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Summary: The clinical spectrum of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is highly heterogeneous, ranging from mild disease, which can be limited to skin and joint involvement, to life-threatening conditions with renal impairment, severe cytopenias, central nervous system disease, and thromboembolic events. Apart from the host genetics, several environmental factors, such as sunlight, infections, drugs, and probably hormonal factors, can trigger the onset of symptoms related to SLE. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology and optimization of medical care, patients with SLE still have significant rates of premature mortality and many patients experience severe disease with increased risk of sustaining organ damage and having a reduced health-related quality of life. The development of effective drugs that can induce remission or low disease activity, the unanimous use of definitions of remission and low or high disease activity, flare, and response to therapy, the identification of non-invasive biomarkers of disease activity and long-term outcomes, and the implementation of SLE patients' perspectives as an integral part of the clinical assessment constitute only a few of the many unmet needs in the field of SLE.

Summary: The year 2021 saw the publication of the Special Issue ""Diseases of the Salivary Glands" (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jcm/special_issues/Salivary_Glands), Part I, covering recent and novel advancements as well as future trends in the field of research evaluating diagnostic and therapeutic treatment of salivary gland (SGs) diseases. Given the enormous success of Part I, the Special Issue "Diseases of the Salivary Glands" Part II has been launched, with the firm belief that it will enrich the panorama of world research in this field. Topics include: 1) Clinical features and presentation of potentially malignant SG disorders; 2) Risk factors and etiopathogenesis of SGs tumors; 3) Etiopathogenesis and molecular mechanisms involved in the chronic inflammatory condition characterizing Sjӧgren's syndrome; 4) New discoveries in the field of micro RNAs associated with Sjӧgren's syndrome; 5) Molecular markers linked to development and progression of SG diseases: current knowledge and future implications; 6) More innovative techniques for the study of the SG diseases: current limitations and future directions.