1. Advances in Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes.
- Author
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Cavaliere, Pasquale and Cavaliere, Pasquale
- Subjects
History of engineering & technology ,Materials science ,Technology: general issues ,alternative ironmaking ,artificial neural network ,bio-coals ,blast furnace ,blast furnace pellets ,blast furnaces ,bottom-stirring ,carbon capture and usage ,carbonization ,coal injection ,decarbonization ,dephosphorization endpoint temperature ,dephosphorization ratio ,desalinization ,different smelting time ,dilatation ,direct reduced pellets ,direct reduction ,double slag converter steelmaking process ,drop tube furnace ,electric arc furnace steelmaking ,energy ,flow field in mold ,fluidity ,forecasting ,gasification ,high temperature ,high-temperature measurement ,hot metal dephosphorization ,hydrogen ,hydrogen enrichment ,hydrogen metallurgy ,hydrogen reduction of iron oxides ,ironmaking ,low temperature ,maximal overlap discrete wavelet packet ,methane synthesis ,methanol synthesis ,mold width ,molten steel flow ,n/a ,numerical simulation ,open slag bath furnace ,optimum temperature of intermediate deslagging ,phosphorus distribution ratio ,predictive control ,production ,purification ,reactivity ,renewables ,silicon content ,slag ,smelting reduction ,statistical correlation ,steelmaking ,steelworks gas valorization ,surface velocity ,thermodynamic ,time series analysis ,water electrolysis - Abstract
Summary: In recent years, ironmaking and steelmaking have witnessed the incorporation of various new processes and technologies that can be operated and organized in different combinations depending on the properties of raw materials and the required quality of the final products. Indications from the steel industry and local and global government institutions suggest that the breakthrough technologies for decarbonization will be based on new fuels and energy vectors. For CO2-lean process routes, three major solutions have been identified: decarbonizing, whereby coal would be replaced by hydrogen or electricity in the hydrogen reduction or electrolysis of iron ore processes; the introduction of CCS technology; and the use of sustainable biomass. Today, hydrogen-based steelmaking is a potential low-carbon and economically attractive route, especially in countries where natural gas is cheap. By considering systems for increasing energy efficiency and reducing the environmental impact of steel production, CO2 emissions may be greatly reduced by hydrogen-based steel production if hydrogen is generated by means of carbon-free and renewable sources. Currently, the development of the hydrogen economy has received a great deal of attention in that H2 is considered a promising alternative to replace fossil fuels. Based on hydrogen, the "hydrogen economy" is a promising clean energy carrier for decarbonized energy systems if the hydrogen used is produced from renewable energy sources or coupled with carbon capture and storage (CCS) or nuclear energy.