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"Proceedings of International Conference on Humanities, Social and Education Sciences" includes full papers presented at the International Conference on Humanities, Social and Education Sciences (iHSES), which took place on April 22-25, 2021, in New York, New York. The aim of the conference is to offer opportunities to share ideas, to discuss theoretical and practical issues, and to connect with the leaders in the fields of "humanities," "education," and "social sciences." The conference is organized annually by the International Society for Technology, Education, and Science (ISTES). The iHSES invites submissions which address the theory, research, or applications in all disciplines of humanities, education, and social sciences. The iHSES is organized for: (1) faculty members in all disciplines of humanities, education, and social sciences; (2) graduate students; (3) K-12 administrators; (4) teachers; (5) principals; and (6) all interested in education and social sciences. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

The American dream promised that if you worked hard, you could move up, with well-paying working-class jobs providing a gateway to an ever-growing middle class. Today, however, we have increasing inequality, not economic convergence. Technological advances are putting quality jobs out of reach for workers who lack the proper skills and training. In "Workforce Education," William Bonvillian and Sanjay Sarma offer a roadmap for rebuilding America's working class. They argue that we need to train more workers more quickly, and they describe innovative methods of workforce education that are being developed across the country. It's not just that we need a pipeline of skilled workers for future jobs; we need to give workers the skills they need now. Focusing on manufacturing, healthcare, and retail sectors, Bonvillian and Sarma investigate programs that reimagine workforce education, from short intensive courses that offer certification to a new model for apprenticeships. They examine the roles of community colleges, employers, governments, and universities in workforce education, and describe new education technologies that can deliver training to workers. We can't tackle inequality unless we equip our workers for twenty-first-century jobs.

Although higher rates of substance use among young adults aged 16 to 24 are well-established (OAS, 2010), existing workplace substance use prevention and early intervention programs primarily target older workers. These data suggest that workplaces need substance abuse prevention and early intervention programs that are proven to be efficacious with young working adults. To address this critical need in American workplaces, in 2004 the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) announced its Young Adults in the Workplace initiative (originally entitled Youth in the Workplace [YIW]) (SAMHSA, 2004). The YIW initiative was designed as a two-phase collaborative effort among SAMHSA investigators, multiple grantees, and a coordinating center. It was conceived as a mechanism to test the efficacy of workplace substance use prevention or early intervention programs for young working adults aged 16 to 24. In Phase I, SAMHSA required grantees to develop workplace programs by starting with interventions shown to be efficacious either for adults in workplace settings or for young adults in non-workplace settings and to modify these programs specifically for use with young adult workers. In Phase II, SAMHSA funded a subset of the Phase I grantees to implement the workplace programs and to participate in a cross-site evaluation of the YIW initiative conducted by the Coordinating Center. Based on a peer-review process, SAMHSA funded 13 Phase I grantees and 6 Phase II grantee teams (including workplace partners). This publication briefly describes the background and rationale for the YIW initiative, presents the interventions implemented by the six YIW grantees, and provides an overview of the methods and design of the cross-site evaluation. Chapters in this book include: (1) The Young Adults in the Workplace Initiative: An Introduction (Deborah M. Galvin, William Schlenger, and Johannes Norling); (2) Healthy WorkLife for Young Adults: Implementing Health Promotion and Substance Abuse Prevention in a Health Care Setting (Rebekah K. Hersch, Royer F. Cook, Daniel Hughes, Samantha L. Leaf, and Douglas W. Billings); (3) Substance Abuse Prevention for the Young Workforce in the Railroad Industry: An Adaptation of the PREVENT Program (Rebecca Spicer, Ted Miller, and Eduard Zaloshnja); (4) Team Resilience: Health Promotion for Young Restaurant Workers (Joel B. Bennett and Charles C. Aden); (5) Substance Abuse Prevention in the Electrical Industry: The NECA-IBEW Team Awareness and Team Vigilance Programs (Eric Einspruch, Chris O'Neill, Kelly Jarvis, Kelly Vander Ley, and Pamela Raya-Carlton); (6) Adapted Team Awareness for Youth and Conservation Corps (Jean Denious, Chandra Ring, Nick Reese, Jennifer Hooks, Caitlin Kozicki, Cori Stott, and Brie Reimann); (7) LifeSkills Training Wellness Program: An Application for Young Adults in Supermarkets (Christopher Williams, Jessica Samuolis, Kenneth W. Griffin, and Gilbert J. Botvin); and (8) The Young Adults in the Workplace Initiative: Cross-Site Evaluation Methods (Georgia T. Karuntzos, Jeremy Bray, Laurie Cluff, and Deborah M. Galvin). Chapters contain figures, tables and references.

This document contains three papers on managerial performance issues. "Managerial Skill Requirements: Evidence from the Scottish Visitor Attraction Industry" (Sandra Watson, Martin McCracken) presents the findings from an exploratory study of those skills that managers in the Scottish visitor attraction sector considered most important to success as a manager in the sector. The study established that most managers focused on operational-level skills and gave little credence to strategic/general, technological, and self-management skills, thus accentuating the need for training and development to equip managers with the skills needed to deal with rapid change. "An International Assignment and Managerial Performance: Job-Related Variables Relative to Effective Performance of Japanese Expatriates" (Kiyoe Harada) discusses a study that identified a significant relationship between the effectiveness of Japanese expatriates and job-related variables and explored the human resource development implications of the identified relationship. "Modeling the Impact of Managerial Behavior in a Store Environment" (Allan H. Church) reports on a study that provides an applied example of linkage research leveraging various sources of organizational data and uses the framework to model a predictive relationship between managerial behavior and internal performance measures across 500 different stores in a retail organization. All three papers include substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This book examines in detail the impact of tiered compensation structures on unions, employers, and employees. (Tiered compensation structures are defined as pay systems in which employees who start working or change jobs in a company after a certain date receive a lower rate of pay than employees who were doing the same or similar jobs before that date.) Chapters 1 and 2 introduce tiers and describe their role in the United States industrial relations system. Chapter 3 includes a detailed discussion of labor-management relations in the retail food industry and the competitive pressures that led to the implementation of tiers. Chapter 4 discusses the historical and environmental factors that led to the implementation and maintenance of tiers at Mayway Food Market Company. Employees at the Mayway Company (a fictitious name) were surveyed. Chapter 5 describes the sample and the methodology used in the survey. Both Chapter 6 (which examines the research questions) and chapter 7 (which examines the hypotheses) concern the perceptions of rank-and-file employees at Mayway and build upon the previous research and literature on tiers. The final chapter advances five propositions that appear generalizable to other mature tiered employment settings. It also examines the relative costs and benefits of maintaining tiers at Mayway and the generalizability of the Mayway experience and concludes with a perspective on the future of tiers. Appendices contain survey items and response formats, scales used, and a brief discussion of tiers and store productivity. A 153-item bibliography and an index conclude the volume. (KC)

The landscape of early childhood education and care is changing. Governments world-wide are assuming increasing authority in relation to child-rearing in the years before school entry, beyond the traditional role in assisting parents to do the best they can by their children. As part of a social agenda aimed at forming citizens well prepared to play an active part in a globalised knowledge economy, the idea of "early learning" expresses the necessity of engaging caregivers right from the start of children's lives. Nichols, Rowsell, Rainbird, and Nixon investigate this trend over three years, in two countries, and three contrasting regions, by setting themselves the task of tracing every service and agent offering resources under the banner of early learning. Far from a dry catalogue, the study involves in-depth ethnographic research in fascinating spaces such as a church-run centre for African refugee women and children, a state-of-the-art community library and an Australian country town. Included is an unprecedented inventory of an entire suburban mall. Richly visually documented, the study employs emerging methods such as Google-mapping to trace the travels of actual parents as they search for particular resources. Each chapter features a context investigated in this large, international study: the library, the mall, the clinic, and the church. The author team unravels new spaces and new networks at work in early childhood literacy and development.

The retailers' concern about shoplifting and shoplifting losses provided impetus for the development of this programed text. The self-instructional booklet is designed for all retail employees as an aid to preventing financial losses to the store caused by shoplifting. The common characteristics of shoplifters, methods used by shoplifters, and a method of apprehending shoplifters are examples of topics included in the text. (VA)

This book, which is intended to assist teachers, supported employment personnel, and employment specialists, provides information on supports and methods that have proved successful in helping persons with autism obtain and hold jobs. Discussed in chapters 1-5 are the following topics: autism and vocational fitness; vocational planning for workers with autism; finding and keeping a job; socialization on the job; and strategies for solving problems at work. Chapters 6-12 focus on jobs in the following sectors: manufacturing, retail, printing and bulk mailing, food service, warehousing, recycling and delivery, and government. Included in each of these chapters are the following: discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of employment in the sector; information on several jobs in which autistic persons are actually employed (including skill levels required, job tasks performed, equipment/machinery/tools required, potential problems in completing the job, and required modifications/accommodations to job sites/tasks); and one or more detailed case study of employees in the job (including descriptions of the employee and company/job, the employee's history, employment supports established for the employee, and outcomes). Chapter 13 examines advances and future directions in the vocational instruction and accomplishments of individuals with autism. (MN)

Approaches to help achieve a professional college store operation in the 1980s are outlined for the benefit of the college store staff member, supervisor, or manager, as well as administrators responsible for the review of the college store. The following areas are addressed: objectives of the service, organization, equipment and layout, the service that the customer sees, what goes on behind the scenes, chart of accounts, forms for the college store, means of evaluation, some research findings, whether the service should be in-house or through contract, the manager, and recognition and salaries. Specific topics include: basic store needs--sales, storage, and office; equipment to cut expense and improve service; books as educational tools; text and nontext books; general merchandise lines; special services; branch operations; purchasing control; customer policies; accounting and cash handling procedures; internal controls; staff training programs; the policy, staff, and procedure manuals; measuring effectiveness; operating statements; customer surveys; complaint evaluation; budgeting for retail needs; accrual versus fund accounting; the place of the store in the university organization; and reporting lines and controlling factors. Appended materials include: sample bookstore policies and procedures; sample staff manuals and job descriptions; guide to bookstore services for faculty; and checklists pertaining to leasing, inventory, finances, personnel, and public relations. (SW)

Written for the woman just graduated from college who wants a big-city job, the book provides coverage of the job scene from New York to San Francisco and offers methods and suggestions on how to create an exciting new career. Tips on where to look for jobs, the resume, and the job interview are some of the introductory topics, followed by a discussion of 29 college majors and their job possibilities. One chapter covers secretarial jobs (lowlevel clerical jobs, office manager, Girl Friday, executive, bilingual, medical, legal, technical, and social secretaries). Other possibilities are those in the business field (accounting, banking, finance, insurance, market research, and personnel administration), and in buying and selling (retailing, insurance agent/broker, real estate, and garment manufacturing showroom girl). Another chapter covers glamor jobs such as: airline jobs, fashion, interior designer, interpreter and translator, and travel agent. Careers in the word business (Newspaper reporter, book publishing, magazines, advertising, public relations, and technical writer) are other big business avenues for the prospective employee. A miscellaneous chapter covers a repertoire of jobs available to almost all majors. The concluding chapter promotes the lure and opportunities of money, culture, men, and living in the big city. (EA)

This study aims to empirically investigate the relationships that, until now, in a retail context, have been mostly conceptually based, within a `mythological triangle΄, i.e. as the impact of Internal Marketing and Market Orientation on Organisational Performance. After the validation with SEM analysis of all three constructs, findings clearly indicate that Internal Marketing indeed has a positive significant effect both on Market Orientation and on Organisational Performance. Market Orientation has a positive effect on Organisational Performance. The role of marketing as a philosophy and function focusing both internally and externally has begun to mushroom within retailing in Greece – as in supermarket chains with nationwide coverage. Retailers recognise that when operating in fiercely competitive national and global environments, marketing can create sources of competitive advantage and effectiveness, even prior to being in the market place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This literature review recapitulates the state of the art knowledge about the characteristics of Web 2.0 instruments and deduces application options for multi-channel marketing by retailers. The different instruments of Web 2.0 and the theoretical foundations of multi-channel marketing are introduced. The authors assign the specific Web 2.0 applications through the instrumental areas of retailing by confronting their particular features and functions with the specific chances, risks, goals and the operational and strategic demands (needs) of multi-channel management. This systematization gives retailers the chance to choose their instrumental assignments strategically, based on their specific goals in multi-channel marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pervasive urban phenomenon in the Netherlands is the implementation of large-scale and ambitious city centre redevelopment projects to upgrade the functional structure and physical form. Within the context of national policy restrictions and incentives, city centre actors – i.e. local authorities, property actors and (organisations of) retailers – are mainly responsible for designing upgrading plans to make city centres appealing to mobile and fun-seeking consumers. In this chapter, the upgrading of the city centre in Enschede is critically discussed while focusing on the process of competition at the urban and regional level for shoppers and their spending. Upgrading projects are implemented to produce dissimilarities with other shopping centres in the city, with town centres surrounding the city as well as with other city centres – as a response to increasing similarities at the intra and inter-metropolitan level. In Enschede, the city centre actors intend to foster the urban economy through the implementation of an opportunistic redevelopment project, demonstrating the entrepreneurial stance in contemporary urban politics. Entrepreneurial conservatism, however, seems to produce similarities between city centres whereas city centre actors aim to achieve and claim urban dissimilarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feature promotions or advertised deals constitute an important element of retailer promotion activities. In particular, the effectiveness of store flyers is one of the aspects of most concern to the marketing managers of retail stores as part of their marketing strategy. This paper looks to shed more light on this issue by analysing the effect of brand presence in flyers on consumer choice for both national brands and store brands. To this end, a Multinomial Logit Model (MNL) is estimated with parameters specific to brands using store-flyers. With these specific parameters, a ˵competitive flyer effect″ ratio is estimated in order to establish which brand benefits from being featured in the same flyer. The results provide key insights for both retailers and manufacturers on how to improve the effectiveness of store flyers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wal-Mart, the world's largest retailer, has globalized its operations to sell to underserved markets and to gain the earnings growth demanded by its shareholders. Wal-Mart dominates the U.S. market and derives 24% of its sales from 14 international markets. It achieved early success in Mexico, Canada and later in the U.K. It failed with market entries into Germany, South Korea, Hong Kong and Indonesia. Its success in other markets is yet to be decided. Wal-Mart's domestic strategy can be reduced to five factors, many of which are not possible in global markets. Wal-Mart claims that its global policy is one of transporting its domestic strategy factors globally, yet its history shows inconsistencies in achieving this. We assess Wal-Mart's global network and suggest some host nations where Wal-Mart might do well. The key goal of this paper is to highlight the surprising gap between Wal-Mart's domestic and global strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of physical distribution could be a source of differentiation and, consequently, provide a competitive advantage for the retailer. There is no consensus in the literature, however, on the components of logistics service quality, nor on the role of the retailer's investment in technology. In this context, the present paper aims at evaluating the major components of logistics service quality and technological investment, as well as analysing their impact on the results achieved by the store in terms of satisfaction and customer loyalty in different retailing sectors. As a result, we conclude that there is a need for the retailer to plan investment in technology applied to logistics in order to achieve high levels of logistics service quality through reliability and empathy, as well as customer satisfaction and loyalty. There are, however, significant differences in the importance of these variables across retail sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article provides an overview of the Finnish retail market, characterised by high concentration, strong retail chains, and fairly stable and closed market conditions. Food and grocery retailing is elaborated on in greater detail. In order to highlight some of the subsectors of the Finnish retail trade, the building and home improvement trade and the home technology trade were chosen on the basis of the market size and growth. Finally, a brief industry and trend analysis based on Porter's model concludes this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Including historical developments and an industry analysis coupled with a depiction of recent trends, a good part of this paper is dedicated to a general, descriptive overview of the Austrian retail market. Furthermore, a detailed look at grocery retailing and highlights of four other major retail industries are presented. Marked by high levels of concentration in certain sectors, as well as ongoing consolidation from smaller to increasingly bigger store formats, Austrian retailing features several distinct characteristics. The evolution of shopping centres, internet retailing, the idiosyncratic legal framework, and an increase in international activities particularly in Eastern Europe serve as examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last two decades the retailing industry is finding itself in a state of constant evolution and transformation. Globalization, mergers and acquisitions, and technological developments have drastically changed the retailing landscape. The explosive growth of the Internet has been one of the main catalysts in this process. The effects of the Internet have been mostly felt in retail sectors dealing mainly with intangibles or information products. But these are not likely to be limited to these sectors; increasingly retailers of physical products realize that the empowered, sophisticated, critical and well-informed consumer of today is essentially different to the consumer they have always known. The web, and particularly what is known as Social Media or Web 2.0, have given consumers much more control, information and power over the market process, posing retailers with a number of important dilemmas and challenges. This article explains what the new face of the Internet, widely referred to as Web 2.0 or Social Media, is, identifies its importance as a strategic marketing tool and proposes a number of alternative strategies for retailers. Implementing such strategies will allow retailers not only to survive, but also create competitive advantages and thrive in the new environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizational learning, knowledge transfer and knowledge sharing are core components of the retail internationalization process. However, organizational learning is not solely derived from examples of success - we also learn from failure. Divestment is an intrinsic feature of retail internationalization, and has recently become a focus for academic research. This paper considers the growing body of academic work on international retail divestment at both the country and firm level, and assesses how we have examined this activity through the construction of incident based datasets and in-depth case studies of individual company experiences. This review concludes that further research is needed to provide a deeper understanding of this element of the internationalization process and suggests a potential agenda for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, private labels have attracted a large amount of attention among marketing scholars and practitioners. In many countries private label products enjoy a growing popularity and compete head to head with national brands in numerous product categories. Burton et al. (1998) have proposed a scale to measure consumers΄ attitudes toward private labels (ATPL). Their scale, based on previous research in the U.S., does not appear to have been widely tested. This study tests the applicability of the ATPL scale within a German retailing context. The ATPL scale was administered to more than 600 consumers in Germany. Study 1 assesses the cross-cultural validity of the measure. Further, the ATPL scale΄s predictive and nomological validity is assessed. Then cluster analysis is employed using a second sample (Study 2). The ATPL scale appears to have elements of construct validity and has potential use across international populations. Implications for marketing research and retail managers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to apply communication theory to the study of franchisorfranchisee relationships from the franchisees΄ perspective. In this empirical and cross-sectional study, a sample is drawn from Taiwan΄s convenience stores, the density of which is the highest in the world. In total, 487 usable responses were used to examine collaborative communication, and loyalty behaviours between franchisors and franchisees. Communication direction, modality and content were found to have a positive and significant effect upon economic and social satisfaction, except for the relationship between communication content and economic relationship. In addition, franchisee economic satisfaction and social satisfaction both influence the intention of a franchisee to renew contracts and advocate on behalf of the franchise system. Insights from the analyses suggest that suitable collaborative communication can help to improve a franchisee΄s economic and social satisfaction, further enhance its willingness to remain within the franchise system, and increase its willingness to recommend the system to others. All those in the franchise system should notice the importance of collaborative communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the early weeks of a live pilot of item-level RFID by METRO Group΄s German department store, Kaufhof. The RFID-Enabled Sales Floor utilizes UHF Gen2 RFID tags on fashion items, combined with RFID-enabled dressing rooms, intelligent displays, and smart mirrors. The pilot represents a pioneering attempt to conduct end-to-end UHF item-level tracking of items through the point-of-sale. Based on an exploratory case study, we reflect on the implications of ubiquitous item-level RFID technology and offer suggestions for further research on the socio-technical implications of this important product and process innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]