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The major aim of the study is to biosynthesised silver nanoparticles fromGossypiumhirsutumand chitosan coated silver nanoparticles compare their morphology analysis using scanning electron microscopy depending on size and frequency. Materials and methods: Biosynthesised silver nanoparticles and chitosan coated silver nanoparticles were synthesized by biosynthetic approach. Here, two groups were analyzed with sample size for each group was 5 and the total sample size was 10 with ∝=0.05, G power 80% and confidence interval 95%. The morphological characteristics of both biosynthesised silver nanoparticles and chitosan coated nanoparticles were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis reveals that biosynthesised silver nanoparticles (2500nm) have larger size particles when compared to chitosan coated silver nanoparticles. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles found to be statistically significant 0.002 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Biosynthesised silver nanoparticles have larger size particles when compared with chitosan coated silver nanoparticles are examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Biosynthesised silver nanoparticle is having good optical property and it can be used in therapeutic agents [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the size and uptake of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles in the blood of non-diabetic patients by optically and morphologically characterizing the nucleation and growth processes. Materials and methods: For the analysis of diabetic blood, chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles were used with silver nitrate, sodium borohydride (NaBH4), and sodium citrate as capping agents. A total of seven sets of 26 samples were tested with a G performance of 80% and a 95% confidence interval. Nanoparticles were examined using UV-Vis spectroscopy as well as scanning and electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Check the absorbance and morphology of the sample. Nanoparticles absorb different wavelengths to different degrees. The uptake of nanoparticles needs to be studied. Study particles in the 200–700 nm range. It shows significant absorption in the UV part of the visible spectrum in the 200–400 nm range. SEM topographical examination confirmed the size distribution. The size distribution of the particles was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). At a concentration of 70 mM, the absorbance of diabetic blood was statistically significant at 0.227 (p>0.05). Conclusions: The nucleation and growth process was used to produce silver nanoparticles for diabetes analysis. Silver nanoparticles were prepared using sodium citrate as a capping agent. Although less toxic, it lacks antimicrobial properties. Therefore, silver nanoparticles should be synthesized for in vivo testing. Nanoparticles can be used in surface coating process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental objective of this investigation is to use a scanning electron microscope to make a direct comparison between the morphologies of nano silver and nano zinc, with regard to both size and frequency. The components and procedures: The bio synthetic method was used in this research to produce nano silver and nano zinc structured particles. The morphological study of nano silver and nano zinc that was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In this study, two groups were investigated, with a sample size of four for each group and a total sample size of eight. The statistical parameters used were a significance level of 0.05, a power of 80 percent, and a confidence interval of 95 percent. By using a scanning electron microscope, the morphological properties of biosynthesised nano silver coated nanoparticles and nano zinc coated nanoparticles were investigated (SEM). Analysis using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) yielded the following result: in comparison to chitosan coated silver nanoparticles, biosynthesised silver nanoparticles (4500nm) had larger size particles. The value of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles was determined to be 0.627, which is statistically insignificant (the p-value was more than 0.05). In the realm of nanotechnology, silver nanoparticles have a greater effectiveness and are also utilised in the application of bio medical implants and also in the minimization of sensors by coating with innovative piezoelectric sensors that are used by mems technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this research is to make use of a scanning electron microscope to do a comparison between the morphologies of nano copper and nano zinc. The components and procedures: The biosynthetic and wet chemical approaches were utilised in this study to facilitate the synthesis of nanoscale copper and nanoscale zinc structured particles. In this instance, two groups were investigated, with a sample size of four being used for both Group 1 and Group 2, with a total sample size of eight, a significance level of 0.05, a G power of 80%, and a confidence interval of 90%. A scanning electron microscope image showing the morphological formation of nano copper and nano zinc (SEM). The examination carried out using a scanning electron microscope produced the following results: nano copper was discovered to have a statistically significant value of 0.500 (p>0.05) when compared to nano zinc particles. The morphology of nano copper and nano zinc particles was observed using a scanning electron microscope, and the results of the investigation demonstrated the development of highly pure nanoparticles. Copper nanoparticles have a higher efficiency and are also used in the application of bio medical implants and also in the minimising of sensors by coating use for novel piezoelectric sensors that are used by MEMS technology in the field of nanotechnology. Copper nanoparticles are also used in the field of nanotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) has been widely used especially in tropic countries either for topically applied on adults or children's skin or orally-intake products as a supplement. In this study, VCO has been produced in nanoparticles using nanostructured lipid carrier system targeted for hair care application. This study used emulsification-ultrasonication method of glyceryl monostearate as a solid lipid, and VCO itself as a liquid lipid and water as a disperse solvent. Different amount of solid lipid was varied in order to obtain smaller particle size and narrow polydispersity index. Particle size distribution and zeta potential of the samples were then identified. In vitro occlusion factor was also examined. Then, samples with and without VCO-NLC were then applied on the hair tresses and examined using scanning electron microscope. As a result, VCO-NLC (F1) produced smallest particle size with 126.3 ± 10.0 nm and narrow PDI (0.16 ± 0.01) with spherical shape. In vitro occlusion factor produced 8.8 ± 4.2% and 10.2 ± 5.5% for VCO-NLC at 24 and 48 h. Results showed that, hair tresses tested with VCO-NLC produced slightly thin film formation on the hair tresses that prevented the hair dry and loss its moisture. Thus, VCO-NLC was satisfactorily produced and has a potential to be used as a hair care substance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous Titanium Niobium (Ti-6Al-7Nb) are widely found in biomedical applications due to their excellent mechanical characteristics and biocompatibility with human bone. In this study, porous Ti-6Al-7Nb were produced with powder metallurgy process together with space holder technique. Magnesium (Mg) was used as spacer to generate pores with porosity range 20-40 vol.%. The production of porous samples started with the spherical Ti-6Al-7Nb powders with average size of 20 µm were mixed with Mg powders with different weight percentage and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) as binder. The mixtures then were compacted using Hydraulic Hand Press under pressure of 600 MPa with double-ended steel die. The green compacts produced sintered for 2 hours under high purity argon gas atmosphere at temperature 1300°C to remove the Mg. The calculated porosity in range ~25-37 % of sintered samples achieved desired porosity content. Compression test with speed 0.001mm/sec were conducted to figure out the mechanical characterization resulting in Elastic modulus, E in the range ~0.0651-0.9375 GPa and yield strength, σy ~3.9-47.0 MPa which sufficient for implantations with human bone. The sintered samples were observed under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) where spherical, interconnected macropores and irregular shape of micropores were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dunaliella salina is an example of microalgae. The microalgae Dunaliella salina has a halotolerant ability to live in a high salt environment. Besides, this type of microalgae can be used as a source of bioethanol because it has a high carbohydrate content of 69.7%. Microalgae harvesting techniques can be chosen as an alternative for harvesting microalgae because they have advantages, including being able to maintain up to 100% biomass and low energy consumption. The membrane filtration technique has the disadvantage that there is a blockage in the membrane during the harvesting process. In this study, membrane cleaning was carried out through a process of immersion into cleaning reagents, namely sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and citric acid. The membranes before cleaning and the membranes after five cycles of cleaning were characterized using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results showed that the membrane cleaning with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) was more effective than cleaning with citric acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective adsorber nanocomposite of Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 metals ferrite loaded on ZIF-12 composite was successfully constructed and tested for removal of acid red (AR) textile dye. The characterization procedures powder X-Ray diffraction XRD, Scanning Electron Microscope SEM, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy EDX, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer VSM, and surface area (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller BET) methods were used to analyze the constructed materials. The acquired Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/ZIF-12 nanocomposites exhibited high adsorption capacity for acid red (AR) dye removal from aqueous solutions. The max adsorption capacities of Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4, ZIF-12, and Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/ZIF-12 were 19.8, 46.7, 76.4 mg.g−1, respectively. The AR day concentration, adsorber dose, solution pH and contact time were studied in detail on the absorption efficiency. Kinetic and equilibrium isotherm studies were also conducted, which show that second order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm were fitted well with the experimental results. Besides, the Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/ZIF-12 nanocomposites could be effortlessly separated by simple magnate, and displayed high stability after reused 4 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the morphological properties and the presence of carbonate minerals in the fine and coarse clay separated, two soils representing the sediments of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers were chosen to represent them. The Physical and chemical analyzes were conducted on it, the clay was separated by sedimentation, which was divided into two treatments with the presence and absence of carbonate minerals. The separated clay models were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the purpose of studying the morphology properties of clay minerals. The following results were found:there is a discrepancy in the percentage of Calcite minerals in the Tigris River, and its percentage was higher than that of in the fine clay, while this case differed in the Euphrates sediments, as the Calcite mineral excelled in the coarse clay separated, in general, Calcite mineral was higher in the sediments of the Euphrates River than in the Tigris River. Also the presence of Dolomite mineral in the fine clay separated in the Tigris sediment, while it was not present in the coarse clay fraction. This situation was reflected in the sediment of the Euphrates River, as the mineral Dolomite was present in the coarse clay separated and was not present in the fine clay separated, and the sediment of the Tigris River were the highest in the percentage of Dolomite mineral. The results of the (SEM) showed that the Carbonate minerals partially cover the mineral crystals or act as a welding material between two or more crystals in the sediments of the Tigris River, while the Carbonate minerals completely cover some mineral crystals in the sediments of the Euphrates River, and this is due to the increase in the percentage of Carbonate minerals in the sediments of the Euphrates River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) fiber is a byproduct of the palm oil industry, and have the potential as a reinforcement material in various polymer based products, resulting in remarkable improvements in mechanical properties. In recent years, researchers have focused on developing OPEFB fiber reinforced thermoplastic starch (TPS) films as a potential alternative to petroleum based plastic films. However, the mechanical properties of these films need to be improved for practical applications. One approach to improving the mechanical properties of OPEFB fibers/TPS films is acid hydrolysis (AH) treatment. TPS films were formed by the plasticization process, in which the structure of granule starch was devastated and reformed by water, and glycerin through the heating process. The OPEFB fiber were undergo AH treatment for reduced the size of particles, removed impurities, and enhanced the compatibility between the OPEFB cellulose, and the TPS matrix. The OPEFB cellulose was added to the TPS matrix to produce OPEFB(AH)/TPS bio composites by film casting. The TPS films with OPEFB(AH) fiber content in the range of 1wt% to 6wt% were prepared. The mechanical properties were studied by changing the content of OPEFB(AH) fiber added to the TPS matrix. Results show that the films achieved the highest tensile strength when 4wt% OPEFB(AH)/TPS were used to form bio composites films. This was due to the homogenous, and good distribution of OPEFB cellulose in the TPS matrix. The tensile strength reduces when the OPEFB(AH)/TPS fiber content was increased to 5wt%. The elongation at the break of films experienced a slightly reduced as the loading of OPEFB(AH) cellulose increased because the mobility of the starch chain was hindered by OPEFB(AH) cellulose. The morphology of different loading OPEFB(AH) cellulose with the TPS matrix was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilizer industries are one of the most critical industries to support agriculture industries in Malaysia. A significant amount of wastewater also producing along with fertilizer production. The wastewater contains ammoniacal nitrogen, NH3−N, and causes a real treat to fish due to its toxicity. Thus, this study aims to determine the performance of ultrafiltration process removal of ammoniacal nitrogen from fertilizer wastewater incorporated with bio-adsorption process by using different feed solution chemistry and temperature. The sample was obtained from a fertilizer company located at Gurun, Kedah. The obtained sample contains NH3-N and solely used for this study only. Membrane material of polyethersulfone (PES) was used for this study. As for the bio-adsorption process, bio-adsorbent which made from banana peel was used. The removal of NH3-N was investigated at solution pH values of 10.30 and 7 for different temperature. The results showed the highest NH3−N removal was 80.07% obtained under condition of p. 10.30 and 30°C. Hence, this combined process is feasible for significantly removing NH3−N from fertilizer wastewater. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for surface membrane morphology characterization. Atomic force microscope (AFM) was employed to investigate membrane surface roughness. Results of AFM indicated that membrane fouling becomes more severe when surface roughness increasing, which was measured by the surface area difference where magnitude and frequency of surface peaks were taken to accounts. Flux decline was correlated to the surface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanosilica (n-SiO2) constitutes one of nanofillers that acts as nucleation centers for self-healing concrete contributing to the acceleration of hydration process as well as improving the compactness of concrete. Source of n-SiO2 varies, for example, from rice husk, fly ash, and silica sand. In this work, we present the efficient extraction route of n-SiO2 from the fly ash which contains 49% of SiO2. Further, some characterizations of n-SiO2 were carried out including surface morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope and functionality by FTIR spectroscopy, crystal structure by XRD, particle size distribution by dynamic light scattering, and the water absorption capacity. The developed extraction route in brief can be described as follows: (1) acid leaching using 0.5M citric acid solution (1:3 %wt) under 600 rpm stirring for 1h, (2) alkali treatment using 4 M sodium hydroxide solution (2:9 %wt) under 1000 rpm stirring at 90°C for 2 h, and (3) titration using 10 M citric acid forming silica hydrosol. The yield of n-SiO2 is found 81% at the highest. The resultant n-SiO2 is amorphous (92.14%) where the crystalline impurities root from trisodium citrate and sodium chloride. The particle size is 4.93 nm in which the crystal structure indicates lattice strain of 0.034 with dislocation density of 4.12·1012 cm−2. IR spectroscopy reveals that high absorption of hydroxyl (-OH) and aliphatic carboxylic groups may facilitate rapid hydration and formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). The n-SiO2 also shows large water absorption capacity of up to 49.56 ± 13.81 g/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Styrene is a plastic-type that is used as a heat-insulating material for buildings with properties difficult to be degraded, so that, this plastic should be reduced in utilization with an alternative biofoam. This study aims to present the influence of ZnO reinforcement on morphology and strength of cassava starch-based biofoam. The experiment started with biofoam synthesis using baking methods method. Biofoam made of cassava starch containing the ZnO of 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%. The resulting biofoam was observed using a scanning electron microscope and tensile test. The result indicates that the morphology of biofoam without the addition of ZnO had cavities with thick inter-cavity walls, while biofoam with variations of the addition of 3%, 6%, and 9% ZnO formed relatively the same cavities with thinner inter-cavity walls when compared to biofoam without ZnO addition. The highest strength value occurred in biofoam with the addition of 6% ZnO resulting in an average tensile strength of 0.9283 MPa. Nonetheless, when the ZnO content exceeded 6%, as demonstrated by the addition of 9% ZnO, the tensile strength of the biofoam declined to 0.7544 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the methods to stabilize potentially liquefied soils in Yogyakarta International Airport (YIA) area. It presents an innovative bio-cementing soil improvement method to increase the shear strength of loose sand in soil conditions with initial salinity content 3.4%. The type of bacteria chosen was Bacillus sp, which can survive in salinity and aerobic conditions and precipitate microbial-induced calcium carbonate (MICP). This improvement was realized by mixing loose sand with fly ash as a source of Calcium (Ca) and microbial fluids. The aim of this article is to investigate the performance and mechanism of MICP in the binding process between loose sand particles by optimizing the percentage of fly ash and microbial in salinity conditions. During the MICP process, microbes require Ca2+ ions obtained from fly ash, which contains SiO2 and CaO to generate CaCO3 for the bonding process between particles. The percentage of fly ash used, loose sand moisture content, and curing time were examined to identify an increase in the shear strength value of the sample. The results showed that the shear strength of the samples treated with the addition of microbial fluid and a 35% fly ash mixture under salinity conditions exhibited a significant increase compared to other combinations. This indicated that the addition of 35% fly ash and 0.2 mL of microbial liquid can result in a shear strength of 78.08ᵒ, cohesion of 0.18 gr/cm3, and an increase in grain dimensions due to bonding between particles as observed in the results of the sieve analysis after a curing time of 28 days. Furthermore, the MICP mechanism, including the interaction of bacteria, fly ash, and sand in binding soil particles with the production of CaCO3, was observed using a digital microscope and scanning electron microscope based on the results of XRD and SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composite strength depends on the effectivity of interface interaction between the fiber and the matrix. The chemical treatment makes fiber surfaces more compatible with a hydrophobic polymer. So, this study aims to determine the influence of silane coupling agent concentration on the interfacial shear strength in the fiber composite of the Sansevieria cylindrica fiber. The methods included fibers treatment using ethanol as a dissolving and silane coupling agent with concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Fibers were embedded into the epoxy polymer for as long as 200 µm. The interfacial shear strength test was conducted through a single fiber pull-out test. Fiber morphology, crystallinity, and the functional group were observed using a scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. As a result, the morphology of S. cylindrica fibers became rougher and showed a rougher surface after a silane concentration of 7.5%, but with the proper concentration, some fiber surfaces provided a good interface. Analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) on S. cylindrica fibers without treatment showed a crystalline index of 66%. Increasing silane concentration by 10% and the crystalline index by 75%. The treatment with a silane concentration of 0.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10.0% results in interfacial shear strength of 39.936, 59.300, 76.742, 83.965, and 91.321 MPa, respectively. The interfacial shear strength increases when the concentration of silane coupling agent increases, with the highest shear strength of 91.321 MPa at a silane concentration of 10%. The silane coupling agent changes hydroxyl groups into silanol groups in fibers, making a bond between the matrix and fibers. It can conclude that the treatment of a silane coupling agent increases the interfacial shear strength of the interface of S. cylindrica fiber-epoxy composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The machinability of nickel aluminium bronze with abrasive water jet machining technique is the subject of this paper. Three separate parameters are used in this machining process, including standoff distance at three different levels, transverse speed of abrasive flow rate, and water jet pressure. The examination of kerf width, surface roughness, and material removal rate (MRR) forms the basis of the machining. Examining surface morphology and material removal techniques also include using images from scanning electron microscopes (SEM), optical images, and surface roughness images. Water jet pressure and velocity were determined to be most influential factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimum grit of silicon carbide (SiC) abrasive paper, argon flow rate and reaction time for synthesis of the smaller average outer diameter of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) directly on 316 stainless steel (SS316) surface via chemical vapour deposition (CVD) was determined using response surface methodology (RSM). The morphology and the average outer diameter were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The optimisation results showed that roughness from 800 grit of SiC on SS316 exposed to acetone flowing in argon at 85 ml/min for 30.02 minutes successfully produced CNFs and CNTs with the average outer diameter of 98.50 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide-silver nanoparticles (rGO-AgNPs) was carried out simultaneously by reducing graphene oxide and silver salts. The synthesized nanocomposites were successfully characterized by using UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Methyl Orange dye was used to study the adsorption efficiency of rGO-AgNPs nanocomposites. Parameters affecting the adsorption rate such as the effect of time and pH were investigated. The results showed that the rGO-AgNPs composite was effective in absorbing dyes of methyl orange for 3 hours with a degradation percentage of 15%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superconductor is a material which when an electric current flows through it, it will not lose energy or can be said to have zero resistance at low temperatures. The manufacture of BaPb0.7Bi0.3O3 superconducting material by means of the solids method where the sample is processed through solid mixing then calcined and continued sintering at a temperature of 600, 610, 620, and 630°C for 12 hours. Then continued testing using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and superconductivity test using cryogenic. From the results of X-ray diffraction, the highest tetragonal structure was obtained at a sintering temperature of 610°C of 75.9% with a Tc value of 11.8 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radula is the feeding organ of gastropods (Mollusca). This organ is a long ribbon shaped that rolls up inside the buccal cavity, and is composed of tens to hundreds of teeth arranged in a transverse row. Morphological characters of radula have been used in the classification of gastropods at all taxonomic levels as their characteristics reflect inter− and intraspecific variations. Detailed descriptions of radular characters among gastropod species, therefore, provides essential information to identification. In this study, the radula of six Cerithiodean species of the families Pachychilidae (i.e., Sulcospira testudinaria, S. kawaluensis and Tylomelania toradjarum) and Thiaridae (i.e., Melanoides tuberculata, Stenomelania plicaria and S. punctata) were compared. The radula was extracted enzymatically using Proteinase-K and were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The six species studied have the taenioglossate type of radula with the formula 2-1-R-1-2. The radular characteristics that distinguish members of Pachychilidae from those of Thiaridae include the ribbon length, the glabella shape, and the marginal teeth structure. The pachychilid species have a longer ribbon (x̅ = 14.11-19.48 mm) compared with the thiarid species (x̅ = 2.93−4.16 mm). Moreover, pachychilid species have a narrow glabella with a convex basal shape and short marginal teeth, whereas thiarid species have a broad glabella with a flat basal shape and long marginal teeth. Each species in the present study shows radular variations in the number of rows as well as the shapes of teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The valve guides used in the engine head of the internal combustion engine should have excellent wear resistance properties. Grey cast iron is mostly used material for the manufacturing of the valve guides. In the present study grey cast iron GG25 has been investigated for wear characteristics under lubricated conditions. Wear performance is analyzed by varying loads from 30N to 50N and varying sliding speeds from 0.5m/s to 2m/s in wet medium SAE10W30 lubricant. The surface morphology and material composition of the experimental samples have been carried out using Scanning electron microscope coupled with EDS. It has been found that graphite layers along with external lubricant in cast iron GG25 added with copper 2.40 weight percent helps to minimize wear losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Austenitic stainless steel is well known for its superior corrosion resistance, but they lack hardness. To overcome the above problem, several case hardening processes such as nitride, carburizing, carbonitriding, nitrocarburizing and cyaniding were adopted. Chosen for this research work, AISI 310 were taken for the following dimension 8mm diameter and42 mm length respectively. The specimens were undergone with aqueous soluted salt bath treatment for 70 minutes, 130 minutes, and 190 minutes at 570°C and were named as SBT 1, SBT 2, SBT 3 respectively. An untreated sample is used for comparing the results with the processed ones. The specimens were subjected to wear test using pin-on disc tribometer. A load of 20N was applied against a disc rotation at a speed of 1000 rpm. Measurements of hardness were done using a Rockwell hardness machine. All the specimens were undergone with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for microstructural studies. A comparison study is made between all the samples and the better wear resistant sample is chosen for the required application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Martensitic stainless steel has less corrosion resistance, great hardness, wear resistance and strength, but absence of ductility. Therefore, annealing processes have been picked out to stabilize the property of ductility. The specimens were taken in the cylindrical shapefor a dimension of 42 mm length and 09 mm diameter. Later the specimens were annealed to a temperature of 723°C, 823°C, 923°C and were named as A1, A2 and A3 respectively. The untreated specimen is kept aside comparison of results. Wear test were undergone for all the specimens with the help of pin on disc wear testing machine. All the specimens were undergone through scanning electron microscope for changes in microstructure. The results were compared and the best specimens were chosen for the needed application. It was noted that, phase change from martensite stage to residual austenite were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uranium ore concentrate plays an essential role in the fabrication of uranium dioxide. Uranium ore concentrate as ammonium diuranate (ADU) is an intermediate nuclear material, making it one of the materials of concern in nuclear forensics. In industrial processes, ADU was dried at the temperature range of 120 – 400 °C and the calcination process in the temperature range of 400 – 850 °C, which allows for changes in morphology and structure. The final product is very dependent on the starting material. The ADU powder from the pilot conversion plant (PCP) – BRIN needed to be characterized for its fingerprint. Heat treatment was varied at 250 °C, 300 °C, and 400 °C with an air atmosphere. Characterization included uranium content, morphological observations using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and revealing the phase composition using X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the uranium content increased with increasing temperature, the highest at a temperature of 400 °C, where the uranium content is 79.66 ± 0.51%. Visually, the pore size of the powder is getting smaller, and the amount decreases with increasing temperature. In ADU powder, before heat treatment consists of two phases, and after the heat treatment forms three phases. The results of this characterization can be devoted to a nuclear forensics database of nuclear and radioactive materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the effect of the curing method using electron beams as an effort to substitute the fixation process using metal in the dyeing process of ramie batik. The study was conducted by combining the tegeran (Cudrania javanensis) natural dye with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and a small amount of alum (K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O), which was then used for batik coloring. The results showed that we can use the fixation process using electron beam irradiation as an alternative in the batik dyeing process because the process is effective, efficient, and produces environmentally friendly products. The fixation irradiation dose affects the quality of the fastness of batik. At doses of 20 and 60 kGy, it has good color fastness, especially in the color fastness test to 40 oC washing and rubbing. However, the color fastness test against sunlight gave poor results. The optimal color aging value was obtained at the 60 kGy dose level with a value of 1.62. In testing the morphology of non-irradiated and irradiated ramie batik using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), imaging results showed that there were morphological changes on the surface of ramie batik. The results of the functional group analysis test using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of cross-links in ramie batik. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superconducting properties as well as microstructural development of Bi1.7Pb0.3Sr2Ca2-xAgxCu3OY composite for (0≤x≤0.5) were studied. Powder pellets were fabricated using the solid state reaction method. Electrical properties of the samples were studied by the four point probe method. It was found that the doping of Ag up to 0.2 concentration enhances the superconducting transition temperature TC, the highest TC was exhibited at 126 K, while excessive concentration decreased it. The phase identification and structural characteristics of synthesized high-TC superconductors was investigated through X-ray diffractions. The results showed both (Bi, Pb)-2223 and -2212 phases coexist in the samples with orthorhombic crystal structure for all samples. Surface morphology was studied with scanning electron microscope SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles were added to Bi1.7Pb0.3Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+d composite its superconducting properties as well as its microstructural development were studied. Powder pellets were fabricated using the solid state reaction method. Critical transition temperatures TC of the samples were measured by the four point probe method. It was found that the addition of nanosized TiO2 up to the 0.2 wt% enhances the superconducting transition temperature TC, the highest TC was exhibited at 118 K, while excessive addition suppressed it. Ti nanoparticle introduced effective pinning centers. The phase identification /gross structural characteristics of synthesized high-TC superconductors (HTSc) was investigated through X-ray diffractions. The results showed both (Bi, Pb)-2223 and -2212 phases coexist in the samples with orthorhombic crystal structure for all samples. Grains shape and their connectivity were studied with scanning electron microscope SEM. Along with this the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope EDX analysis was used to test the chemical composition of Bi1.7Pb0.3Ti0.2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+d superconductor. XRD, SEM and electrical measurements were done on the samples to deduce the best properties desired for superconductor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide (GO) has a high thermal conductivity so that it can be used in heat transfer applications. The example is for nanofluids quench medium. In this study, graphene oxide was characterized using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to determine the chemical content and morphology. GO-based nanofluids were synthesized with concentrations of 0.01%, 0.03% and 0.05% in the water base fluid. Furthermore, the surfactant Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (SDBS) as much as 0%, 3%, 5% and 7% was added. The obtained nanofluids was ultrasonicated for 15 minutes and then tested for thermal conductivity and zeta potential. After that, the nanofluid was used as quenchant for S45C hardening process. The austenization process was done at 900°C for 1 hour. The result showed that higher concentration of GO and surfactant generally lower the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. The highest thermal conductivity was obtained on 0.01% GO without surfactant at 0.59 W/mK. The conductivity decreased at the highest GO and surfactant addition at 0.57 W/mK. However, the highest hardness achieved was on the 0.05% GO with 5% SDBS at 48 HRC. This result showed that the thermal conductivity of nanofluids quench medium did not directly correlate with the hardness of the quenched samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) was a promising candidate as a lithium-ion battery anode for EV (electric vehicles). However, LTO has low electrical conductivity and capacity. Thus, it was necessary to add active carbon and ZnO nanorods to the LTO compound. Li4Ti5O12/C-ZnO nanorods were obtained by using the sol-gel method for TiO2 synthesis and the solid-state method for TiO2 mixing process with a lithium hydroxide source and C-ZnO nanorods. Activated carbon has the role of increasing electrical conductivity, while the ZnO nanorod was expected to increase the capacity. This study has three weight variations of activated carbon, i.e., 1 wt.%, 3 wt.%, and 5 wt.%, while the weight percentage of ZnO nanorods was kept constant at 4 wt.%. The characterization of the samples was examined using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The battery performance of the samples was obtained by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), and Charge-Discharge (CD) testing after being assembled into coin cell batteries. The results showed that the Li4Ti5O12/5%C-ZnO nanorods have the highest specific capacity of 112 mAh/g with a charge transfer resistivity of 123 ohms. According to the Brunner-Emmet-Teller (BET) test, the largest surface area was 63.51 m2/g with a crystallite size of 85 nm. From this research, it can be concluded that Li4Ti5O12/5%C-ZnO nanorods are the most optimized composition as anode material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) is a biocompatible, biodegradable synthetic polymer, has tunable mechanical and degradation rate properties and the capability for controlled drug release. Encapsulation diclofenac sodium using carboxymethyl chitosan-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (CMCh/PLGA/DS) were synthesized to enhance gastric retention followed by a controlled release in the small intestine to reduce the side effects due to frequent administration, such as gastric irritation and renal damage. Synthesis of nanoparticles was carried out using a double emulsion (water/oil/water) solvent evaporation method with poly(vinyl alcohol) as the emulsifier. Studies using infrared spectrophotometer show that the interaction between diclofenac sodium and polymer on nanoparticles is non-covalent with a spherical shape based on scanning electron microscope characterization. When compared to unmodified PLGA nanoparticles (PLGA/DS), encapsulation efficiency of CMCh/PLGA/DS nanoparticles was increased with a minimum release at pH 1.2 of 0.2% and controlled release at pH 6.8 of 90.9% up to 24 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulase bacteria can use as starter cultures for fermentation. Cellulase enzymes can be produced by bacteria isolated from mammals, but there is no information about cellulose produced by bacteria from the saliva of Bearcat. Bearcat is one of the civets belonging to the same family Viverridae as Luwak. The aims of this study were to investigate potential cellulolytic bacteria from the saliva of Bearcat, and the characterization of cellulase bacteria based on their morphological and biochemical analysis. Morphological characterization and biochemical tests of selected bacteria colonies were observed including size, shape, edges, color, surface, elevation, the appearance of the colony, gram staining, and catalase test. Then each isolate was also observed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 5.000 and 10.000X magnification. The result in this research has 8 different colony morphologies were observed. All the isolates indicated high enzyme producers due to their abilities to form clear zone where more than 2 mm. All of the isolates have cellulolytic activities, and the highest cellulolytic index was observed at 5,30 mm. All isolates were identified as gram-positive. The biochemical catalase test used to know the ability of aerobic organisms to produce catalase enzyme gave a positive test of catalase. Among those isolates, the SB02 and SB05 isolates had the highest cellulolytic index of 5.26 and 5.30 and were identified as Bacillus cereus strain L77 and Bacillus. subtilis strain GL2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reinforcing and non-reinforcing fillers are essential materials for making various rubber vulcanizates. In this study, calcium carbonate as a non-reinforcing filler and zeosil as a reinforcing filler were used to manufacture trolley solid tire vulcanizates used in airports. The loading of CaCO3 on solid trolley tires varies with a ratio of 60 to 75 phr. Zeosil at a 45 phr ratio. The manufacturing of the solid tires was performed through the process of mastication, compounding, and vulcanizing at a temperature of 150 °C for 20 minutes. The solid tire trolley vulcanizate sample's mechanical properties were examined. It was observed that specific gravity, hardness, and abrasion before and after aging are directly proportional to the increasing CaCO3 ratio. The hardness of trolley solid tire rubber vulcanization at a load of CaCO3 70 phr has a hardness value of 65 Shore A. It was equal to the hardness value of a commercial airport trolley solid tire. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was performed for functional group identification. It was detected that a functional group of natural rubber, additives, and fillers existed in the sample. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) test results showed pores and longitudinal fractures on each sample surface. It also showed the appearance of white particles, which indicated the distribution of CaCO3, zeosil, and TiO2 in the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungsten and cobalt are included in the European Union's list of critical raw materials (CRM). The share of WC-Co-based cutting tools is slowly decreasing, but they still account for a major share, and efficient recycling technology has to be developed. Different technologies are present but most of them have drawbacks such as contamination by the material of crushing equipment, excessive energy consumption, use of dangerous chemicals that need to be disposed (also causing health issues to workers), dramatic reduction of mechanical properties of the recycled powder, etc. The recycling of WC-Co hardmetal (cermet) tools with the help of thermal shock of varied intensity and the number of treatments followed by an assessment of the resulting change in mechanical properties (microhardness), number of fragments, as well as the weight of samples, were done. The device allowing automated application of a pre-defined number of heating-cooling cycles (water and liquid nitrogen were used as a cooling medium) was produced, and applied. The diagrams indicating the optimal (number of cycles and temperatures) treatment regime providing the highest strength were obtained, and scanning electron microscope images are illustrating the recycling efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on the characterisation of sodium alginate incorporated with Iron (III) oxide for biomedical applications. First, biofilm and bead samples with and without 0.1 g, 0.2 g, and 0.3 g iron (III)oxide particles are prepared by manual syringe technique and solution casting. Next, sodium alginate biofilms and beads incorporated with and without Iron (III) particles were analysed by microstructure using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Energy–dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis was applied as well to reveal the chemical elements present in the sample. The samples were characterised using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis. Microstructure analysis results revealed that the microstructure of 0.1g, 0.2g, and 0.3g beads varied due to the amount of iron (III) oxide particles. Meanwhile, EDS detected that the chemical elemental present were mainly Fe3+, O2−, Ca2+, and Cl−. The existence of halite crystalline or sodium chloride, magnetite, sodium iron oxide, iron oxide, and maghemite structures was determined by XRD analysis to account for the varying diffraction peaks of the samples. Based on the AFM result, the surface roughness of all shapes resulted in different topography shapes due to the different weight of iron (iii) oxides that shows the increment of the weight resulted in the formation of different valleys and hills on the biofilm. Finally, the experiments concluded that sodium alginate incorporated with iron (III) oxide is promising for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is about the production of tinted film for helmet visors and windshields that possibly meet the specifications. The use of tinted film must comply with the regulations from Road Transport Department Malaysia. The permitted visible light transmission (VLT) percentages of 70% for the front windscreen, 50% for the front side windows, and 30% for the rear windows and the rear windscreen. Nowadays, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was used as a plastic film window and distinguished primarily by the fact that a wide range of molecular weights and degree levels are generated in a single multi-product polymerization process. Natural and synthetic dyes differ fundamentally in terms of stability and cost. Furthermore, most synthetic dyes are not biodegradable, they accumulate on lands and in river causing ecological problems. This research used onion peels as natural dyes for the fabrication of tinted film. The objective of this research is to study the properties of onion peels as a tinted film using lux meter for brightness, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for morphology, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for bonding and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy for absorbance properties. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) granules, glycerine, acetic acid and onion peels were mixed for the fabrication of tinted film. The result for tinted film shows less light penetrating the glass mirror. While the morphology shows an uneven surface and it is supported by a FTIR and UV-Visible that shows there is a peak shift in onion peels tinted film. Therefore, onion peel dye shows a higher possibility as a tinted film for helmet visors and windshields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) is one of the promising wastes that can be converted into a valuable product such as activated carbon (AC) which is applicable for adsorption applications. The main objective of this work is to prepare and characterize the morphological surface properties of AC from EFB which is suitable for the adsorption of dye compounds and methylene blue application. AC was prepared by KOH impregnation with ultrasonic power and physical activation using a tube furnace. The influences of activation time using ultrasonic power (0, 45, 90 min) and activation time (300, 500, 700˚C) on the properties of the AC were analyzed. The surface morphology of activated carbon was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The samples were prepared using an ultrasonic method for 45 minutes during impregnation time. It is observed that the development of the pore increases as the chemical impregnation and ultrasonic time and activation temperature increase. EFB is identified as a suitable material for AC production as it is capable to develop the AC physical properties via specific processes and methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural sorbents have several benefits, including high sorption capacity, superior biodegradability, and low cost. Kapok is one of the natural fibers that can be used as absorbent material. These distinctive qualities give kapok fibers greater oil sorption capacity than other oil sorbents currently on the market. However, it is difficult to hold oil properly due to its waxy coating and smooth fiber surface. Thus, in this study, the rough surface fiber has been coated using ZnO via the hydrothermal method. Considering that ZnO is instinctually hydrophilic, this modification of the fiber compounds increases the adsorption of oil in fiber. The surface morphology interaction has been proven with an experiment using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for morphology investigation, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for identifying organic or inorganic materials, and physical interaction (contact angle analysis). The results obtained display a significant difference between modified kapok fiber with ZnO and raw kapok fiber. The FTIR analysis shows that the modified kapok exhibits the peak's level of intensity at 3268.88 cm−1 (stretching vibration peak of surface –OH decreases obviously as compared with that of raw kapok fiber, an absorption peak (symmetric stretching vibration of Zn–O–Zn) is observed at 652.28 cm−1. These results suggested that the whole sum of –OH was diminished, and hydrophobic ZnO nanoparticles were developed on the kapok fiber's surface. A surface morphology analysis using SEM shows that ZnO particles are present on the kapok fiber surface while comparing it to the raw kapok. Modified kapok shows a higher contact angle (138°) compared to raw kapok (125.5°). This can conclude that the kapok fiber modification was successfully achieved using the hydrothermal method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A particular type of steel has a higher concentration of carbon than other types of steel called carbon steel. This study focused on the electrodeposition coating of Nickel Silicon Carbide (Ni-SiC) composite coating at 50 oC. In this study, medium carbon steel was used as a substrate. 25 g/l SiC was used during the deposition. The carbon steel was acted as the cathode and the carbon rod as an anode during electrodeposition. The coated sample was heat-treated at 350 OC for 1 hour. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the surface morphology and microstructure of the coated and heat-treated sample before and after the wear test. The coated sample's element composition and phase distribution are determined using the Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). To identify the hardness of the composite coating, Vickers micro-hardness test was used on the surface of the sample with 100g load in 10 seconds with ten indentations. Weight loss method was conducted to determine the average wear resistance of the sample. The wear behavior of the Ni-SiC was evaluated using the weight loss method with 3 g/l alumina as the abrasive material. The results showed that the heat-treated coating had higher wear resistance than the without heat treatment. The findings also showed that the sample with the heat-treatment process had a higher hardness. This proved that the heat-treated sample had the best wear behavior and hardness value compared to without heat treatment due to denser coating produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrodeposition is one of the composite coating deposition techniques of a metal on a cathode during electrolysis through a method of purification. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is one of the potential non-hazardous electrolyte. In this work, NaCl was used as electrolyte in electrodeposition of copper-nickel on mild steel substrate. Three different parameter was used in order to find the suitable parameter to use in NaCl electrolyte. Optical Microscope (OM) shows all sample have different thickness of coating. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows distribution of coating on substrate and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy confirm element on coating. Results shows that 0.03 A current used in this NaCl electrolyte was most suitable as it shown highest thickness of coating and have fairly coating on substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) alloy has been developed especially in the biomedical sector due to its shape memory ability and its mechanical properties which is comparable to human bones. However, NiTi alloy carries the risk of Nickel (Ni) ions leaching when implanted in the human body making it less favourable for biomedical use forlong term. Therefore, the goal of this research is to passivate the porous NiTi by oxidizing the surface via annealing treatment. Initially, the porous NiTi alloy was fabricated via powder metallurgy technique with addition of Calcium Hydride (CaH2) as a pore forming agent. Here, the degree of porosity was measured and the pore morphology, phase identification and transformation behavior were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), respectively. Then, the surface treatment was performed by varying annealing temperatures where the oxide layer formation was characterized by using SEM and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS). The result shows that the sample's porosity increased by up to 42% from its theoretical density, demonstrating that the weight percentage of the pore-forming agent has a significant effect on theporosity of the NiTi alloy. For surface treatment, at higher annealing temperature i.e. 500°C, it produced a thicker oxide layer of TiO2 as compared to samples annealed at 300°C and 400°C. This indicates that the annealing temperature highly affects the formation of oxide layers on the surface. This oxide layer adheres well to the NiTi alloysurface and is expected to prevent the Ni ion from releasing, thus making this porous NiTi biocompatible metal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have investigated the effect of Yttrium doping on structural, morphological and, electrical properties of nanocrystalline powder Pr0.6Y0.1Ba0.3MnO3 (PYBMO) synthesized by Sol-gel wet chemical route. Rietveld's analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern has revealed that the compound has orthorhombic phase with Pnma space group. Scherrer's formula was used to compute crystallite size, which came out to be ~ 11 nm. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) has confirmed the homogeneity of the sample and calculated average particle size from SEM image using particle size distribution was found to be 110 nm. The temperature dependent resistivity measurements have been carried out in 15-300 K temperature range which shows that nanocrystalline PYBMO exhibits semiconductor behavior. The resistivity data has been fitted with various mechanisms like small polarons hopping (SPH) and variable range hopping (VRH). VRH model is the best fitted for nanocrystalline PYBMO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine whether there is a positive impact from using the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system on the net benefits of a higher education institution. The research uses the information system success model proposed by DeLone and McLean. The variables tested in the study include system quality, information quality, service quality, user satisfaction, and net benefits. Data was collected using a questionnaire distributed to 54 respondents. The collected data were processed using the PLS-SEM method with the SmartPLS 3.0 application. The study results indicate that the quality of information positively affects user satisfaction (H3), and user satisfaction positively impacts net benefits (H4). While the system's quality does not positively affect user satisfaction (H1), service quality does not positively affect user satisfaction (H2). This research extends the previous study by adding net benefits, which are representations of individuals and organizations. It can be concluded that the use of ERP systems affects not only individuals but also organizations' performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compounds of three types based on nickel were used, the first included nickel with tungsten carbide (5,10,15,20,25)%, and the second, nickel with boron carbide (5,10,15,20,25)%, the third is nickel with tungsten carbide and boron carbide in proportions (5,10,15,20,25)%B4C)+(5,10,15,20,25) %WC). After the mixing process of the three compounds was completed, the powders were sprayed in the form of three batches on the bases of the turbine blades prepared for this purpose and cut appropriately. The ideal conditions are 90° spray angle, 15cm spray distance, (50%Ni+25%WC+25%B4C), and 1.5mm thickness, which gave the results with the highest value of hardness (240Hv), the highest value of adhesion strength (39MPa), less wear rat (2.21×10−5) g/cm, the coating thickness and its effect on some mechanical and physical properties were also examined, and it was found that the best coating thickness that gives ideal results is 1.5 mm thick, while the scanning electron microscope(SEM) results showed that the compound is (50%Ni+25%WC+25% B4C) gave the best surface topography that is almost free of pores and cracks, which gives a model with distinct physical and mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallurgy Powder is employed appropriately in line with industrial development and practicality in order to produce samples with unique properties and ease of application. This technology was used to prepare copper matrix composites with a fixed rate of 10 wt.% (Fe) and (2, 4, 6, 8,10)wt.% of magnesium oxide particle (MgO) as corroboration material. The metal powders were milled together for two hours in order to be homogenized. The prepared powder samples were pressed at 5 tons for only one minute. Then the pressed samples were sintered at(900°C) for 2 hr. After that, some mechanical properties (represented by hardness, compressive strength, and wear) and scanning electron microscope properties (SEM) were examined. The results showed that the best hardness values obtained were at 10wt.% of MgO, reaching 320Hv before treatment and 480Hv after treatment. As for the results of compressive strength, the value was 53MPa before treatment and 75MPa after treatment at the same percentage of corroboration material. While wear reached the lowest value of (6.9×10-8 g/cm) before treatment and (5.1×10-8 g/cm) after treatment at the best corroboration rate of 10 wt.%. Concerning the scanning electron microscope (SEM) results, they best agglutination and clear overlay amid the granular limits as a result of this strong attachment and sameness among the mechanisms of the elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium silicate nanoparticles were successfully prepared by solution combustion method using easily available magnesium nitrate, silica fumes and fuel urea. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-Ray, transmission electron microscope and UV-Visible spectroscopic studies. The band gap and average size was found to be 4.1eV and 20nm respectively. The degradation efficacy was successfully examined for acridine orange and victoria blue B dye under sunlight. The degradation efficacy was achieved at 93.11% for acridine orange dye and 91.53% for victoria blue B dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substrate type plays an important role in the growth of semiconductor films using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method, which is a simple and cost-effective technique. The effect of the nature of the substrate on the structural, optical, morphological, and electrical properties of tin monosulfide (SnS) films on both substrates (glass and flexible) was studied for 4 h at a constant temperature of 80 °C, with a strong peak at 31.75, which corresponds to the (111) level of the prepared SnS films. The scanning electron microscope revealed that the surface of the film on the glass substrate is covered with irregular spherical granules, some of which are nanoflakes, while the surface of the film on the flexible substrate is observed to contain flower-like spherical granules that are well distributed, more compact, and of a homogeneous structure. The grain size of SnS films was found to be 2.7 µm and 3.6 µm on glass and flexible substrates, respectively. The energy bandgap varied between 2.06 eV on the glass substrate and 1.52 eV on the flexible substrate. Hall Effect measurements show the films created have p-type conductivity for both substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has been carried out on the inhibition efficiency of expired metformin drugs as a corrosion inhibitor for boiler pipes. Metformin is highly soluble in water, contains five nitrogen atoms, which provides adsorption in the formation of thin films on metal substrates, and has considerable anti-corrosion behaviour. This study aimed to determine the efficiency of Metformin expired drugs to inhibit corrosion and optimize the use of Metformin expired drugs. The research was conducted by characterizing the steel pipe sample using optical emission spectroscopy (OES), characterizing the expired Metformin drug sample using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), measuring the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency using the weight-loss method, and surface morphology analysis using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of the characterization of the steel pipe sample showed that the sample was composed of Fe, C, Si, Mn, P, S, Cr, Mo, Ni, Al, Co, Cu, Nb, Ti, V, W, and Pb elements. The characterization of expired drug samples showed stretching of the amine group at wavelengths 3369.5 cm-1 and 3295 cm-1, proving that Metformin was present in the expired drug. The results of the weight loss test showed that expired Metformin was able to inhibit corrosion with its optimal condition being at temperature 70oC with 25 ppm inhibitor, and the inhibition efficiency reached 73.54%. At temperature 50oC with 50 ppm inhibitor, the inhibition efficiency reached 84.81% in the corrosive medium NaCl. 3%. The SEM micrographs show the surface of the steel that does not use inhibitor looks damaged and has holes, while the surface of the steel that uses inhibitor looks smoother. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, mild steel AISI1080 was butt welded by an automated shielded metal arc technique (ASMAW) using E6013 electrode. Parameters such as welding speed (3.19, 3.9 and 4.6 mm/s), with the electrode diameter (2.6, 3.2 and 4.0 mm), and welding angle of (45, 50 and 60°), were tested and listed by Taguchi orthogonal arrays. Microstructure of welded samples were observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to the microstructural observations, the amount of pearlitic phase in the weld area increased with increase in welding speed, and angle of electrode, and the smallest size electrode of 2.6mm at the expense of ferrite. However, in the HAZ the amount of ferrite increases with increase in welding speed and the electrode diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the mechanical and tribological sliding wear tests are performed and the effect of varying load, sliding velocity for random-discontinuous glass fiber reinforced polypropylene was investigated. The tensile tests of GFRP material are performed for 2mm sheet thickness in uniaxial loading conditions. The sliding wear test was performed on the pin-on-disc apparatus for the load from 10 N to 50 N at an interval of 10 N and sliding velocity from 1m/s to 5m/s at an interval of 1m/s. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to interpret the surface wear effects for considered conditions. The coefficient of friction (COF) was increased as the normal load is increased, but for 40 N load sudden drop in COF was observed. In varying velocities, the graph showed nonlinear conditions for COF values. The wear rate for both conditions was also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computerized manufacture innovation, known as 3D printing or additive manufacturing, makes actual design from a mathematical portrayal by progressive option of materials. 3D printing depends on assembling an eventual outcome through a layer-by-layer process. Specialty figured out polypropylene copolymer supported with high-modulus slashed carbon fibre of 15% is contemplated. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the 3D printed examples were portrayed utilizing scanning electron microscope, standard tensile testing, impact testing (Charpy) and flexural testing. It was seen that polypropylene copolymer with 15% chopped carbon fibre were scattered all through the microstructure of the polypropylene copolymer. The review was made with various infill designs like network, triangle, tri-hexagonal and cubic. The test values of elasticity for various infill designs like grid, triangle, tri-hexagonal and cubic were 8.47 N/mm², 8.99 N/mm², 9.98 N/mm² and 12.05 N/mm² separately. The test values of impact strength (Charpy) for various infill patterns like grid, triangle, tri-hexagonal and cubic were 5.4 joules, 3.6 joules, 5.9 joules and 5.7 joules separately. The test values of flexural specimen for various infill designs like grid, triangle, tri-hexagonal and cubic were 1359.5 N/mm², 1205.71 N/mm², 990.4 N/mm² and 848.92 N/mm² separately. After performing a tensile test, the characterisation was done through SEM the behaviour of fracture was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]