1979, the contribution of demersal species to the total catch on the Romanian coast was represented especially by sturgeon and turbot catches. The period 1980-2009 is distinguished by significant changes in terms of the qualitative and quantitative structure of catches on the Romanian coast. Very important fish species for Romania, such as the blue mackerel and bonito, withered their volume of biomass and gave way to species of lower economic value. The drastic reduction or disappearance of traditional predators from the Black Sea ecosystem (blue fish, blue mackerel, bonito, dolphins) determined, on the one hand, the increase of pelagic fish stocks with small size like sprat, that were the food of these predators, and, on the other hand, the increase in abundance of predators such as whiting and dogfish. After 1990, because of socioeconomic changes, the small-size pelagic species lost their importance, giving again special attention to the economically valuable demersal species like turbot. The increase of catches reported at the Romanian coast in the past 5 years is not due to fish species, but to the increasing interest of economic operators to harvest (manually of using the beam trawl) the Rapa whelk (Rapana venosa), which, in 2015, for instance, represented more than 90% of the total catch. The data presented in this paper are obtained by the National Institute for Marine Research and Development (NIMRD) "Grigore Antipa" as a partner of the National Agency for Fisheries and Aquaculture (NAFA) in the implementation of the National Data Collection Programme for Fisheries 2011-2015. A brief outline of the contents comprises: - Structure of the fishing fleet, fishing gear and fishing effort; - Quantitative structure of the catches on species; - The economic importance of marine fisheries; - The influence of fishing on the marine environment; - Legal and institutional framework; - Recommendations on reducing the environmental impact of fishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three shad species of the genus Alosa are known in the north-western Black Sea, including the Sea of Azov: Danube shad (Alosa immaculata-Bennett, 1835), Caspian shad (Alosa tanaica - Grimm, 1901) and Black Sea shad (Alosa maeotica-Grimm, 1901). Catches of the Danube shad is mainly for commercial purpose, having an economic, social and cultural importance in their area of distribution. Their biology and conservation state is less known, especially in the Black Sea. The maximum weight and length of this species is around 40-50 cm and 1000 grams at 7-8 years' age. The research performed are meant to lead to the knowledge of the current state of Alosa immaculata populations and were conducted along the entire Romanian Black Sea Coast, in almost all fishing points, by organizing both expeditions along the coast (gillnet fishing) and sea surveys (pelagic trawl fishing). The paper refers to the biological parameters such as length and weight class structure, age, sex ratio and degree of maturation under specific hydroclimatic conditions for the analyzed period. The peak migration was determined during spring season (April-May), when at the 10m water depth, the seawater temperature of 7.91°C was measured at Sf. Gheorghe_20m station and 8.4°C at Sf. Gheorghe_30m. During summer period, the water temperature ranged between 27.12°C at the surface down to 13.64°C (at 10m depth). Spring and summer seasons are the highly productive for the scientific purposes: 39.75% of the total catches in April-May and 48.3% during June-July. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In paper the works on the adaptation of mathematical models the Simulating WAves Nearshore model (SWAN) and the Sea of Azov Surge MOdel (SASMO) to the hydrological conditions of the basin of the Sea of Azov is presented. Results of the experimental calculations for the extreme wave and surge situation in the Taganrog Bay on March 24, 2013 is described. Preliminary results on the use of the SWAN model to assess the wave load of the shore have been obtained. The SWAN model implements nested grid technology for calculation of wave phenomena on individual sections of coastal zone. To compare the calculation wave characteristics in the same points at different levels of nested grids two slices have been selected. The input data for the model include wind fields over the Sea of Azov built according to the standard meteorological observations for this period and parameter values representing an extreme condition. For the comparison information from the SSC RAS database and the data by the flood monitoring system of the Krasnodar Territory AS MPSKK was used, namely the level sensor data set on the coast of the Sea of Azov and the level sensor in the Donskoy farm in the delta of the Don river. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of seismicity in the Black Sea region is of particular interest for assessing the vulnerability of the surrounding coastal zones to strong earthquakes and their consequences. The seismicity pattern in the area is determined by the geodynamic processes along the boundaries of the Eurasian, Anatolian and Arabian tectonic plates. The paper presents an approach to assessing the seismic activity of the Black Sea and the surrounding region covering historical and recent seismicity. The historical events since after Christ are included in the catalogue compiled in our previous study, which contains 6468 de-clustered events from 1905 to 2021 with a magnitude M?3. All catalogue data are processed by ZMAP, which is routinely applied in the seismological practice to evaluate catalogue quality and in routine network operations. Based on the Frequency-Magnitude Distribution of the overall catalogue, we compiled the magnitude of completeness Mc, b-value and probability maps with their error evaluations for the two periods: recent seismicity (1977-2021) and including historical events, respectively. The catalogue data show a significant increase in small to moderate (3.0?M<5.0) earthquakes after 1980. The considerable increase in the number of seismic stations installed in the countries bordering the Black Sea increases the sensitivity to earthquake detection capability. The seismic events are clustered to the strongest (M?6) earthquakes and outlined the main seismic zones: Shabla-Kaliakra, the Crimean peninsula, three clusters located on the eastern shores of the Black Sea, and one on the southern coast near Bartin, Turkey. These seismic zones outline tectonic units, with specific seismicity patterns in the locations of the clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management and construction can increase resilience in the face of climate change, and benefits can be enhanced through integration of biogenic materials including shells and vegetation. Rivers and coastal landforms are dynamic systems that respond to intentional and unintended manipulation of critical factors, often with unforeseen and/or undesirable resulting effects. River management strategies have impacts that include deltas and coastal areas which are increasingly vulnerable to climate change with reference to sea level rise and storm intensity. Whereas conventional assessment and analysis of rivers and coasts has relied on modelling of hydrology, hydraulics and sediment transport, incorporating additional biological factors can offer more comprehensive, beneficial and realistic alternatives. Suitable modelling tools can provide improved decision support. The question has been whether current models can effectively address biological responses with suitable reliability and efficiency. Since morphodynamic evolution exhibits its effects on a large timescale, the choice of mathematical model is not trivial and depends upon the availability of data, as well as the spatial extent, timelines and computation effort desired. The ultimate goal of the work is to set up a conveniently simplified river morphodynamic model, coupled with a biological dynamics plant population model able to predict the long-term evolution of large alluvial river systems managed through bioengineering. This paper presents the first step of the work related to the application of the model accounting for stationary vegetation condition. Sensitivity analysis has been performed on the main hydraulic, sedimentology, and biological parameters. The model has been applied to significant river training in Europe, Asia and North America, and comparative analysis has been used to validate analytical solutions. Data gaps and further areas for investigation are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal zones are areas where a very high number of lagoon-marine species reproduce, grow or transit, which are most often the object of halieutic exploitation. The present study aims to analyze the risk of contamination of fisheries ecosystems and its consequences on the evolution of aquatic resources in the coastal zone, more precisely from southwest Benin to southeast Togo. The methodology adopted is based on the collection and processing of raw data such as: hydrometric data, granulometric data, climatological data, data from fauna and flora inventories, completed by those from in situ measurements and those from laboratory analyses made from sediment samples and some species caught during fishing activities during the different hydrological seasons. The analysis of the results revealed that the pollution of the lagoon channel in Cd, As, Pb and some major ions such as Cl - , NO 3- and PO 43- are responsible for its eutrophication. Furthermore, organic matter and high concentrations of SS lead to the covering of aquatic environments, particularly spawning grounds and the smothering of eggs through the reduction of essential metabolic exchanges (oxygen and nutrient supply, evacuation of metabolic waste) through the reduction of the concentration of dissolved oxygen within the substrate. Trace element analysis in the flesh of Captain (Polydactylus quadrifilis), white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus), tilefish (Tilapia zillii), and white catfish samples revealed their trace element contamination levels. Behavioral effects (abandonment of shelter areas and avoidance reaction); sublethal effects (short-term reduction in feeding rate; minor physiological stress; increase in coughing frequency; increase in the breathing rhythm; moderate physiological stress; major; delayed hatching; reduced number of fish; mortality) were recorded. According to 89 % of the fishermen, the decrease of the fished fish species is registered during the dry periods, when the channel has a high level of contaminating heavy metals and major ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To define the prospects of HC resources development in the Bering Sea water area, the authors conducted numerical basin modelling and the HC system modelling for the Bering Sea water area performed in the software "PetroMod". The research and modeling results helped to make a forecast for the distribution of potentially oil and gas bearing horizons belonging to the Paleogene and Neogene periods. The article provides a maturity forecast for the organic matters of the oil&bearing strata of the Anadyrskiy oil&gas bearing region. HC system modelling allowed justifying the first priority regions and the sections of the arrangement of oil&gas exploration works in the region. Apparently, detailed oil&gas exploration and survey works in this part of the water area shall be concentrated in its coast lands at the sections covering the immediate continuation of the ground productive areas of the Cainozoic section both at the Anadyrskiy and the Khatyrskiy coastlines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal areas around the world are constantly subjected to pressure on human activities. The environment suffers transformations from the anthropogenic activities, transformations that most often have the effect the degradation of the environmental factors. Coastal areas are often described as areas of potential conflict between the stakeholders and mechanisms such as integrated the coastal zone management or, more specifically, marine spatial planning are designed to achieve the sustainable management in this area. However, the application of these mechanisms is difficult, often due to the erroneous identification of presumption factors. This paper aims to identify the type of the economic pressure exerted on the natural factors. We took as an example the Eforie area, which is a combination of the natural protected areas with relevant anthropic economic activities. The Eforie area is located in the metropolitan area of Constanta, situated at the Black Sea coast, and during the summer the most significant pressure is represented by the tourists. However, the Eforie area is bordered by the environmental protection areas, of which probably the most important is the Protected Area Techirghiol Lake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans have congregated near coastlines since the emergence of early civilizations. This trend increased during the industrial revolution to facilitate access to oceans for travel and commerce. Though this trend of coastal development continues into the present day, the coast's ability to sustain human activity remains a challenge. Rising sea levels, increasing storm power and coastal development activities have led to recession of coastlines, resulting in loss of land, property damage, and habitat loss. Thus, researchers have recognized the importance of educating the public about current coastal erosion trends and environmentally sustainable policies. We address this educational aim by developing a city-building video game, "SimCoast", to help community members learn about the impacts of coastline recession and related environmental issues. Our game presents players with a map that mimics South Florida coastline conditions. In SimCoast, the player, acting as a city administrator, enacts policies and regulations that shape the city's public and private-sector developments. Coastal simulations will be driven by data sets collected from real-world coastlines and how they have developed throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, incorporating coastal erosion models from scientific literature and satellite imagery. Our work will also include surveys to measure the impact on perception and learning among participants. In addition to helping community members and policymakers make informed decisions, our work will provide context and guidance to researchers in engineering and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Eastern Europe, Batumi is one of the dynamically increasing touristic center, development of recreational economy where creates some particular ecological issues. The urgency of the matter is also increased by the fact that ecological condition of recreational zone of city sea coast is developed with worsening tendency due to increased touristic flow and anthropogenic load. The main aim of research is to study the mechanism worsening the ecological condition of sea coast`s recreational zone, find out the geographic originalities of ecological condition of particular touristic object in the recreational zone and along to tourism development, shape the ecologically sustainable ways of improvement of natural and social-economic Geo systems. The study has revealed that potential of recreational beaches is not completely used, but ecological changes are observed in particular section and worsening tendencies are observed on areas adjacent to beaches. From one side, study of existing problems will have the biggest importance for regulation of urban development and spatial optimization of city functional zones and from another side - by foreseeing the basic principles of rational natural management, the tourism development perspectives will be established. Coming out of this, the research conducted in line with sustainable tourism development on example of specific region, would have cognitive and applicable importance as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination and modelling of the territory is common scientific instrument for presentation of the state of the nature and human systems. The present research is based on the morphological and hydrological peculiarities in the river catchment. It observed of the Danube coastal zone in Bulgaria sector of the river. The differentiation and determination of the coastal area is key element in the process of the management of the territory and development of the regions. The general results of the research are related with differentiation and determination of the Danube coastal zone in Bulgaria, based on morphographic peculiarities of the region. The key element of the investigation is outlining of the south border line of the coastal zone. The second aspect of the investigation is generation of basic spatial model of the Danube coastal zone in Bulgaria. Using and applying GIS technologies is leading part of the research. Geographical and geospatial analysis of the coastal zone give opportunities for determination of three basic substructures - lowlands, regions of river mouths, including flooding areas and plateaus. They are base for the differentiation and classification of the landscape diversity of the region. Landscape diversity of the coastal zone can be used for the determination of the general directions in the development of the region. The clear definition and determination of coastal zone is important stage in the process of evaluation of the potential of Danubian region in Bulgaria. The applying aspects of the research are related with sustainable use of the recourses and nature protection in the regions. The results of the research can be use in the decision-making processes and management of different activities and politics in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bulgarian northern Black Sea coast is affected by many landslides. Several geodynamic networks have been built to study landslide processes in the northern Black Sea coast. Landslide research is important, as these phenomena can lead to great material damage. Their destructive impact on buildings, engineering structures and disturbances in the resilience of the earth's crust causes enormous economic, environmental, social and other damage, and often takes human lives. A modern tool for monitoring landslides is the application of GNSS measurements, which has an advantage over conventional measurement methods. GNSS data from six continuously operating reference stations from National GNSS network for three years and a half period are processed and analyzed. Time series with coordinates and mean square errors (north, east and up) are obtained. Time series with the residuals from multi-year solution are obtained too. The time series show the very good quality of the solution (the values of nrms are between 0.60 and 0.80). In this study long-term processing of data from continuously operating reference stations (CORS) is performed, to obtain the coordinates and velocities of the stations, because this also affects the local networks built for the study of landslides. The velocities of the points from the National GNSS network in the northern Black Sea region are relatively small, less than 1 mm/year. To obtain the movements of the points from the local geodynamic networks, it is necessary to process their GNSS measurements together with the GNSS measurements from the continuously operating reference stations from National GNSS network but the velocities of the station must be taken in to account, as done in this study. This allows to determine whether the measured points are located in the landslide or outside it and thus to accurately determine landslide boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal zone is a strategic area in terms of its geographical position and natural resources and is also an area with a high vulnerability to climate change. The rise in sea level and wave intensity causes damage to coastal zones. This research is focused on analyzing abrasion and accretion due to climate change along the Yogyakarta coast using 24 scenes of Landsat 4 and 7 data from 2000 to 2018. Landsat Tier 1 data (corrected and suitable for time series analysis) is accessed via Google Earth Engine, then delineated the shoreline. The analysis was carried out based on seasonality, considering that each season shows a different temperature and wind direction trend. The results showed that Srandakan and Galur were the districts that experienced the worst abrasion in Yogyakarta. From 2001 - 2018, Galur District experienced abrasion, reaching more than 350.000 square meters for the June-July-August period, while Srandakan District reached more than 270.0 square meters. The magnitude of abrasion in the two sub-districts is due to the position of the most perpendicular to the average wind direction. It has a geological structure that is more vulnerable than other coastal zones in Yogyakarta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural tourism activities that are being developed by the Gunungkidul Government can threaten the sustainability of coastal habitats particularly seaweeds population. Before it was damaged or even extinct, research on seaweeds on the southern coast of Gunungkidul was important. This research was conducted on two coasts that have the potential to become conservation areas, which were Porok and Greweng Coasts. Selection of sample sites followed a strategy designed to cover a diverse range the accessible sites on both coasts. Samples were collected by hand-picked during low tide, preserved as a wet herbarium and identified in the Plant Systematics Laboratory of the Faculty of Biology UGM. Data are presented as a checklist comprise of the taxonomic identity and key character including in-situ image of each species. Comparison of population structure and composition was carried out based on the Sorensen Index. Our results showed that there were 21 seaweed species of Porok consisting of 5 Chlorophyceae, 5 Phaeophyceae, 11 Rhodophyceae and 11 seaweed species of Greweng consisting of 3 Chlorophyceae, 2 Phaeophyceae, and 6 Rhodophyceae. The results indicated that the structure and composition of seaweeds population in the study area which were compared had a low similarity value of 44 %. Data displays a low level of similarity, so it is assumed that the structure and composition of seaweed on the southern coast of Gunungkidul be different. This means that each coast in Gunungkidul has different habitat status, so that a comprehensive data of seaweed diversity in all regions is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Old Fort in Stone Town, Zanzibar, is one of the city's most prominent monuments. It has played a key role in the history of both the Swahili Coast and the Arabian Gulf. The western courtyard of the fort was excavated in 2017 and 2018 as part of a collaboration between Zayed University and the University of Bristol together with the Zanzibar Department of Antiquities and Museums. Excavations revealed that the site has been continuously occupied since the eleventh century AD, when a Swahili settlement was established next to the beach. A Portuguese factory and an Augustinian mission were established in the sixteenth century. At the end of the late seventeenth century the factory was destroyed by the Yaʿrubids of Oman, who subsequently incorporated the remains of the church into a square-plan fort. The fort was then doubled in size on the order of Sayyid Saʿīd b. Sulṭān Āl Bū Saʿīdī in the nineteenth century, creating the present rectangular-plan building with two courtyards. Ceramic imports throughout the 900-year sequence point to strong commercial links with the Arabian Gulf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coast of the southern coast of Yogyakarta is an area that has a tsunami hazard, tidal waves and abrasion. This study aims to find out how adaptation and land use in the coastal areas of Depok Beach, Special Region of Yogyakarta. The research method is carried out qualitatively, data obtained from image interpretation and field observation. The research was conducted through spatial analysis and presented descriptively. The results of the study show that the pattern of community adaptation is demonstrated through use and utilization by considering aspects of the disaster. The results of the study show that land use on the coast of Depok Beach is in the form of business premises, land for reforestation and land for sand dune preservation. Optimizing coastal management and utilization managed independently by the community is able to increase economic value, create jobs so that people's welfare increases. The role of the government in regulating the direction of coastal land use and public awareness is able to keep coastal ecosystems sustainable. Mentoring by the government, capital assistance and various trainings for community businesses and cooperatives on Depok coast are able to increase the capacity of communities to manage and utilize coastal areas in a sustainable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ladoga Lake is one of the greatest Lakes in Europe and connects with the Baltic Sea via river Neva. In the article we try to describe the problem of pollution in the Ladoga Lake and the Gulf of Finland (eastern part of the Baltic) via groundwater discharge. Groundwater discharge is one of well unknown value there. Geologically Northern part of the Ladoga Lake lies under the Baltic Schield (cristalline rock) that presented by granites, gneisses, etc., sometimes which are covered Quaternary sediments. Southern part of the Ladoga Lake spread under Russian Platform including sediments of Visean and Cembrian age (shales, sands, limestone, sandstone, etc.) with thickness up to tens meters [1].There are several groundwater aquifers relate within the Ladoga Lake basin, in general with Qaternary age and taking important part in total groundwater value in the region.The Ladoga Lake is under serious technogenic pressure now being as a receiver of waste water from different industries. Wastewater in coastal zone presents great dangerous for the Ladoga Lake environment. The Gulf of Finland is on the junction of two major geological basement structures - the Baltic Shield and the Russian Platform with great variety of hydrogeological parameters. Interaction of sewater and groundwater is dynamic and different from north to southwards being reflected in groundwater discharge and chemical composition of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The danger of sea level change and its corresponding impact on settlements close to oceanic shore is enormous due to climate change. A comparative analysis was carried out in seven stations on the upper Atlantic. The tide gauge data sets for the seven locations were obtained from the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL). Victorial - Canada showed almost the same characteristic as Honolulu-USA i.e having a distinct progression between 1942 and 1948. Hence, the increase in sea level and the reappraisal effect on the coastal line depends on the tidal rate and the topography of the coastal line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bayah coastal area is one of the areas on the south coast of Java Island which can be potentially affected by the tsunami caused by a tectonic earthquake. The spatial model of vulnerability level towards tsunami is assessed based on aspects of exposure, sensitivity, and resilience by using Geographical Information System (GIS) method which begins with the application of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to determine the weight of each variable. The study area is located at an elevation of 0-25 meter above the sea level (MASL), administratively located in four villages in Bayah coastal area. This study aims to analyze vulnerability pattern towards tsunami using spatial analysis based on grid analysis. This study shows that region vulnerability pattern towards tsunami in Bayah Coastal Area is increasing from the coast lead up to settlements and concurrently decreasing with the enhancement of elevation and distance from the coastline. The region vulnerability towards tsunami in the study area is dominated by moderate vulnerability area which encompasses 65.59% of the total study area. The low vulnerability area is about 32.05% of the total study area, and high vulnerability area is about 2.36% of the total study area. Region vulnerability towards tsunami at the village level in sequence from highest to lowest is West Bayah, Sawarna, Darmasari, and lastly East Sawarna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The condition of the fishermen's settlement neighborhood is relatively slum and the low income socioeconomic community requires the efforts in the arrangement of the fishermen's settlement environment, especially the existence of green open spaces. The objective of the research was to comprehensively examine the existence of green open space in the fisherman's village in an effort to improve the quality of the coastal fishermen's settlement environment. With green open space compliance, it can improve the quality of the environment and living standards of fishermen families on the coast. The research method was a combination of qualitative and quantitative research with a comprehensive descriptive analysis. It examined the coastal areas in Surabaya, precisely the residential area of fisherman in Sukolilo Village Bulak Sub-district, Surabaya City. The level of problems and viewpoints of the review and research variables are relatively large, hence the research was conducted in two stages of time. In this study, the identification and comprehensive review of aspects that affect the existence of green open space (RTH) in coastal areas. Study of potential and constraints on the priority fisherman settlements, especially the presence of green open space (RTH) with regard to the aspects that influence it, is required. It is expected that the results of this study can provide a discourse on the government's policy on the implementation of green open space procurement, in the development of the region to spur economic and social growth of coastal fishermen communities, especially in Surabaya and other coastal areas in Indonesia, which can significantly increase the revenue and the welfare of fishermen's families that are associated with the sea and coastal areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arctic coasts are complex and actively changing systems, their erosion rates varying in time and space. Due to global warming and its thermal and wind-wave effects, there is a tendency of increase in coastal erosion rates. Understanding of the interaction between permafrost and sea is important to disclose the background of active development of natural resources in the Arctic coastal zone (construction of coastal facilities, offshore pipelines, etc). In the present study, coastal dynamics of the Western Russian Arctic coasts are studied, including Varandey (Pechora Sea), Ural and Yamal coasts near the underwater gas pipeline "Bovanenkovo-Ukhta" across Baydaratskaya Bay (Kara Sea). Kara Sea key-sites are characterized by continuous permafrost, with annual ground temperature of -4...-6 °C and permafrost thickness of up to 50-100 m. Varandey key-site is located in the zone of sporadic permafrost. Estimations of coastal retreat rates were based on high resolution multitemporal space imagery analysis together with data of airborne surveys. All satellite images were orthorectified to decrease uncertainties. During fieldwork, DGPS mapping of some points with the constant position were made for accurate coastal erosion rates estimations. The study revealed that long-term (1960s-2010s) average annual retreat rates for coasts of different key-sites ranged from 0.5 to 2 m per year: at Varandey - 2.2 m/a; Ural coast of Baydaratskaya Bay - 2 m/a, and Yamal - 0.4 m/a. Coastal erosion rates were calculated for different time intervals, they depend on coastal morphology (cliff height, beach presence), slope exposure, permafrost features (sediment composition, ice content, etc). Studies on coastal dynamics and understanding their various aspects are very important for the attractive Arctic region under the conditions of climate change. The obtained results allow for a better understanding of coastal retreat processes and forecasting of Russian Arctic coastal dynamics in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a theoretical analysis has been carried out to analyze the prospect of Wind Pumping System (WPS) for using in coastal areas of Bangladesh. Wind speed data of three coastal areas of Bangladesh- Kutubdia, Patenga and Sathkhira has been analyzed and an optimal wind turbine viable for this wind speed range has been designed using the simulation software Q-blade. The simulated turbine is then coupled with a rotodynamic pump. The output of the Wind Pumping System (WPS) for the three coastal areas has been studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sea coasts and estuaries are especially exposed to the oil pollution harmful influence as they frequently suffer from oil spills relating to the tanker accidents, port and off-shore activities. The objective of the present research is to examine the rates of spilled fuel oil natural destruction on geographically different seacoasts and to assess their self-cleaning capacity. For this purpose, a number of contaminated sectors of the Atlantic coasts of France and Spain (areas of "Erika" and "Prestige" tanker accidents), the Strait of Kerch ("Volgoneft-139" tanker accident) and the Black Sea coast in Russia (area of the oil port of Novorossiysk) were studied. Long-term (from 6 to 15 years) field observations were carried out there. The oiled samples were analyzed with the use of thin layer and column chromatography, optical and gravimetric methods. The results show that in the course of time, the oil slicks demonstrate an exponential diminution in their size, number and in the ratio of labile hydrocarbons content to conservative asphaltic components content. The half-period of this diminution varies from 1 to 8 years, subject to the forms of fuel oil traces and geographical conditions. On the Strait of Kerch coast washed by shallow, slightly salted and highly bio-productive waters of the Sea of Azov the spilled fuel oil tends to disappear twice as rapidly as on French and Spanish coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. The multiple regression analysis of the obtained data enabled the authors to determine the dependence of the self-cleaning rates on the principal geographical factors, to identify the most vulnerable seacoasts to be protected in priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]