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A case study of recent challenges to welfare-work programs in New York City reveals the complex dynamics of social movements with institutional politics, and reveals continuities and discontinuities between the two. Drawing on Gramscian state theory, political process theory, and recent relational extensions of political process theory, the paper shows the ways in which five mechanisms-path-dependency, institutional spillover, certification/decertification, scale-shift, and time-shift-combine within and across instititutional settings to enable or stymie workfare workers' and their allies' efforts to gain rights under a workfare program that denied them clear rights-bearing status. In showing the operation of these mechanisms-which lie between structure and strategy-in worksite-based organizing, courts, legislatures, and in mass-mediated moral protest, the paper shows the ways in which challengers to workfare were at a structural disadvantage. It argues further that revealing structural disadvantage is the main justification for the study of social movements as distinct from (though embedded in) institutional politics, and is preferable to an analytic strategy that begins with pluralism, and treats movements and interest groups as the same type of entity. Finally, assessments of social movement outcomes should focus on the reconfiguration of policy options and the coalitions that underlie them. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the role of procedural fairness in determining responses to bureaucratic standardization. I examine this question in the context of drug formularies in hospitals. Drug formularies are a list of drugs available to physicians in a healthcare organization, and represent a standardization of the drug choices available to physicians. While some advocate the use of formularies as a cost-effective means of managing drug benefits, critics see them as an infringement on physicians' clinical autonomy, and as potentially harmful to patients, ultimately contributing to higher costs of providing care. Drawing on organizational justice theory, I look at the role of procedural fairness in shaping the effectiveness of bureaucratic standardization, and argue that the payoff from drug formularies depends on whether the process of setting and implementing formulary policies is fair. To examine this, Inpatient Discharge Data for 2002 from Florida, Illinois, New York, and Texas, combined with an original survey of 243 hospital pharmacy directors, were analyzed using the hierarchical linear modeling technique. I found that the cost effectiveness of drug standardization depends on the procedural fairness of the standardization process, controlling for patient, hospital, and hospital market factors. Theoretically, this paper contributes to a partial reconciliation of conflicting predictions from the standardization literature by considering procedural fairness. Given the ubiquity of standardized rules in organizations, the findings also have practical implications for how to manage bureaucratic standardization without alienating organizational members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the results from a six-month survey of the use of WiFi hotspots in New York, Budapest and Montreal. This paper makes the following arguments based on the survey data: first, WiFi is an important factor in attracting people to specific locations; second, the use of WiFi highly localized in that it is often used to search for information relevant to one's geographic location; third, there are significant differences in the way that WiFi is used across a variety of locations including cafes, parks and other public spaces; fourth, at present, WiFi users are, for the most part, young, male and highly educated displaying the characteristics of early adopters of technology; and, fifth, there is a convergence in the ways in which WiFi is used internationally in some respects, however there are also important differences in the reasons for these uses as well divergence in other respects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common Core Assessment is a national initiate that is designed to provide P-12 students with work and college readiness skills while raising the curriculum standards in the United States to a competitive international level. The purpose of this research is to examine the results from the Common Core Assessment completed in the States of New York and Kentucky. The Common Core Assessment results from these states were selected because a review of the literature determined that these were the two States in the United States that have reported test results. Specifically, this paper will review assessment results and provide an opinion on the future implementation of common Core Standards in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article gives information regarding the grey literature report of New York Academy of Medicine Library (NYAM) in New York City. According to the report, the NYAM has been aggregating grey literature through web and print, in science and health policy, Health of vulnerable population and health status in case of general medicine and disease of interest. It is mentioned that the Grey Literature Report was launched in the spring of 2011.

One of the primary justifications for collecting racial statistics is the need to monitor racial inequalities and discrimination. However, research increasingly shows a divergence between the internal and observed components of race for many of the groups that are most likely to experience discrimination. The shift of the U.S. Census from interviewer-enumeration to self-completion in the last few decades has therefore moved race data away from this primary monitoring function. This paper uses qualitative interviews with Dominican and Puerto Rican migrants in New York to illustrate discrepancies between the distinct components of race and how Census statistics fail to measure the social mechanisms associated with discrimination. Several recommendations are made for ways to improve the measurement of race to better fulfill its purpose of monitoring racial inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration from Latin America to the United States has and will continue to change dramatically. Over the last few decades, Latinos in the U.S. have increasingly become an immigrant population, diverse in terms of national origin, and dispersed throughout the United States. As Latino immigrants choose not to settle in traditional states such as California, New York and Texas, new receiving areas in the southeast and Midwest are now experiencing large influxes of Latinos. The implications of this change are evident in the social and civic incorporation of Latinos, race relations between Latinos and other racial and ethnic groups as well as political representation. This paper explores recent trends in Latino immigration to new emergent states using data from the 2006 Latino National Survey. Comparing several states in new and traditional receiving areas, the analysis examines race relations, employment and political competition across racial groups and feelings of linked fate between Latinos and African Americans and whites. Initial findings suggest that Latinos in both old and new receiving areas perceive closer ties to African Americans in particular than might have been expected given recent research and media coverage. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the presentations and discussions of the Beam-Beam’03 workshop, held in Montauk, Long Island, from May 19 to 23, 2003. Presentations and discussions focused on halo generation from beam-beam interactions; beam-beam limits, especially coherent limits and their effects on existing and future hadron colliders; beam-beam compensation techniques, particularly for long-range interactions; and beam-beam study tools in theory, simulation, and experiment. © 2003 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using historical and ethnographic methods, this paper explores how livelihood, recreational, and protective attachments to New York City's Jamaica Bay combine with forces such as informal residential segregation to create a sense of "place attachment" around the National Park Service's Gateway National Recreation Area. The paper examines the physical (e.g., Jamaica Bay ecology) and social factors (e.g., residential segregation, recreational attachments) involved in place attachment as well as how place attachment has changed since the establishment of the Gateway National Recreation Area in 1972. The paper explores how place attachment can result in feelings of entitlement to nature that precludes neighboring communities' (of different racial and socio-economic status) use of this National Recreation Area. Consequently, the paper makes suggestions as to how environmental policy can foster environmental stewardship via place attachment without creating barriers for others' use of natural spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten years after the mob's Apalachin conference in upstate New York, implementation of a new strategy for prosecuting leading racketeers was undertaken by the United States Justice Department. The 'Buffalo Project' evolved in 1966 from an organizational template innovated by Attorney General Robert Kennedy. Its success introduced creation of the Strike Force program. This paper discusses historical pathways leading to the first Strike Force unit in Buffalo, New York in January 1967. It summarizes previous initiatives to concentrate intelligence and investigatory resources, reflects upon contributions of Attorneys General Nicholas Katzenbach and Ramsey Clark and Henry Petersen (Chief of the Organized Crime and Racketeering Section (OCRS)), and discusses some of the early cases prosecuted by Buffalo Strike Force chief Robert Peloquin and his staff of attorneys and investigators. This celebratory paper is based on extensive research of the Strike Force program, soon to be published in a comprehensive history, and the experiential reflections of many attorneys, investigators, and Justice Department officials who worked in the program over its 23-year run. William S. Lynch was one of those dedicated officials, serving nearly seven years as Chief of OCRS from 1969 to 1975, directing the program through years of expansion and consolidation. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Center for Sex Offender Management (CSOM), a project of the Office of Justice Programs, provides technical assistance to the grantees of the Bureau of Justice Assistance's Sex Offender Management grant program. Donna Reback, CSOM Consultant, serves as the technical assistance provider for both the Massachusetts and New York projects. In this presentation she will tie the other two papers together, providing a broader perspective on sex offender management. Observations, recurring themes, and emerging trends will be discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the rebuilding of Lower Manhattan in the U.S. The rebuilding of Lower Manhattan enhanced the value of classical American pragmatist model developed by W.E.B. Du Bois and others from Chicago School. The pragmatists used ethnographic studies on ecological structures of the city to classify race and class. The ethnographical studies also focused on the problems of racial stratification in urban life. In 1925, Robert Park and other sociologists presented a theoretical framework for urban ethnographic studies. Park clearly stated the elements that need to be considered to create sustainable work communities.

This essay tends to study the ethnic Chinese immigrant faith groups in New York metropolitan area and focus on ethnic and religious characteristics and the implication of immigrant incorporation. Through cultural action based on religious communities, the new patterns of network are emerging from below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of teachers entering the profession through alternative certification and the number of charter schools in America have both steadily increased over the past fifteen to twenty years. While there is a great deal of research on the efficacy of different paths to certification on teachers in regular public schools, there is little work done on whether teacher certification matters in charter schools for teachers or how a return to higher education for certification affects charter school teachers. Since charter schools and their teachers are a substantively different population and environment than public schools and their teachers, research that focuses solely on public school teachers is incomplete. In addition, those same charter schools are greatly affected by the state law that establishes them, but there is little research examining charter school laws, and whether the type of charter school law concerning teacher certification matters for charter school teachers. In this paper, we use mixed methods (descriptive statistics and interviews) to examine how the different types of charter school teacher certification laws in Connecticut, New York, and the District of Columbia affect teachers who entered through an alternative route to certification. Then, we discuss the teachers' thoughts on what they considered useful and useless within different certification programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New York City urban planners have for decades employed a strategy of developing economic zones in urban enclaves. The Financial District, Fashion District, and Meatpacking District are all reflections of this mode of gentrifying neighborhoods in the interest of specialized industries. A recent and perhaps the most public of these strategies, is the redevelopment of Times Square into a tourist spectacle for middle-upper income families. From an enclave of depreciating theaters, markets for the drug and sex trade, to poverty-stricken residents, the New Times Square is a cacophony of consumer culture of media, retailing, entertainment, advertising, and marketing. Some have designated it the Disneyfication of Times Square, the Disney Corporation being a foundational investor in creating this themed region formed around the adaptation of their films into live theater. This paper will investigate the effects of this commodification on the theology and religious practices of two congregations in Times Square. Originally pioneered in the era of the economically devalued Times Square, they formulated ambitious missions for social justice and care for those in need living on their doorsteps. The ethnographies will demonstrate how they have attempted to adapt and assimilate to the middle-upper income demographic and transient tourist populations surrounding them. Of broader interest in this study, is how religious groups attempt to re-frame themselves to a new mission, while remaining faithful to one's original mission, even when forced to evolve alongside urban ecologies driven by intentional redevelopments to appeal to transient tourist consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the biography my grandfather, Joe Sharcot, who grew up a poor child of Russian Jewish immigrants in Rochester, New York to explore the relationship between racial biography and masculinity. Joe Sharcot channeled a burning desire to escape the ghetto into football and eventually won a "scholarship" to the University of Illinois. The angry kid from Rochester's Jewish ghetto left Illinois as Joseph Sharcot, a businessman who lived the rest of his life in "integrated" middle-class suburbs. The anger and competitiveness that won Joe Sharcot a Big Ten football "scholarship" and launched a lucrative business career never left him. Weekends when grandpa watched football on television, the house emptied out. Screaming at the television could escalate into much worse and no one tempted his wrath when a favored team lost. Joe Sharcot exemplifies what I call "fortified masculinity" - an identity available, primarily, to white, heterosexual men that carried privileges and costs. Fortified masculinity integrated ethnic white men into the capitalist state so that contradiction at the level of political economy became confusion and feelings of inadequacy for the individual. Biographical analysis makes macro-level relations of power visible as they become inscribed upon and embodied within the individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, having saturated suburban markets throughout the United States, Walmart has been aggressively trying to expand into more densely populated urban areas. This paper will use Wal-Mart's recent urban strategy, and in particular its plans to open a store in New York City, as a case study to discuss current debates about smart growth, urban sustainability and corporate responsibility. In 2005, Walmart's attempt to open a store in New York City was defeated by a collation of labor, community and environmental organizations who claimed that the companies path of creative destruction would exploit workers, squeeze suppliers and devastate communities and the environment. Beginning in 2010, after having learned from its past mistakes, the company once again turned its eyes on the city. This time around, the company has been aggressively forging partnerships with assorted community, labor and environmental constituencies. For example, the company has incorporated ideas about food sustainability and environmental justice into its urban initiative by promising to bring low cost, healthy food to urban food deserts and by pressuring its food suppliers to produce more sustainable food. It has also promised to provide to "decent " paying "green- collar jobs" to local residents in areas with high unemployment. Does the corporate behemoth's attempt to win over reluctant urban residents reflect a more progressive business approach or is it a sophisticated form of corporate greenwashing designed to rehabilitate its tarnished image? We situate this local case study in theoretical debates about the politics of urban neoliberal environmentalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mediation regression model has been constructed to analyze The New York Times' coverage associated with the Christmas Day Bombing Attempt. The bootstrapping statistical test helped examine the model by avoiding sampling and distribution problems. The test shows that the daily employed frames to identify which U.S. agency, through what role, affected the U.S. security system on December 25, 2009, allowing the systemic failure to occur, and subsequently, the terror attempt to take place. The findings show that through the variable databases, there is a significant indirect causal effect of the variable system on the variable failure, and that this causal relationship goes under a significant impact of the two variables Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Department of State. The research shows that The New York Times' framing of this terror attempt attributes 60% of the security failure on Christmas Day to the CIA and Department of State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subsequent to September 11, 2001 the federal government implemented a strategy to inform law enforcement about the potential threat of terrorist attack. The Homeland Security Alert System (HSAS), commonly known as the terror alert level, was developed by the Office of Homeland Security and was introduced in March of 2002. It includes five color-coded levels indicating the threat of a terrorist attack: low (green), guarded (blue), elevated (yellow), high (orange), and severe (red). The HSAS has never been below "elevated," and has been raised to "high" nationwide five times since its inception. Due to the changes in police and possibly civilian behavior that accompany a raised terror alert level, an examination of the relationship between the fluctuation in the HSAS and levels of crime offers an opportunity to consider the possible deterrent effect of police, and can be interpreted in a larger routine activities framework. In a recent article Klick and Tabarrok (2005) reported that, in Washington DC, property crimes decreased during "high" HSAS periods, but violent crimes did not. Using data from the City of Niagara Falls, the current analysis will replicate and extend Klick and Tabarrok's (2005) work, and results will be placed within a routine activities framework. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is designed to examine the history and development of Chinese underground banks (ch'ien-chuang) located in the Chinatown districts of New York City and Philadelphia and their involvement in the financial elements of illegal Chinese immigration. The data for this study comes from interviews with fifty illegal immigrants residing in New York City and Philadelphia. Special attention will be paid to the motivations of illegal immigrants and smugglers to use the ch'ien-chuang. This research will also attempt to explore the criminal justice implications for policing the ch'ien-chuang in the United States. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study offers a novel perspective on well-documented patterns of spatial and economic concentration among US foreign-born residents by highlighting connections between migratory processes of concentration and dispersion and their implications for understanding the social organization of foreign-born workers now leaving top gateway regions for other US destinations. Analyses of census data for migrants in and from Los Angeles and New York reveal several significant patterns. First, the volume of foreign-born migration from these leading gateway regions is increasing, overall and for constituent groups; second, in most cases respective out-migrants are reproducing 'local' employment niches at rates higher than coethnic members who stay behind; and third, this reproduction of gateway-ethnic niches over space, as well as time, varies by the size of the niche in question and distance migrated by the respective foreign-born worker. The implication is that established ethnic niches are becoming more than location-specific forms of social capital; they are now also becoming translocal forms of social capital that shape employment opportunities and outcomes for hundreds of thousands of foreign-born workers now leaving top gateway regions for other US destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article which is based on 22 in depth interviews and 14 months of participation observation, explores the symbolic boundaries present in a Latina lesbian social group in New York City referred to as Las Chulas. This article addresses the internal boundaries present within Las Chulas, which fueled layers of belonging in the group. These layers divided individuals into core, key, and tentative members with core members having the most power and acceptance within the group and tentative members having the least. Core members were the main enforcers of the norms and expectations of the group. All group members were subject to adhere to these norms and expectations and in doing so reinforced group boundaries. This article highlights the process through which symbolic boundaries are established, regulated, and maintained by group members. It offers an analysis of a space that lies at the intersection of gender, sexuality, and ethnicity and focuses on the encounters within this space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Screening and Treatment Enhancement Part (STEP), opened in Brooklyn Criminal Court in January of 2003, is one of the first efforts nationally to screen every person arrested in a jurisdiction for treatment court eligibility. The evaluation of STEP focuses on several important questions: (1) Is it possible to create a centralized screening apparatus for addicted offenders in a large urban jurisdiction? (2) Does this apparatus succeed in assessing and linking all eligible offenders to treatment? and (3) Does it constitute a more inclusive approach to drug treatment for offenders? These are nationally relevant questions, particularly now, when so many states are grappling with how to extend their treatment court services to greater numbers of offenders. This study reflects a mixed-method approach to the research question, including an analysis of demographic, arrest, and criminal background data for all offenders arrested in Brooklyn during the two years before and two years following the implementation of the STEP project. During both the pre and post period, this analysis compares offenders who were referred to treatment with those who remained in the traditional criminal court. Findings from the quantitative analysis address whether the project increased referrals to drug court and/or affected the aggregate characteristics of three subgroups: arrestees found eligible for drug court, those referred to drug court, and those consenting to participate. These findings will be supplemented by coded data from a series of in-depth interviews with professionals affiliated with the program. Interviews focus on perceptions of success of comprehensive screening in increasing access and improving services for drug using offenders. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]