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The manual is designed for use in preparing for advancement within the Navy Air Controlman rating, which designates a professional air traffic controller, unlike the more specialized center or tower controllers. However, minimum qualifications for the rating include completion of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) written examination for air traffic controllers and an FAA medical certificate. Contents of the manual cover flight planning, facility operation, terminal instrument procedures, air traffic control, emergency procedures, carrier air traffic control procedures, and administration. All sections are illustrated with charts and diagrams. Although the emphasis is on Navy procedure and terminology, in many areas there is applicability to civilian procedures. Appendixes include definitions and abbreviations and a selected bibliography of air traffic control instructions. (MDW)

Intended to supplement undergraduate college geography courses, this resource paper investigates the need and use of radar in weather phenomena research. Radar can be used to study weather phenomena over a wide area, thus improving the results of statistical analyses previously limited by inadequate data. Radar techniques are also useful for probing small area weather phenomena, such as thunderstorms, which may occur between existing climatological stations. Most radar studies of a climatological nature have concerned the distribution of rain showers or the determination of rainfall amounts in inaccessible areas. Studies of this type are reviewed, as well as potential areas for further investigation. A case study is presented in which radar is used to examine the effect of air-mass convective rainfall on average maximum air temperatures. This study shows how radar data may enhance the results of conventional statistical analyses of climatological variables. (Author/MLH)

Cynkotypia, średnica 6,7 cm. Kompozycja okrągła, na ekslibrisie według fantazji artysty w polu okręgu twarz ludzka z wieńcem wawrzynowym, po prawej na tle twarzy zestaw rakietowy i ekran radaru, po obwodzie okręgu napis "Ośrodka Metodycznego WOP"', kolorystyka czarno-biała.

Cynkotypia, 6x5,3 cm. Kompozycja prostokątna, na ekslibrisie graficzne przedstawienie terytorium Polski według fantazji artysty, w terytorium wpisana jest tarcza trójkątna, na której u dołu jest zestaw rakietowy, po prawej wyżej ekran radaru, u góry napis "Ex libris Szkoły", u dołu kompozycji napis " "Podstawowej im. wojsk OPK Gryfice", w dolnej części terytorium po prawej cyfra arabska "3", kolorystyka niebiesko-biała.

Cynkotypia, 8x6,5 cm. Kompozycja zamknięta, na ekslibrisie u góry trzon leżącej książki i po prawej skrótowiec DWOPK, niżej napis "Ex libris", jeszcze niżej, po lewej czara z płomieniem, po prawej ekran radaru, poniżej zestaw rakietowy, po lewej napis "Wojskowej", u dołu napis "Biblioteki", po prawej napis "Oświatowej", kolorystyka czarno-biała.

Cynkotypia, 8x6,5 cm. Kompozycja zamknięta, na ekslibrisie u góry trzon leżącej książki i po prawej skrótowiec DWOPK, niżej napis "Ex libris", jeszcze niżej, po lewej czara z płomieniem, po prawej ekran radaru, poniżej zestaw rakietowy, po lewej napis "Wojskowej", u dołu napis "Biblioteki", po prawej napis "Oświatowej", kolorystyka czarno-biała.

Cynkotypia, średnica 6,7 cm. Kompozycja okrągła, na ekslibrisie według fantazji artysty w polu okręgu twarz ludzka z wieńcem wawrzynowym, po prawej na tle twarzy zestaw rakietowy i ekran radaru, po obwodzie okręgu napis "Ośrodka Metodycznego WOP"', kolorystyka czarno-biała.

Cynkotypia, średnica 6,7 cm. Kompozycja okrągła, na ekslibrisie według fantazji artysty w polu okręgu twarz ludzka z wieńcem wawrzynowym, po prawej na tle twarzy zestaw rakietowy i ekran radaru, po obwodzie okręgu napis "Ośrodka Metodycznego WOP"', kolorystyka czarno-biała.

Cynkotypia, 8x6,5 cm. Kompozycja zamknięta, na ekslibrisie u góry trzon leżącej książki i po prawej skrótowiec DWOPK, niżej napis "Ex libris", jeszcze niżej, po lewej czara z płomieniem, po prawej ekran radaru, poniżej zestaw rakietowy, po lewej napis "Wojskowej", u dołu napis "Biblioteki", po prawej napis "Oświatowej", kolorystyka czarno-biała.

Cynkotypia, 6x5,3 cm. Kompozycja prostokątna, na ekslibrisie graficzne przedstawienie terytorium Polski według fantazji artysty, w terytorium wpisana jest tarcza trójkątna, na której u dołu jest zestaw rakietowy, po prawej wyżej ekran radaru, u góry napis "Ex libris Szkoły", u dołu kompozycji napis " "Podstawowej im. wojsk OPK Gryfice", w dolnej części terytorium po prawej cyfra arabska "3", kolorystyka czarno-biała. Kolekcja Ludwika Piosickiego.

An over-the-horizon (OTH) radar uses ionospheric reflection of high- frequency radio waves to propagate to areas far beyond the normal radar horizon. Two principle probabilities are associated with an OTH radar; the probability of successfully propagating to a given region via the ionosphere and probability of detecting a target in sea clutter, given that propagation occurred. A particular radar system was examined and tables of probabilities were generated for various ionospheric and target parameters. An example illustrates the method of combining these probabilities to obtain a composite probability of detection. The probability of propagating was calculated by a computer program that used radar parameters, the ionospheric parameters, the geographical location, and the time of day and year as inputs. The probability of detection involved a computer implementation of the radar range equation.

The report describes the implementation, procedure, and results of the Multipurpose Foliage Penetration Radar (M-FOPEN) conducted by the 25th Infantry Division. Maximum ranges of detection were determined for the M-FOPEN operating in various types of terrain and foliage, and probability of detection calculated for each range, target, and foliage combination. These tests demonstrated the capability of the M-FOPEN to penetrate up to 700 meters of foliage and detect moving targets, with a negligible false alarm rate. A tactical exercise was conducted during which the M-FOPEN and the standard AN/ PPS-5 Ground Surveillance Radars were deployed and the detection performance and false alarm rates of each compared. Detection experiments were performed with the M-FOPEN using a helicopter (AH-1G) as the target to determine the doppler signature of the aircraft. These demonstrated that a unique doppler signature does exist for helicopters and the helicopters are detectable using the M-FOPEN even though the path between the radar and the aircraft is blocked by foliage.

A statistical analysis technique for obtaining range responses of IF- correlator FM ranging systems is described under the assumptions of slowly varying, high-index frequency modulation and small propagation delays. It is shown that the range response for a system is determined by the functional relationship between modulation and reference and the envelope of the transmitted power spectrum, which (under the high-index FM assumption) is proportional to the first-order probability density of the modulation. Since statistical techniques are used, time/frequency domain analysis of the IF signal is not required and FM/FM systems or systems which use random modulations are conveniently analyzed. The range response is derived in terms of a sum of weighted quasi-autocorrelation functions which have been translated along the delay axis. The displacements and weightings depend on the harmonic series which describes the IF reference as a function of the frequency modulation.

A series of ground tests performed on the AN/APS-119 Search and Rescue Radar is summarized and an evaluation of its performance is made. Predictions are presented for the radar performance from an airborne platform and recommendations are made concerning future testing and potential modifications to the radar system.

Nightglow 6300A intensity suppression and enhancement transients have been observed in conjunction with heating of the F region ionospheric electrons in Arecibo Ionospheric Modification Experiments (I.M.E.). Ohmic heating of the electrons during X-mode propagation of the heating wave results in an approximately 1.3% suppression of intensity, in semi-quantitative agreement with the suppression predicted. The 6300A intensity enhancements associated with O- mode propagation of the heating wave are far too large to be produced by ohmic heating, suggesting electron acceleration by strong plasma waves generated by the heating rf wave. The O(singlet D) lifetimes determined from the time constants of the 6300A intensity enhancement transients yield an F region quenching coefficient in good agreement with the Platteville I.M.E. and with laboratory results., Sponsored in part by Grant NSF-GA-37744.

The report covers technical investigations and evaluation of system performances as well as the statistical design of large aperture, low sidelobe antenna arrays in the high frequency band of the radio frequency spectrum. The details covered include: (a) measurement and analysis of an existing receive array at Dexter, N.Y.; (b) modification of existing computer software to accept data from the array performance monitor; (c) design, development, and implementation of an array performance monitor for an existing array; (d) analysis of the effect of using a finite radius in making flight checks of an array; (e) design study for a large aperture, low sidelobe array analysis and design including the statistical effect of errors in construction, design gain, system noise figure and aperture coefficients for constant beamwidth as a function of frequency.

The report and instruction manual is intended to describe the Variable Parameter Metal Re-Radiating Radar (METRRA) System (hereafter designated as the VP METRRA), depict its performance, and provide operating and maintenance instructions. A METRRA system differs from conventional radar primarily in that the METRRA uses a third-harmonic return from a target while a conventional radar uses a return at the fundamental frequency. A conventional radar can obtain returns from undesired targets such as trees, water, etc. A METRRA radar is not affected by such clutter since it depends on nonlinear junctions, usually the result of fabrication processes, inherent in certain classes of man-made metallic structures. These nonlinear junctions receive transmitted energy and re-radiate harmonics of the transmitted frequency (intermodulation products are generated when more than one transmitter is radiating) which can be received by the METRRA receiving system.

The report describes detection experiments performed with the Foliage Penetration (FOPEN) Radar operating at 140 MHz in which the target was a helicopter flying nap-of-the-earth (NOE). Preliminary experiments performed in Hawaii during the user evaluation of the FOPEN system demonstrated the ability of this radar to detect helicopters flying NOE using foliage and terrain for cover. A series of experiments at Aberdeen Proving Ground were made to establish the detection ranges through foliage for a single UH-1 helicopter. Additional measurements of the radar cross section of the UH-1 on the ground were taken using the LWL Airborne Foliage Penetration Radar, and are also reported. The report concludes with a theoretical analysis of the propagation losses affecting the detection of aircraft flying NOE by radars operating at frequencies of from 100 to 10,000 MHz.

The report documents the USA Land Warfare Laboratory's Foliage Penetration Radar program including the historical aspects, the technology developed and four resulting systems that saw combat in Southeast Asia. Application of the FOPEN technology to intrusion detection systems, airborne FOPEN radars, swimmer detection systems, and a radar capable of detecting low flying aircraft concealed by foliage are presented. A review of signal processing techniques and tradeoffs for ground surveillance radars and a summary of propagation research concludes the report.

The report describes work to develop a flying prototype airborne foliage penetration (FOPEN) Radar. A 140 MHz base station FOPEN radar was mounted in a DC-3 aircraft with the antenna mounted perpendicular to the flight path. Data was gathered which enabled the radar cross section of different types of foliage to be determined. A target of known radar cross section, a corner reflector, was fabricated and used to calibrate the system. Measurements were then made on different types of targets located in the open and concealed by foliage. The targets included the corner reflector, small to large trucks, two artillery pieces, and a UH-1D helicopter both with and without rotor blade movement. In parallel with the data gathering program, a primary signal processor/display system was developed based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) , a reliable off-the-shelf minicomputer, and an operators display with interactive graphics. The system was completed and used to process, analyze and display the 140 and 50 MHz data.

Contents: Routing and Acknowledgement Schemes for the Packet Radio System; System Capacity and Data Rate Considerations; Radio frequency Channel Capacity Considerations; Measurement Program for Packet Radio Channel Characterization; Dynamically Allocated Multiple-Channel Network Concept; Notes on Radar Test; Modulation Waveform Types; Synchronization Preambles; Impact of Channet Options on Repeater Design; Power Budget Analysis; Powers Sources for Repeaters and Terminals; Criteria of Code Selection in Minimum Shift Keyer Sense; and Microprocessor Components.

In this report we discuss adaptive array performance when a continuous sector of interference is incident upon the array. A model is developed for a two-element array with an arbitrary number of incident signals. From this model the array weights are derived and formulas for the array performance are developed. It is then shown how this model is readily extended to the case of a continuous interference sector. From these analytical results, the array performance is then examined for specific cases of spatially dispersed interference. It is seen that the array performance is not always degraded as the interference angular sector becomes larger. (Author)

The Remote Sensing Center at Texas A and M University is conducting studies for the Naval Ordnance Laboratory to develop a real-time, special purpose radar data processor. The purpose of this processing system is to provide ice type identification using radar scatterometer measurements. This document reports on the activities of the Remote Sensing Center, during the months of June through August 1974 directed toward that effort. (Author)

Three air-defense radar surveillance systems are described, each consisting of active radar satellites capable of operating at earth-synchronous orbit altitude with associated ground control stations. Systems 1 (three satellites) provides a detection fence around the North American continent and does target tracking within the fence. System 2 (three satellites) provides detection fences around the USSR and China. System 3 (seven Satellites) provides worldwide coverage for aircraft detection and tracking. The satellite carries a space-fed phased-array radar and the other necessary sub-systems for attitude control, station-keeping, and solar electrical power. Each ground station is capable of controlling three satellites. The ground station generates the transmitter pulse-burst chirp waveform, processes received signals, detects and tracks aircraft targets, and provides the communication interface with ADC and other users of the radar data. The satellites can be launched on Titan 3-Centaur launch vehicles into earth-synchronous orbit. The phased-array antenna deploys in orbit to a 300-m diameter. It provides 15,700 mi of fence with .999 probability of detection of 1-sq m targets, tracks 50 threat aircraft simultaneously, and requires an average radiated power of 2784 w.

Contents: Millimeter wave integrated circuits; Standards and measurements; Tubes; Radomes; EHF systems., See also Volume 1, AD-A009 512.

An evaluation of the usability, effectiveness, and acceptance in a job environment was performed on a general purpose simulator using a simulation of a radar system. General purpose simulators permit sharing of a programmable capability among simulations, thus providing economical hands-on training and training not usually economically available by other means. Training and exercises in malfunction isolation were given Air National Guard personnel. Data was obtained using questionnaires, a performance test, and interviews.

This document is the second volume prepared under the Contract to apply charge coupled devices (CCD) to signal processing systems. Volume I was concerned with digital signal processing; this volume addresses the problems of analog signal processing. The application of CCD's to analog signal processing was investigated. The ideal analog application of CCD's is the correlation function. Both recursive and nonrecursive analog sampled data filters are discussed. CCD matched filter designs are analyzed and design criteria derived. System applications are detailed. These include range gated filters, doppler comb filters, and IFF beacons for radar systems; analog recursive filters and correlators for communication systems; and memories for processing systems., See also Volume 1, AD-782 574.

The purpose of the program is to develop and demonstrate a millimeter-wave Space Object Identification Radar System. It includes three responsibilities: (1) preparation of existing 15-ft millimeter antenna for radar installation; (2) definition and implementation of the acquisition and tracking system; and (3) performance of mission analysis for millimeter radars. The radar installation preparations for the 15-ft antenna are described. The acquisition and tracking system is defined and system errors are individually established; the hardware and software necessary for implementation of this system are partially complete. The mission analysis tasks include investigation of millimeter radar-capabilities and 93-GHz scattering measurements on typical satellite materials, structural components, and visible sensors.

The report examines the role of radar in the Upgraded Third Generation ATC System relative to the surveillance requirement for various categories of controlled airspace. It concludes that the retention of ATC radars solely for weather data does not appear desirable in the long term and the possibility exists that development and deployment of radar systems specifically for the detection of weather may be required. Radar surveillance for ATC in the enroute environment may only be required at selected locations by the mid 1980's; therefore research and development efforts on enroute radars should be limited to that required to support the Operating Services in the correction of field problems. Radar surveillance for the terminal environment will be required at most locations on a continuing basis into the foreseeable future; therefore research and development of advanced terminal radar techniques and systems should be continued.

High-power RF radio transmissions have been used to create significant local disturbances of the temperature and electron density in the F- region of the ionosphere. This artificial modification of the ionosphere can create appreciable levels of amplitude and phase scintillation in radio signals passing through the disturbed region. The report describes and reorganizes some of the PRAIRIE SMOKE experimental data and presents a brief overview of scintillation theory. The experimental data were used to develop a model for predicting scintillation effects along any particular line-of-sight through the disturbed region. That model is presented here and predictions made using it are compared to some of the experimental data. Scintillation can degrade radar detection probability, radar tracking accuracy, and satellite-to-ground communication error rates. These degradation were computed parametrically as functions of the scintillation index.

Contents: Selected references to current periodical literature (Information science and technology, Computer applications, Management, Defence); Accession list of books (Information science and technology, Linguistics, Computer applications, Defence, Research)., See also report dated 1974, AD/A-002 262.

The document is presented in two major sections. Section I outlines the minimum noncoherent G-Band (4-6 GHz) radar compatibility standards for inter-range use. Emphasis is placed primarily on the transmitter and receiver characteristics since these are the major radar subsystems which must be standardized to insure compatibility. Section II provides quidelines for the design of new G-band noncoherent instrumentation radars.

A partial listing of topic areas includes: Investigation of microwave hologram techniques for application to earth resources; The usefulness of imaging passive microwave for rural and urban terrain analysis; Single flight stero radar capabilities; Electrically scanning microwave radiometers; Measurement of sea surface currents using airborne doppler radar and inertial navigation systems; A practical oil sensor; Multi-spectral remote fluorimeter for detection of oil films; Passive microwave sensing of oil slicks; Oil slick detection by x-band synthetic aperture radar; Air borne oil pollution surveillance system; The remote raman spectrometer is a viable instrument for remote sensing of the environment; Optical data processing analysis of stream patterns exhibited on ERTS-1 imagery; Remote sensing of rock type in the visible and near-infrared; Remote sensing to detect the toxic effects of metals on vegetation for mineral exploration; The use of space photos for search of oil and gas fields; A summary of ERTS data applications in Alaska., See also Volume 2, AD-A008 468.

The author briefly reviews the newest technologies in military sciences, particularly weapon systems.

The report summarizes activities directed toward the design and fabrication of an Environment and Radar Operation Simulator (EROS). The purpose of the simulator is to reduce the cost of environmental testing by providing an accurately synthesized facsimile of radar backscatter from targets and clutter. A feasibility model of an EROS system is being developed under this project for the AN/PPS-15 radar. However, the EROS design is strongly influenced by the long-range goals of developing an EROS with sufficient flexibility to simulate radar backscatter from a broad range of radar types.

The volume considers basic types of shipboard navigational radars presently in use, and methods of installation of radar aboard ships, alignment, adjustment, and operation. It describes problems of the effect of ship rolling on the efficiency of radar observations. It also considers principles of radar use in navagation and radar observations under conditions of countermeasures. The main attention is devoted to special features of shipboard radars and their use at sea., Trans. of mono. Sudovye Radiolokatsionnye Stantsii i ikh Primenenie, Leningrad, 1970 v3 p3-263.

The objective of the present study is to develop the logic for the Radar Operating Procedure (ROP), and implement a system simulation to verify the effectiveness of the design., See also rept. no. 1, AD/A-001 074.

Contents: Technique descriptions; Phase-frequency steering; Multiple line arrays composite patterns; Cross polarization due to reflecting screen geometry; Array and reflector pattern and scan analysis; Array and reflector antenna patterns; Array and reflector effects of multiple paths; Effect of element pattern on array and reflector patterns; Cost comparison; Computer programs., See also Volume 1, AD/A-003 591.

The report describes techniques for providing agile beam performance at a lower cost than that associated with a phase-steered planar array. Different antenna design techniques that can provide different levels of performance are analyzed to determine their performance limits and relative costs. Candidate techniques are identified that have the potential of providing performance better than that of a mechanically driven antenna and more economical than that of the phase-steered planar array., See also Volume 2, AD/A-003 592.

Two UHF power amplifiers were build using the 8590 tube. These amplifiers were tested for stability in Time Scanned Array Radar (TSAR) applications. Trains of short (30 ns) were amplified with loss of higher order sidebands. Operation with long trains (to 40 ms) of pulses was also successfully demonstrated.

The report examines a proposed (unsuccessful) method for achieving frequency agility by radiating two frequencies which may take on any value from pulse to pulse, provided the mean frequency remains unchanged. On reception, the signals are combined so as to process the mean-frequency component. The receiver uses an envelope detector as well as a coherent reference at the mean frequency. It is shown that the signal received from a single echo depends only on the mean frequency and not on the difference. This gave encouragement to the idea that MTI processing could be undertaken even though the difference between the two-frequencies was changed pulse-to-pulse. Unfortunately, when clutter was considered, the phase of the processed signal was found to depend on the difference between the two frequencies. This gives rise to an uncancelled residue. Hence, this form of frequency agility is incompatible with MTI. It is possible, however, to use two or more widely spaced frequencies, either simultaneously or in time sequence, in a more conventional MTI system if the same frequencies are repeated.

The possibility that atmospheric turbulence (clear air turbulence) can cause extended propagation beyond the optical line of sight is examined. It is possible for a distant transmitter to interfere with a receiver via scattering from atmospheric turbulence, but it is not likely that a radar will receive distant ground echo via scattering from turbulence. From a compilation of published data it is shown that the structure constant of the atmosphere (a measure of scattering) is a function of altitude with an apparent maximum in the vicinity of 500 to 1000 m.

The paper describes a structure for the NUCLEUS of a real-time process-control operating system. Basic operating system capabilities and services are described. Synchronization and message passing is accomplished by using semaphores. Each NUCLEUS module is described by narrative and flowcharts. The NUCLEUS has been implemented and tested on an SEL 86 real-time computer. Flowcharts and module description are included in this report. Complete documentation for the NUCLEUS consists of this report, along with assembly listings and approximately 4,000 punched cards furnished under separate cover. Other user oriented information about the NUCLEUS will appear later in a 'User's Manual.'

Terminal Control Areas (TCAs) and Expanded Radar Service (ERS) are two means the FAA is employing to reduce the risk of midair collisions in busy airport terminal areas, particularly in that airspace used by IFR turbojet traffic operating to and from the primary airports. The study evaluates the relative importance of insuring that each controller involved with an ATC-served aircraft has reliable position and altitude data on both it and all nearby aircraft, regardless of whether he is serving them or not. it concludes that the TCA approach should be relatively more effective than the ERS approach in preventing midair collisions. The TCA approach should be most efficient in its use of controllers at automated (ARTS III) facilities for a given level of VFR participation if beacon transponders with automatic altitude reporting capability are required. It also concludes that the airport terminal areas now served by ARTS III facilities represent most of the historic midair collision risks to air carrier operations and passengers.

The symposium covered systems which were interfaced with data from radar, telemetry, optical, and acoustic sensors. The papers given covered almost all phases of data processing including acquisition, collection, data transmission, formatting, storage, retrieval, computation, and data display both in real-time and post-flight modes.

The report describes the effort expended in upgrading the Wideband Pulse Compression Radar at the Floyd Test Annex to a 500 MHz bandwidth. The effort consisted of; transmitter redesign and overhaul, design, and fabrication of a high speed system synchronizer, design and fabrication of a solid state sweep generator, and the installation and integration into the system of Government supplied equipment from other vendors. The Government furnished equipment included new; pulse compression filters, transversal equalizers, pulse compression dispersive delay line assembly, wideband RF front end including RF preamplifiers and several IF amplifiers. The major requirement and major work effort was; the achievement of very high system linearity, good stability and RFI avoidance., Sponsored in part by DARPA.

The objective of the study is to develop the logic for the Radar Operating Procedure (ROP), and implement a system simulation to verify the effectiveness of the design.