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Chapter 8 of the book "Anthropology & Development: Understanding Contemporary Social Change" is presented. It looks at the shortcomings of economic anthropology, as influenced by Marxism, when it comes to analyzing peasant attitudes in reaction to rural development. It uses a social morphology model to describe the socio-economic structure of Songhay-Zarma societies under colonial rule. A comparison between a subsistence logic and relations of production is also included.

Presents information on poverty and social exclusion in Estonia. Official substitute for a poverty line; Number of households that received subsistence benefit in 2001; Factors that were considered in an alternative poverty line indicator that was developed using the expenditure structure of households for the framework of the 1999 Poverty Study.

The article focuses on the significance of the subsistence economy of Alaskan Natives. The subsistence practices of hunting, fishing and gathering is important to the cultural survival of Alaska Natives. Such practices signified not only the historical claim Natives have to the natural resources of Alaska, but also to the moral and spiritual value the landscape and waterways hold for Native peoples and their cultures.

This article discusses several principles concerning population and the happiness of states. All species are productive of wealth, and expand the source of wealth, according to their quantum of chargeability, or their price rate. Population regulates the amount of subsistence, as completely as that of clothing, housing, or any other branch of the supply. There are some who seem disposed to attribute the increase of population to the influence of a free and good government. The author believed that while population has a tendency to increase, it has no tendency to over-increase, either with respect to subsistence, employment or wealth.

This article focuses on a conception of a world system. A world-system is a social system, one that has boundaries, structures, member-groups, rules of legitimation, and coherence. It has the characteristics of an organism, in that it has a life-span over which its characteristics change in some respects and remain stable in others. The only real social systems are those relatively small, highly autonomous subsistence economies not part of some regular tribute-demanding system and world-systems. There only exists two varieties of such world-systems which includes world-empires and those systems in which such a single political system does not exist over all. Prior to the modern era, world-economies were highly unstable structures which tended either to be converted in to empires or to disintegrate. It is the peculiarity of the political side of the form of economic organization called capitalism. Capitalism has been able to flourish precisely because the world-economy has had within its bounds not one but a multiplicity of political systems. It is based on the fact that the economic factors operate within an arena larger than that which any political entity can totally control. It has made possible the constant economic expansion of the world system with skewed distribution of its rewards.

The article focuses on the summary of the book "Economic Freedom of the World: 2008 Annual Report". It states that the cornerstones of economic freedom is composed of personal choice, voluntary exchange and security of privately owned property. It notes that the economic freedom has grown substantially in recent decades and nations that are economically free execute better than non-free nations. It stresses that there is a global effort that commits to reduce world poverty.

A definition of the term "social economy" is presented. It refers to a non-profit-oriented economy ruled by the principle of solidarity. In Latin America, social economy is closely associated with concepts such as informal economy, small-scale economy, marginality and subsistence economy. A number of countries are instilling social economy into reduction poverty and unemployment programmes.

A definition of the term "indigence" is presented. It refers to the lack of means for subsistence. Indigent persons are those individuals who are in need. A distinction between indigence and poverty is provided by the 1834 British Poor Law Report. It refers to indigence as a condition of abject destitution and poverty, on the other hand, is a part of inequality and the state of one who is forced to have recourse to labour.

This article offers the views of Thomas Malthus and Simon Gray on issues related to population economics. Malthus believed that population has a natural tendency to overincrease, while for Gray, population has a tendency to increase but not to overincrease. Malthus described that the natural growth of population is according to a geometric ratio, while for Gray, the natural growth of population depends upon the circumstances, but uniformly results in a growth of subsistence. Malthus stated that the amount of subsistence regulates the amount of population, while Gray believed that population regulates subsistence.

A definition of the term "extreme poverty" is presented. It is variously identified with minimum subsistence requirements, the denial of basic entitlement, and the experience of exclusion. The World Bank describes extreme poverty as an income of under $275 per annum. Sociologist Julio Boltvinik defines the term as the situation of those households which, although they devote all their income to food, do not appear able to satisfy their needs in this area.