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The proposed research presents a two-fold approach for advancing Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs). Firstly, it introduces a Residual Convolutional Neural Network (RCNN) architecture to extract real-time traffic data features, enabling accurate traffic flow prediction and hazard identification. The RCNN model, trained and tested on real- world data, outperforms existing models in both accuracy and efficiency, promising improved road safety and traffic management within VANETs. Secondly, the study introduces a Genetic Algorithm-enhanced Convolutional Neural Network (GACNN) routing algorithm, challenging traditional VANET routing methods with metaheuristic techniques. Experiments in various VANET network scenarios confirm GACNN's superior performance over existing routing protocols, marking a significant step toward more efficient and adaptive VANET traffic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For intelligent transportation systems, short-term traffic flow prediction is one of the main research topics. To start the measuring process well in advance, traffic control and guidance need to be able to predict this traffic flow information fast and precisely. It improves user knowledge of the transportation system and makes it more coordinated, intelligent, and safe. All the traffic information and management systems like (ATIS and ATMS) and an individual dynamic route advice heavily rely on it. The application of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) for the implementation of traffic flow prediction problem is discussed in this proposed work. The goal is to increase the accuracy of traffic flow prediction. Data from the Chennai around the Perungudi toll plaza is used in the investigation. The ability to predict short-term traffic flow using LSTM has been demonstrated in terms of graphical representation and performance is evaluated using metrics like mean square error RMSE etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approach slab surface pavements are constantly degrading, mostly as a result of the combined effects of the traffic volume, the environment, and the failure of the underlying layers that affect the comfort of the ride. The pavement's performance level is expressed by how well it satisfies user demands over the course of its design life. A fundamental part of any pavement management system is the prediction of the approach slab's performance level or performance decline (PMS). This study develops four sites to determine the profile of the approach surface and estimate how the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) would change over time for particular approach slab regions. The ASTM technique and micro-paver software can be used to calculate the strategy that was used for the PCI deterioration model. The comparison reveals a strong association, and the majority of the expected outcomes fall outside the measurement and interpretation error range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines (PKJI 2014), updated from the Indonesian Road Capacity Manual (MKJI 1997), are used in road service level research to analyze the extent of road service levels on segment Mayjen Sutoyo Street. The 2014 PKJI approach was used to process data in Microsoft Excel, and the method used in this study for data collection through traffic surveys was descriptive-quantitative. Based on the research results, the highest traffic flow is on Monday from 06:47 to 07:02 in 1747 skr/hour with service level F, and the lowest is on Wednesday from 07:33 to 07:48 at 999 skr/hour with service level C. The highest side barriers are on Monday, with a frequency of 77. Otherwise, the lowest was on Wednesday, with a frequency of 61. The level of service for the road segment of Majen Sutoyo Street varies between CFs per day. The level of service at Mayjen Sutoyo Street can be said to be impaired by varying Service Level F on weekdays, which means there is a need for improvement in traffic engineering because it needs to meet the 2014 PKJI criteria. In contrast, in the 2014 PKJI, it is recommended that the degree of saturation should be below 0.85 or the level of road service should not be below D, with the characteristics of the traffic flow approaching instability but the speed still being controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land rehabilitation, along with urban sprawl and the construction of new towns, has emerged as an important component of modern city development due to the rapid increase in urbanisation that is occurring today. The limited capacity of roadways and the volume of traffic are at the top of the list of concerns for transportation professionals. The objective of the project was to enhance the economic, aesthetic, and technical aspects of an area through the development of improvement proposals. Therefore, the detailed designs and drawings for various aspects of the project, such as road alignment, signals, footpaths, intersections, and other traffic regulating aids of the junctions, are analysed. These aspects include the road alignment, the signals, the intersection, and the footpath. This project investigated the feasibility of implementing a traffic improvement operation plan in the Kanjikuzhi area of Kottayam, which is located in the state of Kerala. The project focused on engineering, management, and control measures, and it took into account the quality and safety of the traffic. The design considerations, construction methods, and material requirements that went into the making of a bus bay and how it was ultimately implemented. In addition to this, the study investigated what would happen if the suggested idea was implemented and how this could be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing attention of citizens and policy-makers is devoted to the monitoring and modelling of urban traffic-related air pollution (TRAP), as there is a demonstrated relationship among this and human health effects (e.g. circulatory and ischemic heart diseases, lung cancer, asthma onset in children and adults, and acute lower respiratory infections in children). In this work, we investigate the capability of the ENVI- met® software to reproduce the concentrations of pollutants, emitted from vehicular traffic, and the meteorological parameters, both measured by a specific monitoring station, to evaluate its potential use for the TRAP prediction. Starting from the meteorological and traffic flow data of a specific day, a number of simulations, with different configurations, have been run and the results (temporal and spatial distribution of meteorological parameters and pollutants concentrations) have been compared with the monitored data, provided by the ARPAS (Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente della Sardegna – Regional Agency for the Protection of the Sardinian Environment) and measured by the weather station and the air quality monitoring station CENCA1 in Cagliari (Italy). The results of these comparisons are encouraging and can help, among the others, in better understanding the urban traffic pollutant dispersion and in optimizing the location of the air quality monitoring stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation cannot be separated from human life in supporting daily activities. Transportation users use vehicles to mobilize from the location of origin to the destination location by using the mode of transportation. Public transportation modes and private vehicles are one of the modes that are widely used by transportation users today. However, current private transportation users continue to increase when compared to public vehicle users because private transportation is considered more efficient, practical and safe by some users when compared to public vehicle users. The increasing use of private vehicles will cause other problems related to congestion, especially in densely populated urban areas. Congestion causes losses to humans both in terms of economy, environment and health. In the transportation and environmental sectors, congestion causes high air pollution due to the longer the vehicle operates on the road when compared to when the traffic flow is smooth, so it is very important to conduct further research related to reducing the level of congestion. Congestion itself can be minimized in various ways, one of which is by building toll roads that are devoted to reducing external movements that burden the road network in the city. By diverting external movements that pass through national roads to toll roads, it is expected to reduce congestion levels and stabilize vehicle speeds. It is expected that reducing congestion and stabilizing vehicle speeds can reduce vehicle emission levels. This study aims to determine the effect of toll road development on reducing emission levels by modeling traffic using software. By using the Maximum Entropy method to obtain the value of the β parameter which will be used as a determining factor for the distribution of movement in each zone and road network loading using EMME/4 software. By using two scenarios, namely the do-something scenario (adding toll roads) and do-nothing (without adding toll roads). The difference in scenarios is done to get a comparison of road network performance results and emission levels from the do-something scenario and the do-nothing scenario. From the results of the analysis, it can be seen that the construction of toll roads (do-something) passing through Sragen Regency has an effect on reducing emission levels in Sragen Regency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road construction has become a priority for the government to make community mobilization easier. High mobilization also means increasing traffic which can lead to pavement distress due to high traffic volume. This phenomenon happened on Bandung-Subang Road. As the connecting road to one of the tourist destinations in West Java, some pavement distress occurred, which could trigger traffic accidents. Based on the condition of the distressed pavement, an evaluation of pavement conditions was carried out using the Surface Distress Index (SDI) method with two measurement methods, visual photogrammetry using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with the help of software and optical measurements in the field. The validation process is carried out by comparing the results of the dimensions of the distress measurement on the model to the dimensions of the distress that occurred in the field. Based on evaluation using the SDI method, it was found that most pavement conditions in the field were "good," with an SDI value of <50 for six segments out of a total of 15 overall segments. While measurements using UAV, assistance obtained pavement conditions in "good" with an SDI value of <50 for as many as five out of 12 segments. Based on the data processing results, the average value of the optical measurement accuracy test using a UAV with optical measurements in the field is 94.326%. Pavement condition evaluation using UAV assistance is expected to be one of the more efficient SDI measurement methods for use in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to solve traffic congestion at a U-turn point along Aroeppala Street by analyzing U-turn capacity and developing an appropriate U-turn model. The study involved the collection of primary data from traffic surveys and secondary data, which included research location maps and road capacity guidelines. Traffic volumes were analyzed using the IHCM 2023 guidelines, and U-turn capacity was calculated by the HCM 2000 standards. A planned U-turn model was subsequently simulated using the PTV Vissim. The results revealed that the current level of service on Aroeppala Street is at LoS F, indicating significant congestion. However, by planning alternatives that include dedicated lane design, the level of service would improve to LoS E, suggesting a noticeable enhancement in traffic flow. Further improvement to LoS D can be achieved by combining the dedicated lane design with road widening. Furthermore, analysis for U-Turn capacity using the HCM 2000, with the Raff and Greenshield approaches, showed that the values obtained are not too different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, emergency vehicles encounter a multitude of obstacles that significantly lengthen the time it takes to reach the intended location. The increasing volume of traffic and the lack of a standardised method for regulating it are major contributors to this problem. Mainly, we want to make sure that the crisis car can get where it has to go as quickly as possible, relative to how long it usually takes an emergency vehicle to get there. A variety of techniques are employed, including global positioning system (GPS) tracking, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags that confirm the arrival and movements of the crisis vehicle through a traffic signal and alert the control system to turn the signal green for an emergency passage, and the utilisation of ultrasonic sensors and cameras to determine the density of the traffic flow and transmit the information to turn the signal green. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alignment of geometric features of highways is essential for maintaining road safety and the smooth operation of traffic. The proper selection of highway geometric feature and dimensions are important for achieving the design objective, like cross-sectional element, curve, and alignment superelevation. Different software tools are available for designing and analyzing highway elements. The comprehensive case study focuses on the use of OpenRoad software for modernization and improvement of the existing condition of East-West (Mahindra) Highway-NH01 of 10.186 Km, which is the part of South Asia Sub-regional Economic Cooperation Highway Enhancement Project (SASEC) from Kakarbhitta to Laukahi in Nepal. The designing is done with the consideration of traffic future forecasted data. The ASTHO design standard 2018, is followed for performing the design covering all the measures of safety. A four-lane road of 2*7.3m width of Carriageway where design speed is kept at 80kmph, shoulder width 1.2m, and 8% maximum superelevation is considered. This problem of traffic congestion due to the rise in traffic volume could be solved ultimately enhancing the safety of the road. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the use of OpenRoad software for highway design and highlights its potential to improve the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of roadway infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes an approach for the optimization of velocities of police cars on assigned paths in case of critical conditions on networks. In particular, some simulations are considered for a fluid-dynamic model, that is useful to describe the evolution of traffic flows for nodes with two incoming and outgoing roads. The simulations are built by the analytical asymptotic solutions for the optimization of a cost functional that describes the average velocities of police cars on traffic networks. A decentralized approach is then useful to apply the analytical optimization results for all nodes of network. The obtained results prove that an optimization is possible, either for single networks consisting of a unique node or for more complicated topologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many deep learning (DL) models have been proposed to predict future traffic conditions based on historical data, with their respective achievements, strength, and weakness. However, they only rely on traffic state and ignoring other influencing states and only learn recent traffic pattern. To improve accuracy of prediction, some improvements are proposed. One of them is utilization of external factors, because the traffic flow is not only influenced by traffic flow data only but also by various external factors. This article dis-cusses involvement of external factors in improving accuracy of traffic fore-casting. Three DL models are compared to evaluate the achievements in four different datasets. In general, the result is that involvement of external factor could improve traffic forecasting accuracy. In addition, not only the methods that take role in making accuracy, but also characteristic of the data has significance in the accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motorcycle is a popular mode of transport in Indonesia. So there is heterogeneous traffic which is dominated by motorcycles. For this reason, it is interesting to study the characteristics of the traffic quality. Traffic macroscopic studies consisting of speed, density and traffic volume are useful for determining traffic quality. This study aims to analyze the models of speed(S), density (D), and volume (V) with various motorcycle volume percentages. The research was carried out on the roads of Ampang, Juanda, and Diponegoro, Padang city. The primary data consists of traffic volume and spot speed obtained through video recording of on-road segments. The survey was conducted during one working day on different days on the Ampang street, the Juanda street, and the Diponegoro street, carried out for 12 hours, from 06.00 am to 06.00 pm. The vehicle classification referred to MKJI 1997 and S-D-V relationships was analyzed through Greenshield, Greenberg, and Underwood models. The largest percentage of motorcycle volume occurred at 6.00-7.00 am at 75.3% on Ampang street and the lowest 47.6% on Diponegoro street at 6.00-7.00 am. On Ampang road, motorcycles dominate the traffic at all times, while on Diponegoro Street, the volume of motorbikes is balanced with the volume of light plus heavy vehicles. The S-D-V models selected for the motorcycle volume percentage of <50% and 60-70% are the Greenberg and 50-60% is Greenshield models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Padang Lua Highway, Banuhampu District, Agam Regency is the primary arterial, a national road. There were types of pavement damage that occurred in several segments of the road. Road damage that occurs causes inconvenience to road users, such as a reduction in the speed of vehicles passing through the road. In this study, 1 km length of the road was studied. The length of the road studied was divided into 5 segments, each segment is 200 meters apart, which means for the 2-way roads studied, there were 10 segments. There are three types of data collected, namely road pavement failures data, vehicle speed, and vehicle volume. Road pavement failures surveys were carried out to obtain a PCI (Pavement Condition Index) value. Data collection was carried out using the inventory technique, by walking along the road to measure road damage per 200 meters. The recording of types and dimensions of damage is carried out on types of pavement damage. The vehicle speed survey was carried out using the Moving Car Observation method. The traffic volume survey is obtained by recording 3 types of vehicles and the direction of their movement across the road section by means of a manual survey. The results of the recording are entered in the form that has been provided previously, which are grouped according to the direction and flow of vehicles. This observation method was carried out based on PKJI, 2014 method. Furthermore, in the data analysis, the value of road conditions (PCI value) is sought for the studied road segment. Linear regression analysis was carried out to determine the effect of the level of road damage on vehicle speed (PCI value). F test was carried out to find out whether the effect was significant or not. The results showed that the types of damage that mostly occurred were alligator cracks, block cracks, edge cracks, patches, swelling, and weathering or raveling. However, in general, the condition of Padang Lua Highway, Banuhampu District, Agam Regency is in very good condition (very good) with an average PCI value is 56.15. The results of this analysis indicate that the vehicle speed decrease as the increasing of road damage level. In the regression analysis obtained a model, Y = 16,892+0,2051x, whereas, Y is the vehicle speed and x is the level of road damage, the effect of the level of road damage on vehicle speed is significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing the use of motorized vehicles is one way to realize an environmental city and reduce congestion in Padang city. Bicycles are the proper transportation means to realize that. This study aims to determine the level of need for bicycle lanes. The study results can be used as input to stakeholders in Padang City regarding implementation of bicycle lanes on several roads in Padang City. This research was conducted at three street locations in Padang city, including Khatib Sulaiman Street, Samudera Street, and Jalan Hayam Wuruk Street. These three locations were chosen because they have different characteristics. The primary data in the study were geometric road data, traffic volume/flow data, vehicle speed data, and road pavement conditions. The road class study refers to Government Regulation (PP) no. 34/2006 concerning Roads. The type of bicycle lane used refers to the bicycle lane design criteria from the Center for Road and Bridge Research and Development (PUSJATAN), namely the bicycle lane on the road, both exclusive and inclusive. Data were analyzed using the Bicycle Level of Service (BLOS) method. Based on the analysis of the demand level for bicycle lanes by using the Bicycle Level of Service (BLOS) method, Khatib Sulaiman Street is unsuitable for bicycle lanes on the road carriageway because it is ineffective and unsafe for cyclists. The factors that caused Khatib Sulaiman Street to be less suitable for bicycle lanes on road carriageways were high vehicle speeds and high traffic volume/flow. Samudera Street is ideal for a bicycle lane on the carriageway because the environment is suitable for cyclists. The factors that make Samudera Street suitable for a bike lane are low vehicle speed and medium traffic volume/flow. Hayam Wuruk Street is suitable for a bicycle lane on a road carriageway because it is safe and good for cyclists. The factors that make Hayam Wuruk Street suitable for cyclists are low vehicle speed and low traffic volume/flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

XRootD servers are commonplace to many parts of HEP data management and are a key component to data access and management strategies in both the WLCG and OSG. Deployments of XRootD instances across the UK have demonstrated the versatility and expandability of this data management software. As we become more reliant on these services, there is a requirement to collect low-level metrics to monitor service performance and behaviour. This presentation will share our recent experiences in the collection, monitoring and analysis of such metrics from servers at UK WLCG-Tier2 sites. Building on work presented at VCHEP-2021 we have been collecting XRootD service metrics from various UK sites. In addition to this, we have developed novel technologies for recording and verifying metrics from our grid storage systems at the Edinburgh Tier2. Our custom tooling is integrated with our recently deployed monitoring platform. This work complements ongoing WLCG efforts focussing on capturing and analysing XRootD based traffic flow. Through capturing and analysing additional metrics we're able to better remotely assess service health and provide insights to assist in debugging. The goal of this is to offer a centralised resource that monitors the performance and health of remote storage services across the UK. Making use of these additional service metrics also allows us a greater insight into the performance of XRootD Proxy File Caches. By applying machine learning techniques to already collected metrics, we aim to determine if gains can potentially be made in optimising the behaviour of these caching systems in production at a UK WLCG-Tier2. The result of this potentially being the building and deployment of custom decision-making libraries for use with XRootDPFC services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Karkh area of Baghdad is located on the western side of the Tigris River, and this area has recently suffered from an increase in traffic congestion due to the rapidly ballooning number of vehicles without adequate planning. This paper thus aimed to evaluate the transportation system for the area chosen by calculating the Origin-Destination (O-D) matrix that represents the number of trips taken between an origin and a destination and how these are distributed. The O-D matrix was calculated by means of various programs: the first program was ArcGIS, used to create a model of the road network. Once the information necessary to run that program was entered, another program, TransCAD, was used to analyse the network to calculate the matrix. Data for some intersections was collected using video recordings, with data extracted by using the manual counting method to calculate traffic volumes per link for the selected intersection. This data was then entered into ArcGIS in the form of spreadsheet files. The results of the O-D matrix creation showed that the highest number of trips occurred in node (2), which represents the Al-Shula-Al-Ghazaliya intersection and node (3), the rotating bridge, where the number of trips was 2,154 per hour, while the number of trips between Al-Taji Rotary Bridge and the Al-Basra Street-Abu Ghraib Highway Intersection, node (1), was equal to 1,695 per hour. The O-D results matrix shows the main concentrations of movement between regions, and these mobility patterns thus offer sound inputs for transport planning, thus helping decision-makers select the best alternatives for network optimisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic jams at intersections have become increasingly common due to the increasing volume of traffic in recent years. Utilizing traffic simulation software to look for appropriate control methods aims to develop an efficient solution to the problem; however, different simulation programs may produce various evaluation results. The focus of this paper is on two simulation programs, SYNCHRO 10.0 and SIDRA 8.0 PLUS, in order to investigate the main differences between the two programs and thus select the program most representative of traffic movement at signalization intersections for further development. To achieve this goal two signalized intersections were selected in the city of Babil. The three main subjects of discussion in this work are thus a comparison of actual delay time and the delay time produced by each program, the software delay values versus the actual delay values after calibration of the basic saturation flow rate for all approaches, and the observed delay versus the predicted delay in each case. The selected software packages were also used to evaluate the actual delay times in various research cases versus the corresponding simulated values, leading to the conclusion that there are significant differences between field-measured delay times and the corresponding calculated delay times using the selected software. Nevertheless, the results showed that the SYNCHRO software was the best for predicting the field delay time at signalized intersections once the calibration process is complete. This study thus acts as a reference for simulation software selection in certain cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic volumes have increased rapidly in recent years across all major highways of Iraq due to the ongoing increases in economic growth in the region. The ability of a pavement structure to perform its main function decreases as traffic load increases, especially where overloaded heavy vehicles pass along a road. The majority of the road pavement is designed with vehicle legal load limits in mind: however, these may not always be adhered to, as most transportation businesses seek to reduce transportation costs by avoiding repetition of vehicle routes. Excessive truck traffic can cause economic, environmental, and social harm, however, and in this paper, the Iraqi State Commissions of Roads and Bridges (SCRP) code, AASHTO, and the Asphalt Institute method are used to analyse the effects of overloaded vehicles on road pavement thickness as compared to standard conditions. For both standard conditions and overloading cases, the traffic load expressed by Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) and truck factor were thus calculated, and the differences resulting from overloading thus identified. Traffic data from the Khalis–Odayam road were used in this paper to form a case study, allowing assessment of the impact of repetitive load conditions on the structural design, and any increase in layer thickness above the legal axle load limit that ensues. The results obtained from this work show that the total thickness of the paving layers as assessed using the AASHTO method was 805 mm and that by the Asphalt Institute method was 800 mm; these results were thus relatively close, despite the fact that the value of the ESAL was valued at 9.8*10^8 in the AASHTO method and 7.9*10*8 in the asphalt institute method, while the thickness values required by the two methods was greater than the current thickness of the road, indicating failures and distortions in the road after each successive road maintenance. According to these findings, overloaded vehicles on the road thus have a significant impact on pavement service life and necessitate to laying of thicker pavement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A full velocity difference car-following model is extended to examine the impact of the driver's psychological headways by considering the memory effect in optimal velocity under the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) environment. Both linear and nonlinear investigations are used to obtain the stability condition and mKdV equation, respectively. Numerical simulations are employed to confirm the theoretical results, allowing us to investigate the evolution of traffic flow when a minor disruption is introduced. By improving the intensity of the driver's memory, the traffic congestion is reduced due to previous information of the driver. In comparison to the FVDM, it is observed that less "psychological headway" can increase stability at greater traffic densities, while bigger "psychological headway" leads to more excellent stability at light traffic densities and this effect becomes more prominent with the involvement of the driver's memory. As a result, the critical advantage of this model over the existing study is that the car-following model with memory effect and "psychological headway" significantly enhances the stability of traffic flow under the V2V communication environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Density is important characteristic of traffic flows which inform how many vehicles occupying a stretch of road of unit length at a given instant. Its quantity impacts of other, speed and flow rate, characteristics and gives an opportunity to be determined needed geometry parameters of junctions. The most of studies carried out so far give results about density at crossroads entries of every approach but not in junctions' zone of their stop lines. This study try to explain this question in three junctions in City of Sofia. The provided results are basis for further development in a Lighthill-Whitham-Richards (LWR) model area and road and junction capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an application of a developed methodology for the reorganization and evaluation of transport situations after the conversion of the movement of cars through a conventional three-way intersection into their movement through a roundabout. The only correct approach to improving the organization of road traffic is the correct choice of solutions for the organization and reorganization of traffic on the existing road. The research carried out is checking the improvement of the conditions, organization and safety of the traffic and whether the capacity of the intersection of a particular intersection has increased before and after its reconstruction from a three-way to a roundabout. What is specific about the developed methodology and the specific proposal for the reconstruction of an intersection is that it complies with the accepted limitations of the existing street areas and checks whether the movement of cars from all traffic flows in the busiest hours of the day in terms of traffic is unhindered. The necessary research and studies have been conducted to successfully identify and implement the most effective methods and approaches for the overall organization of road traffic and street design and reconstruction of the transport infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pedestrian crossing is important question about road safety. It must be guaranteed at every junction and another places on a street when it requires. Its implementation need to be carried out in such way that it does not lead to negative consequences for traffic flows for which it is required to carry out the necessary in-depth studies of traffic indicators. This paper present the application of a conventional approach to ensuring a safety crossing at a light regulated junction in town of Vratsa with no opportunity provided up to this point. The need to ensure the crossing of pedestrians was assessed and the necessary times ensuring safety were calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of experimental studies transport flows by source and destination. in this way, the aim is to prove a methodology developed and proposed to the Municipality of Sofia for the reconstruction of a roundabout in order to improve the traffic capacity. The results for the correspondences between the entrances and exits of the intersections before and after the reconstruction are obtained by simultaneous video capture of the traffic flows passing through the intersection within 1 peak hour. In this part, a comparative analysis of the traffic flow correspondences measured before and after the reconstruction of the three-way intersection into a roundabout was performed. The comparison of the results and their analysis will give an assessment of the expediency of the performed reconstruction and will also serve as a proof of the accuracy of the proposed methodology for the reconstruction of intersections in roundabouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this experiment was to apply bi-level optimization based on constraints coming from store-and-forward model and to test the resulting values for the duration of the green lights via a microsimulation. For the aim of this study two models were designed. The first model is based on bi-level optimization and the second model is the microsimulation in the traffic simulation software Aimsun. The results of the first model were calculated through a Python-based package named PAO and a solver. The optimized values for the duration of the green light were then entered in the Aimsun microsimulation model and tested with different traffic flows. The results show that the bi-level optimization may be reliable and fast model for a small network as the investigate one. However, additional testing with simulation software reveals some weaknesses as e.g. the bi-level optimization tasks lead to zero queues in front of traffic lights, but the software simulator shows approximately 20 vehicles mean queue for the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, we are unaware of the safety of driving on roads. Accident cases have been increasing day by day. For a long period of time, accidents have been the main cause of road casualties. The city's level of traffic management is improved by the large-scale traffic flow system by its prediction and analysis. In early days, for security purposes, the traffic surveillance cameras have been installed. Hence, it requires manpower to survey each and every road's video streams. The dataset used here isthe video streams from the surveillance cameras that automatically analyse and detect the accident conditions. This project aims todetect the probability of an accident occurring or not occurring in the surveillance videos. As these surveillance videos are being recorded, they can be reverted directly to emergency services without any obtrusion. This could save the time wasted by the manual communication, as every second is important to saving lives during an accident. The paper proposes how human life on road can be simplified by using extraction techniques on the surveillance video. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Srigonco highway is a major transportation route that can be congested, which leads to increased accident rates. Based on these problems, a safe road improvement plan is carried out in accordance with applicable regulations, in order to minimize the number of accidents on the road. The research methodology used is guided by the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works No. In 2010, eleven PRT/M/2010 surveys were conducted on-site. As a result of the analysis, the ratio of the impact of the accident based on the time of the accident was 52% in 2019 and 48% in 2020, and the most common type of collision was a 21% head-on collision, which was the victim of the accident. The number of people was 43% with minor injuries, and accidents occurred on average in the afternoon and evening. Day. Most victims were found between 16:00 and 24:00, 48% in 2019 and 52% in 2020 due to lack of lighting and traffic signs. From an age perspective, the largest percentage of accident victims was 32% for 18 and 25 years. To prevent accidents on the road, it is necessary to install maximum transportation equipment such as optimum speed and comfort. It improves the traffic flow of the driver and improves traffic safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highway is one of the infrastructures that support economic growth in an area. It is necessary to ensure that the highways are always in an acceptable condition to provide comfortable and safe journeys for all users. This could be done by maintaining and rehabilitating the pavement at the right time, before the pavement is too damaged. To do this, road agencies require an accurate budget and action plan to be developed ahead as pavement deterioration that occurs earlier than the planned rehabilitation becomes an urgent problem that requires immediate response. This research study aims to develop a preliminary pavement deterioration model to be able to predict the pavement quality in the coming years, and hence the road maintenance plan could be prepared as accurate as possible. The data used in this research was obtained from Tangerang-Merak Toll Road, Indonesia and the data collected to develop the model includes International Roughness Index (IRI), Equivalent Standard Axle Load (ESAL), traffic volume, traffic composition, pavement age, and history of maintenance and rehabilitation of pavement. Using the Solver software, the relationship between parameters were determined and optimized, and it was found that the pavement condition, as represented by the IRI value, can be best described by the pavement age. The pavement deterioration model developed for the road section used in this study was IRI = 0.0906Age + 3.1240. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the issues related to multifactor modeling and forecasting of the volume of cargo transportation, taking into account the influence of numerous factors. To determine the measure of influence of each factor, multifactorial models and regression analysis methods are used, which enable accurate forecasting. To build models of the volume of cargo transportation, a multistage regression analysis is employed, where statistically insignificant factors are eliminated at each successive stage according to the t-criterion. Economic and mathematical models based on correlation and regression equations allow for a complete analysis of interrelated factors affecting the formation of the industry plan, thus enabling the substantiation of the quality of the developed long-term plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seasonal and daily variance of traffic flows in metropolitan areas can be somewhat understood by estimating the average daily traffic flow based on short-term traffic volume. The understanding of the variations in daily flow patterns between days of the week is, however, limited. The peak flow rate, hourly peak volume, and stability trend of their relationship are evaluated and analyzed in this study to better understand the properties of the hourly peak flow factor (PHF). Little research has focused on the PHF characteristics that are affected by variations in traffic conditions during peak hours, even though the importance of PHF is widely acknowledged in traffic studies and is significantly influenced by capacity and level of service values as well as geometric design effectiveness analysis of highways and intersections. Current research represents a trail on examining hourly traffic flow variance during a normal work day. The selected traffic facility was four-legs unsignalized intersection in Najaf city. Video recording from elevated position, which covering all the intersection approaches continual from 7:00 Am to 10:00 pm depended in discovering the traffic flow variance, peak hour volume, and PHF. Finally, when traffic is tallied during a specific time of the day, discrepancies between daily flow profiles for weekdays should be taken into consideration. This is because the statistical aspects of PHF are examined and its changing patterns are compared during peak times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of vehicles in NAJAF City has recently increased dramatically because of a lack of public transportation, economic growth, and a quick increase in population. The majority of traffic loads increasing were concentrated on traffic intersections, which already have a limited capacity, causing congestion on the roads. The level of saturation and delay increases as intersection volume increases, and as a result, the level of service (LOS) declines, causing instability and the formation of battalions as the intersection approaches. Traffic signals may even reduce congestion and lead to significant time, health, and safety savings. However, a few simple, inexpensive changes to a traffic signal network can significantly increase traffic flow. The current study's aims are to analyze, assess, and improve a four-legged signalized intersection in NAJAF City, known as the Al-Salam intersection. The current research operates and presents the best solution for boosting performance from the perspective of capacity. To achieve these objectives, the estimated distribution of traffic data in all directions required for traffic and geometrical analysis was collected using the SIDRA traffic program for the process's requirement. According to the findings of the study, the application of the assessment process and its intersection with the service standard is the outcome in LOSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the basic parts that cities depend on for movement and mobility is a road network. Therefore, improving and developing is network directly or indirectly affects various social, cultural, and economic activities. Al-Najaf is a city in Iraq that is currently undergoing development, but is facing challenges with traffic congestion in multiple areas of its street network. Regular diagnosis of the causes, locations, and severity of traffic congestions is crucial for two primary reasons. Firstly, it enables the classification of roads based on the gradual increase in vehicular traffic over time. Secondly, it facilitates the proposal of traffic engineering solutions that are tailored to the existing road networks. This study aims to assess the overall performance of the primary urban streets within the street network of Najaf city during morning and evening peak hours. The collection of field data involved the use of a video camera for the purpose of determining traffic volume, as well as conducting traffic surveys that entailed measurements of lane count and length. Additionally, a speed gun was utilized to ascertain the speed of free flow. The evaluation procedures from the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) are utilized to evaluate the operational efficiency of designated urban roads. As per the research findings, certain roads that exhibit free flow speed characteristics akin to highways during the early morning hours have been categorized as Classes I and II instead. The findings suggest that the percentages of urban street categories, including principal and minor arterials, collectors, and local roads, do not conform to the established sustainable standards outlined in the sustainable road hierarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerial photography is accomplished using various types of aerial vehicles and photographic techniques. Using the cameras built into the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), video or photos of the busy intersections can be taken from the air. This can provide information about vehicle movements, traffic flows, the presence of congestion and other factors related to the traffic level of the intersection. This report proposes a four-stage methodology for drone imaging, the results of which can be used for traffic analysis, planning infrastructure projects, improving road safety and optimizing transport infrastructure. The company's Data From Sky software has been used with a wide range of clients in the fields of infrastructure, transport and traffic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic congestion increase on highways (especially at intersections) represents one of the main problems causing situation hazards, traffic problems, and air pollution, these issues generally lead to failure or approximately to, in traffic structures and other infrastructures. This research is a part of a study trail to enhance and assess the level of service and traffic efficiency of a signalized intersection, named Al-Salam intersection, which is the only signalized one in Najaf city. Traffic volume had been collected for through, left, and right movements within morning and evening peak hours, that classified into passenger cars, heavy vehicles, buses, and motorcycles. Data were collected by video recording technique. SIDRA program had been dependent on evaluating Al-Salam intersection. SIDRA also can be utilized available development options and select suitable alternative. The primary analysis process results showed the intersection level of service (LOS E). This paper explains some strategies for enhancing the traffic flow and increasing the level of service, such as change No. of lanes in each approach, optimizing the cycle length, and eliminating some traffic directions by constructing over-bass or under bass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing countries such as India face many problems when it comes to the management of existing traffic system and its inefficient planning and scheduling leads to traffic congestion, increased pollution level and transit delays. This requires a significant amount of attention to build a smart traffic management system. Taking this into consideration a framework is proposed to determine traffic density and use the corresponding data to further modulate the traffic signal proficiently. This will be carried out by applying two different methodologies namely Background Subtractor MOG and TensorFlow Object Detection API. A video from surveillance camera is taken as input which will be converted into frames using OpenCV and after processing the detected vehicles are counted, thus the density is obtained. This is followed by comparing the results obtained by the mentioned methodologies. A vital application of the determined traffic densities can be in controlling traffic signals in a smarter way, therefore leading in decreased traffic congestion and uniform flow of traffic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main instrument for urban traffic control is the traffic light settings, which is applied in this research in order to improve the traffic dynamics. The goal is to develop a model for urban traffic control with bigger outgoing traffic flows than ingoing ones in order to be decreased the vehicle queues at crossroads. As a difference from the usual practice of using only one control influence of the traffic light settings, here two control settings - traffic light cycles and green light durations are implemented as control influences of an arterial network of five crossroads. The implementation of this approach is on the basis of the bi-level optimization methodology. It integrates two goal functions (of both hierarchical levels), more variables and constraints in comparison with the one-level optimization. The optimization problems of the bi-level optimization have been defined. The bi-level solutions have been compared with the one-level optimization ones. The numerical simulations give preference to bi-level optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the impact of data flows in Internet Protocol networks. Two experiments will be made. One of them in a network segment using three computers connected to one router, which will receive data flows from each computer to all the others in the segment. With each new measurement, the length of the packets will increase to change the throughput by a certain value in order to check the mutual influence of flows on all packet sizes. The bandwidth of all ports on the router is set to 10 Mbps, so the total amount of data should not exceed this limit. The second experiment will be carried out in a network topology consisting of three routers and three computers. In this topology, data streams go from each computer to the other two, thereby getting six streams passing through the entire network topology. The correlation coefficient will act as a parameter that will determine the result. If the flows at the output of the ports of the routers are tested for the dependence of the throughput and the probability of losses, then it will be possible to conclude that inside the router, the data flows do not mix with each other, preserving the distribution or law by which these flows were created. Wireshark and D-ITG were chosen as the programs that will be used to test the distribution and generation of traffic. Obtaining information about the influence of flows in the segment and topology will allow us to determine such a phenomenon as loss clustering into packets (episodes), what is their duration and their impact on network losses. Also, this information is important for measuring network performance during the transmission of multimedia traffic. The main result of the work is a series of measurements in order to find out the mutual influence of information flows between interfaces on the value of the probability of loss of a single stream, as well as to find out whether there will be any dependence on packet losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective traffic prediction is crucial due to a surge in deliveries by commerce and urbanization. This has led to a notable rise in traffic within megacities, causing route delays to the final destinations and countless vehicle accidents. E-commerce has been in a constant boom, as buying something online and having it delivered to the front door is easier than going to the store. As more people engage in this activity, e-commerce platforms' challenges are more complicated and need to be addressed faster. However, these challenges escape the delivery company's scope when external factors influence the objective of optimized deliveries, for example, traffic issues or bad weather during the last mile, issues that are only exacerbated where traffic sensors are not widely used (i.e., underdeveloped countries). The main contributions of this research are to (1) provide a contextual foundation of current frameworks used for traffic prediction, (2) use social media and multi-modal traffic-related data (weather, points of interest, calendar of events) by leveraging social network analysis to improve the accuracy of traffic prediction, and (3) to show a methodology that can be used for partially observed traffic. The proposed methodology includes deep learning tools like Long-Short Term Memory Networks, attention mechanisms, Graph Convolutional Networks, and social media tools like sentiment analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there are an increasing number of vehicles that have developed, resulting in different shapes. Therefore, the variety of vehicle types in traffic flow needs to be monitored by a classification system built-in in machine learning. This vehicle classification research utilized four classes of the vehicle dataset: class 3 "Acura TL Sedan 2012", class 14 "Audi TTS Coupe 2012", class 106 "Ford F-450 Super Duty Crew Cab", and class 134 "Hyundai Sonata Hybrid 2012". This research aims to evaluate the results of vehicle type classification using the Haar wavelet transformation algorithm as a feature extraction method. The feature extraction results of the first and second levels of the Haar wavelet transformation algorithm were subsequently used as training data for the classification using Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN). The highest classification result on the first level of training data was in Weighted KNN and Medium SVM with 0.33%. Moreover, the highest classification of the second level of training data was in Weighted KNN with 0.66%. The highest classification result of the combination training data between the first and second levels was in Weighted KNN with 0.75%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the level of containerization in Russia is a source of competitiveness growth, since it focuses on increasing the efficiency of nationally oriented logistics and integration into global logistics chains, ensures transparency and productivity of the transport and logistics sector. The reaction of commodity producers and carriers to the existing challenges largely determines the trajectory of development not only of rail container transportation, but also the format of development of Russian cargo traffic for the coming years or even decades. The purpose of this study is to develop tools to increase the mobility of supply chains that ensure the growth of railway container traffic on the main routes «China - Europe – China» in the services of JSC «OTLK EPA» - the leader of transportation in this segment. The scientific hypothesis of the interdependence of the growth of the capacity of the Trans-Eurasian railway corridor and the introduction of Industry 4.0 technologies in the processes of container logistics is substantiated. The research methodology is based on an empirical approach to the selection and aggregation of data on supply chains in a dedicated transit. Analytical procedures were used to analyze trade relations between China and Europe, the dynamics of transit container traffic volumes of this transport corridor, key performance indicators of JSC «OTLK EPA» for 2018-2021. As a result of the researching, the key limiting factor of cargo transportation growth in transit was identified, possible options for optimizing the integrated rate to ensure a competitive price offer of the carrier were identified, dominant advantages in the container services of JSC «OTLK EPA» along the transit route were established and the company's participation in the development of innovations and the digital market environment ensuring the growth of throughput was justified. A business model scheme has been developed to ensure the expansion of the cargo base and the growth of supply chain mobility along this transport corridor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The needs for movement of former or potential railway passengers in the city space are met in different ways. Perhaps the most popular of them is transportation by bus along routes, one of the final stops of which is the city railway station as its destination. There are 16 such routes in Tyumen. These routes connect the Tyumen railway station with a variety of districts of the city. These districts differ greatly both in the number of storeys and population density, and in the structure of the composition of the townspeople, the quality and style of their life. These routes are served by 260 buses of various capacities. The total traffic on such routes reaches 19 ... 23 % of the total traffic in the city. The distribution of buses (260 in total) along routes (16 in total) is not the same not only in number, but also in the type of rolling stock used. Specific "railway" bus routes in Tyumen include both the leading routes in the ranking city hierarchy (for example, route No. 25) and outsider routes in the rank hierarchy (for example, route No. 34). For such different routes, the structure of the traffic volumes performed is very specific. First of all, this specificity concerns the entropic orderliness of the transportation process. In this article, the entropic orderliness of routes is assessed from the standpoint of the structural stability of the distribution of traffic volumes by categories of passengers carried. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the throughput capacity on the main directions of the North Caucasus Railways (NCR) in connection with their specialization mainly for passenger or freight train traffic has been carried out. As a result, it was revealed that on all the sections considered, the available throughput until the completion of the reconstruction of individual sections of the road is less than the required one, and there are no reserves of throughput. The main reasons for decrease in throughput at the present time in the sections of the Center-South direction have been established. So, for example, an increase in the average composition and mass of freight trains excluded the possibility of using a number of stations for overtaking and crossing trains due to the insufficient length of the receiving departure tracks of the stations or non-observance of special conditions of passage. In this regard, measures have been developed to remove infrastructural restrictions within the framework of the investment program for the future. The article considers the implementation of the main indicators of the road in the current conditions of increasing the volume of passenger traffic in the presence of freight trains set aside from the movement. To eliminate the factors that negatively affect the performance of the quality indicators of the road, as well as to increase the throughput and carrying capacities of the sections on the road test site, the measures aimed at increasing the efficiency of the transportation process were updated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the importance of transport for the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, characterizes the existing state of the main types of land transport: road and rail. Using the methodology of designing the integrated development of a multimodal transport network, the authors identified external and internal factors influencing the formation of variants of the multimodal transport network scheme. Having studied the territorial location of Ethiopia's industrial parks, possible directions of multimodal transport corridors, existing, under construction and promising rail and road transport facilities, established points of departure and reception (repayment) of traffic flows and developed a variant of the scheme of the multimodal transport network of Ethiopia. This scheme is the basis for the formation of a variety of possible strategies for stage-by-stage changes in the appearance and capacity of multimodal transport network facilities and the calculation of options for the required cargo and passenger flows along the multimodal transport corridors of Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the existing maintenance system on the condition of railway freight cars, being part of the transportation process, was assessed. The relevancy to change of approaches of railcars maintenance and an update of the regulatory documents containing the requirements for railway rolling stock throughout the life cycle was discovered. The negative consequences of the railway car complex reorganization were considered. The current condition of the railway freight cars rolling stock, which constitutes the transportation process, was analyzed. The risks of uncoupling of empty and loaded railway freight cars due to fault conditions depending on the railway type were assessed. The removal from operation of railcars according minor components was analyzed. The main conditions for the unchecked advance of the railway car traffic volume under the existing scheme of warranty section for the train maintenance were determined. It was proposed to minimize the losses of transportation market participants from emergency repairs of railway freight cars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in the volume of traffic from year to year and the establishment of a number of commercial, industrial, recreational, and warehouse centers along the highways reduces the carrying capacity of the highways and causes many distortions. And thus affect the comfort and safety of driving. This research aims to assess the condition of the airport road, as it is one of the main and important roads in Najaf Governorate, Iraq. The pavement condition index method was used in the evaluation because it extensively addresses the problem of pavement degradation and relies on a robust statistical methodology. In addition, it is a simple and low-cost monitoring method. The research was conducted in the field to measure the dimensions of the distortions and to determine their type and level of distortion. The results of the analysis showed that the deformations were edge cracks, slot cracks, random cracks, transverse cracks, longitudinal cracks, transverse cracks, and contraction cracks. Most of the samples contained 95% shrinkage distortion, while the remaining distortions were lower, pop-up distortions were 50%, patching distortions were 10%, and railroad crossing and pumping distortions were absent. In addition, the average PCI value of the road in the first direction was 77, while in the second direction it was 76, the result indicates that the road is in very good condition because it is new. Therefore, this study recommends routine road maintenance to carry out repairs immediately to keep the road sustainable and reduce maintenance costs in the future [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the major part of the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) has been supported by a visual vehicle tracking system (VTS). In the phenomena of vehicle behavior analysis, this visual vehicle tracking system plays a major role. In this study, our main aim is to implement a tool to detect, classify and track the vehicles based on video recordings. This method is achieved by a deep machine learning system with the help of a faster region Conventional Neural Network algorithm. For the classification of captured vehicles, the technique of Deep Machine Learning having connection with Conventional Neural Network is used. During the phenomena of tracking, to detect the vehicles' direction and positions within the video frame Motion vector estimation (MVE) algorithm is used. At last, these algorithms are used to detect vehicles' behavior which is based on the way of implementation, and the rush of vehicles' motion is being utilized to monitor and control the traffic flow. During the implementation of this technique, the result displays that 96.5% of vehicles are identified precisely, 92% are classified, and 95% of detected vehicles has good lanes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was undertaken to assess whether ventilation operations of an existing road tunnel could be optimised by analysing long term traffic, in-tunnel air quality and air velocity data in the tunnel over a two-year period. Two approaches were used: 1) a classical approach where operation optimisation is achieved via ventilation analysis in a ventilation model that is tuned by comparing PIARC (2019) vehicle emission estimation with in-tunnel measurement and 2) a machine learning approach where all data are fed to an algorithm and ventilation operations are optimised based on predefined goals, rather than ventilation analysis. The two methods are compared based on predicted ventilation power consumption and pollution management. The benefit of implementing the second approach in tunnel operations range from being able to adapt ventilation operations to short-term changing traffic conditions to a long-term operation optimisation due to changing vehicle fleets. This work explores the possibility of extending the resilience and efficiency of assets, testing the idea using CityLink tunnel data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusion of aesthetic features within road tunnels may contribute to driver distraction or cognitive overload in drivers, impacting safety outcomes and traffic throughput. However, implemented appropriately, aesthetic features can facilitate driver vigilance, awareness, and lead to improved driver outcomes. This paper discusses two recently completed projects that highlight the importance of incorporating Human Factors into the design of major road tunnel infrastructure projects. The four-part Austroads: Guide to Road Tunnels provides high level guidance to practitioners involved in the planning, design, operation, and maintenance of road tunnels in Australia and New Zealand. Human Factors components of the guide were reviewed and updated based on the outcomes of a literature and project review. Key updates and implications for future road tunnel projects are discussed, with a case study reference to the recently completed Burnley Tunnel Enhancement works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a smart and smooth traffic, traffic flow detection is mostly done through cloud computing. All the captured images are being stored in the cloud computing center, but still this traditional method becomes more complicated with increase in traffic. This paper tells about the traffic flow identification on the edge node based on deep learning. Here Yolo v3 algorithm has been employed and trained with large amount of real-life traffic dataset. This uses a traffic detection and tracking algorithm to predict the flow of traffic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]