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This document contains the reports on audits of the one-stop systems in California, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, New York, and Vermont. The overall audit conclusions were as follows: (1) the states have made substantial efforts toward forming new comprehensive workforce investment systems as mandated by the Workforce Investment Act (WIA); (2) the states have generally opened one-stop centers capable of providing user-friendly services to customers; (3) as of the time of the audits, development of the infrastructure for the one-stop system was not complete; and (4) state and local boards, memoranda of understanding, cost-allocation methods, and data collection systems must be instituted to ensure the service delivery, customer choice, program accountability, and continuous improvement that are fundamental to WIA. The state reports were all based on a standard format that included the following components: (1) background information; (2) objectives and scope; (3) audit results with respect to six areas (including all WIA-required one-stop partners; opening centers in each local area; establishing agreements with agencies; developing a financial system to meet one-stop needs under WIA; developing a data collection system; and providing access to services at the one-stop centers); (4) recommendations; and (5) state responses to the draft report. (MN)

This collection of 17 papers addresses current issues related to collective bargaining in higher education and the professions. The papers include: (1) "The American Academic Model Abroad" (Irwin H. Polishook); (2) "The European Perspective" (Gerd Kohler); (3) "Economic Integration in the North American Region: Implications for Higher Education" (Hugo Aboites); (4) "The Revolution Is Being Televised: Distance Education and the University of Maine System" (Samuel J. D'Amico); (5) "Threats to Tenure: Rhetoric and Reality" (Mary Alice Burgan); (6) "Union Activism: The Response to Regression" (Solomon Barkin); (7) "Public Higher Education Funding in the Jaws of Balanced Budget Conservatism" (William E. Scheuerman and Sidney Plotkin); (8) "Funding Higher Education in a Global Economy" (Christine Maitland); (9) "Fiscal Realities in Higher Education" (Gordon K. Davies); (10) "Dealing with Sexual Harassment in the Academic Environment" (Cynthia Adams); (11) "Sexual Harassment and Academic Freedom: A Faculty Union Perspective" (Judith Anderson); (12) "Sexual Harassment and Academic Freedom" (Ralph S. Brown); (13) "Faculty Collective Bargaining at Historically Black Colleges and Universities" (Stephen L. Finner and Marcella A. Copes); (14) "The Changing Nature of Professionalism: The Case of the Police" (Barbara Raffel Price); (15) "Campus Bargaining and the Law: The Management Perspective" (Susan L. Lipsitz); (16) "Campus Bargaining and the Law: The AAUP's Perspective" (Ann H. Franke); and (17) "Employer Militancy in Professional Sports" (Ira Berkow and Eugene Orza). (MDM)

This book presents 13 papers which address human resource management in universities and colleges of further education in the United Kingdom. A list of abbreviations precedes the papers. The papers are: (1) "Setting the Scene" (Elaine Crosthwaite and David Warner); (2) "Managing Change" (David House and David Watson); (3) "Developing a Human Resource Strategy" (Elizabeth Lanchbery); (4) "Managing Diversity" (Rebecca Nestor); (5) "The Learning Organization" (Jennifer Tann); (6) "Effective Communication" (Jo Andrews); (7) "Managing and Rewarding Performance" (David Bright and Bill Williamson); (8) "Executive Recruitment" (Diana Ellis); (9) "Essential Employment Law" (Geoffrey Mead); (10) "Making Educational Institutions Safer and Healthier" (Patricia Leighton); (11) "Developing Managers" (Elizabeth Walker); (12) "Industrial Relations Strategies and Tactics" (Roger Ward); and (13) "Managing Information" (John McManus and Emily Crowley). (A bibliography contains approximately 150 references.) (DB)

This collection of 25 papers addresses current issues related to collective bargaining in higher education. The papers include: (1) "Higher Education Today" (Keith Geiger); (2) "Political Correctness, Academic Freedom, and Academic Unionism: Introductory Comments" (Matthew Goldstein); (3) "Academic Freedom and Campus Controversies: Separating Repressive Strategies from Unpopular Ideas" (Linda Ray Pratt); (4) "The Impact of Clinton's Health Care Proposal on Higher Education" (VirginiaAnn Shadwick); (5) "Health Care Workers and Health Care Reform" (Dennis Rivera); (6) "The Fiscal and Political Stresses Plaguing Higher Education Today" (Sean Fanelli); (7) "Partnerships in Uncertain Times: The California State University and the California Faculty Association" (VirginiaAnne Shadwick); (8) "The Situation of Higher Education in Quebec: Some Thoughts on the Challenges Facing the Academic Union Movement" (Roch Denis); (9) "Recent Trends in Collective Bargaining in Canada" (Donald Savage); (10) "Patterns of Professional Evaluation and Assigned Duties in Faculty Collective Bargaining Agreements" (Ernst Benjamin); (11) "Faculty Roles and Rewards in the Context of Accountability" (Lawrence Gold); (12) "Collective Bargaining and Technology" (Christine Maitland); (13) "Lesbian and Gay Campus Organizing for Domestic Partner Benefits" (Lee Badgett); (14) "Making It Work: Scholarship, Employment, and Power in the Academy" (Michele Janette and Tamara Joseph); (15) "Workers/Teachers/Students: Graduate Student Employee Collective Bargaining at the University of Michigan" (Jon Curtiss); (16) "The Need for Law Reform" (Julius Getman); (17) "Some Key Differences Between U.S. and Canada Labor Law" (Kevin Banks); (18) "The Best We Can Be" (Daniel Seymour); (19) "Implementing Total Quality Management at a Community College: The Adventure and the Lessons Learned" (Susanna B. Staas); (20) "Public Relations and University Budgets: A Union Perspective" (Arnold Cantor); (21) "Public Relations and University Budgets: A CUNY Case Study" (Jay Hershenshon); (22) "Public Relations and University Budgets: The University of Connecticut Experience" (Edward Marth); (23) "Discussion of Supreme Court Decision in 'Harris v. Forklift Systems'" (Gwendolyn Young Reams); (24) "Campus Bargaining and the Law: The Management Perspective" (Nicholas DiGiovannia, Jr. and Susan Lipsitz); and (25) "Campus Bargaining and the Law: The AAUP's Perspective" (Ann H. Franke). (MDM)

This manual presents six papers on the design of community-based employment programs for students with severe disabilities. The first paper is "Community-Based Vocational Preparation for Students with Severe Disabilities: Designing the Process" by Katherine J. Inge et al. This paper details a five-step process for designing such a program. The second paper is also by Katherine J. Inge et al. and is titled "Community-Based Vocational Instruction and the Labor Laws: A 1993 Update." It includes frequently asked questions about the Fair Labor Standards Act and case study examples to help interpret the guidelines. The third paper, by Katherine J. Inge and Stacy Dymond, is "Challenging Behaviors in the Work Place: Increasing One Student's Access to Community-Based Vocational Instruction Using a Changing Criterion Design." The fourth paper, "Supported Employment for School-Age Students with Severe Disabilities: Issues and Applications" by Stacy Dymond et al, uses a case study of one student in the Vocational Options Project to illustrate the movement from community-based vocational training to individual supported employment before exiting school. The fifth paper, "The Application of a Self-Management Procedure To Increase Work Productions: A Community-Based Case Study Example" by Katherine J. Inge et al., also uses a case study to demonstrate self-management procedures. The final paper is by Paul Wehman and is titled "A Selective Review of Supported Employment Literature: Progress Made and Challenges Ahead." A table entitled, "Number of Budgeted and Unfilled Positions by Occupation at Outside Providers of Purchased Services that State Directors Report Difficulty Obtaining" is appended. Most papers contain references. (DB)

Few laws enacted by the Pennsylvania General Assembly have been more profoundly felt than Act 195 of 1970, which granted teachers and other public employees the right to bargain and to strike. In July 1992, after years of disruptive teacher strikes, a school strike reform bill was passed in the form of Act 88. This resource book presents a historical overview of collective-bargaining rights in Pennsylvania public education, an article-by-article review of both Act 88 and Act 195, the responsibilities and regulations of state agencies, impasse procedures under Act 88, and suggestions for preparing for successful negotiations. Appendices contain the texts of Act 88 of 1992, Act 195 of 1970, and Act 84 of 1988; sample forms used by the Bureau of Mediation and the Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board (PLRB); a schedule of rate and costs adopted by PLRB; mediation resources; and a glossary. (LMI)

This volume contains 19 papers that were presented at a conference addressing critical issues related to employment options for older persons. They are arranged in four sections that cover early retirement policies and their implications; older workers of Asia and the Pacific; the impact of technological change on the employment prospects of older persons; and the reorganization of work, leisure, and education over the life cycle. The papers are: "Work, Aging and the Life Cycle" (Xavier Gaullier); "Early Exit and the Employment of Older Workers in the 1990s in the United Kingdom" (Frank Laczko); "Early Retirement Policies and Practices in the United States" (Denise F. Loftus); "Early Retirement and the Middle-Aged" (Malcolm H. Morrison); "Ageism in the British Labor Market" (Alan Walker); "Older Workers in Asia and the Pacific" (John McCallum); "Work, Retirement and Income Security" (Lita J. Domingo); "Older Workers in a Developing Economy" (Nii-K Plange); "Older Japanese Workers" (Michiko Naoi); "The Impact of Technological Change on Employment Prospects for Older Persons" (Harvey L. Sterns); "New Technologies and the Aging of the Labor Force" (Marie-Noel Beauchesne-Florival); "The Impact of Technological Change on Employment for Older Persons from a West German Perspective" (Gerald A. Straka); "Older Workers and Technology" (Robert A. Harootyan); "Implications of Technological Advances for Canadian Workers" (Neil Charness); "The Reorganization of Work, Leisure and Education over the Life Cycle" (Jack Habib, Charlotte Nusberg); "Flexibility and Free Choice in Working Life" (Gosta Rehn); "Does Flexible Life Scheduling Have a Future?" (Fred Best); "Emerging Changes in the Structure of the Employment Relationship and Their Projected Effects on the Distinction between Work and Retirement" (Dan Jacobson); and "Leisure and the Structure of Our Life Worlds" (Jon Hendricks, Stephen J. Cutler). (KC)

There are now nearly four million children born in the United States who have undocumented immigrant parents. In the current debates around immigration reform, policymakers often view immigrants as an economic or labor market problem to be solved, but the issue has a very real human dimension. Immigrant parents without legal status are raising their citizen children under stressful work and financial conditions, with the constant threat of discovery and deportation that may narrow social contacts and limit participation in public programs that might benefit their children. "Immigrants Raising Citizens" offers a compelling description of the everyday experiences of these parents, their very young children, and the consequences these experiences have on their children's development. "Immigrants Raising Citizens" challenges conventional wisdom about undocumented immigrants, viewing them not as lawbreakers or victims, but as the parents of citizens whose adult productivity will be essential to the nation's future. The book's findings are based on data from a three-year study of 380 infants from Dominican, Mexican, Chinese, and African American families, which included in-depth interviews, in-home child assessments, and parent surveys. The book shows that undocumented parents share three sets of experiences that distinguish them from legal-status parents and may adversely influence their children's development: avoidance of programs and authorities, isolated social networks, and poor work conditions. Fearing deportation, undocumented parents often avoid accessing valuable resources that could help their children's development--such as access to public programs and agencies providing child care and food subsidies. At the same time, many of these parents are forced to interact with illegal entities such as smugglers or loan sharks out of financial necessity. Undocumented immigrants also tend to have fewer reliable social ties to assist with child care or share information on child-rearing. Compared to legal-status parents, undocumented parents experience significantly more exploitive work conditions, including long hours, inadequate pay and raises, few job benefits, and limited autonomy in job duties. These conditions can result in ongoing parental stress, economic hardship, and avoidance of center-based child care--which is directly correlated with early skill development in children. The result is poorly developed cognitive skills, recognizable in children as young as two years old, which can negatively impact their future school performance and, eventually, their job prospects. "Immigrants Raising Citizens" has important implications for immigration policy, labor law enforcement, and the structure of community services for immigrant families. In addition to low income and educational levels, undocumented parents experience hardships due to their status that have potentially lifelong consequences for their children. With nothing less than the future contributions of these children at stake, the book presents a rigorous and sobering argument that the price for ignoring this reality may be too high to pay. The following chapters are contained in this book: (1) Emiliana, Elena, and Ling Raise Citizens in New York City; (2) The Hidden Face of New York: Undocumented Immigrant Parents' Routes to the City; (3) Life Under the Radar: Legal and Illegal Authorities and Public Programs; (4) Documentation Status and Social Ties: Households, Networks, and Organizations in the Lives of Undocumented Parents and Their Children; (5) The Worst Jobs in Urban America: Undocumented Working Parents in the New York Economy; (6) How Parents' Undocumented Status Matters for Children's Early Learning; and (7) Providing Access to the American Dream for the Children of Undocumented Parents. "Overview of Study Design and Methods" is appended.

Why are America's public schools falling so short of the mark in educating the nation's children? Why are they organized in ineffective ways that fly in the face of common sense, to the point that it is virtually impossible to get even the worst teachers out of the classroom? And why, after more than a quarter century of costly education reform, have the schools proven so resistant to change and so difficult to improve? In this path-breaking book, Terry M. Moe demonstrates that the answers to these questions have a great deal to do with teachers unions--which are by far the most powerful forces in American education and use their power to promote their own special interests at the expense of what is best for kids. Despite their importance, the teachers unions have barely been studied. "Special Interest" fills that gap with an extraordinary analysis that is at once brilliant and kaleidoscopic--shedding new light on their historical rise to power, the organizational foundations of that power, the ways it is exercised in collective bargaining and politics, and its vast consequences for American education. The bottom line is simple but devastating: as long as the teachers unions remain powerful, the nation's schools will never be organized to provide kids with the most effective education possible. Moe sees light at the end of the tunnel, however, due to two major transformations. One is political, the other technological, and the combination is destined to weaken the unions considerably in the coming years--loosening their special-interest grip and opening up a new era in which America's schools can finally be organized in the best interests of children. Contents include: (1) The Problem of Union Power; (2) The Rise of the Teachers Unions; (3) Teachers and Their Unions; (4) Unions and School Boards; (5) Are Teachers Underpaid?; (6) Collective Bargaining; (7) Small Victories for Sanity; (8) Reform Unionism; (9) The Politics of Blocking; and (10) A Critical Juncture. Appended are: (1) Union Membership and State Labor Laws; (2) The Survey Sample: Comparisons to SASS; and (3) Young Teachers. Notes and an index are also included.

With the possible exception of No Child Left Behind, no federal law has posed a greater compliance challenge to public school districts in the past ten years than the Fair Labor Standards Act. Unfamiliarity with the Act and its application in the school environment has resulted in millions of dollars in payment of settlements to school district employees since 1998. Until now, no book has ever been written focusing on FLSA compliance in the public school environment. "The Fair Labor Standards Act in American Schools" provides school officials with a clear, concise, jargon-free guide to applying the FLSA in the public school environment. Containing hundreds of school specific examples, cases, and Department of Labor Opinion Letters, this book provides school officials with a valuable tool for meeting school compliance challenges under the FLSA. Chapters in the book include: (1) Overview of the Fair Labor Standards Act; (2) Outside the Act; (3) Exempt Employees; (4) Working Hours; (5) Overtime; (6) Compensatory Time; (7) Minimum Wage; (8) Child Labor; (9) The Equal Pay Act; (10) Collective Bargaining; (11) Record Keeping; (12) Penalties; and (13) Self-Audit.

This monograph is a legal treatise covering all legal aspects of the evaluation of teachers. It looks at what can legally be evaluated, how the evaluation can become evidence for termination, and how to avoid and win lawsuits involving wrongful teacher dismissals. It is intended for practicing administrators, supervisors of instruction, teacher evaluators, attorneys, college professors of education or law, and college students. Chapter 1 presents the basic concepts behind teacher evaluation and an introduction to the study of the laws pertaining to teacher evaluation. Chapter 2 describes the areas of teacher performance that legally can be evaluated. Chapter 3 explores the necessary elements of proceeding to terminate a teacher. Chapter 4 discusses due process, procedural aspects of the teacher's remediation opportunities, board policy, and collective agreements. Chapter 5 addresses competency testing as a prerequisite to certification and constitutional challenges to teacher testing. Chapter 6 focuses on defamation claims resulting from the evaluation process and lines of defense available to administrators or school districts in guarding against such claims. Included is an index of cases mentioned in the monograph. (WFA)

Since 1993, Student Action with Farmworkers (SAF) has placed nearly 300 college students into summer internships with farmworker agencies in North and South Carolina, where students work alongside farmworkers struggling to improve their living and working conditions. Because of significant gaps in academic materials related to farmworkers in the Southeast, SAF commissioned this book to introduce students, faculty, and advocates to a broad spectrum of farmworker issues and advocacy. Chapters are (1) "Making Home: Culture, Ethnicity, and Religion among Farmworkers in the Southeastern United States" (Alejandra Okie Holt, Sister Evelyn Mattern); (2) "Layers of Loss: Migrants, Small Farmers, and Agribusiness" (Charles D. Thompson, Jr.); (3) "Standing Idly By: 'Organized' Farmworkers in South Florida during the Depression and World War II" (Cindy Hahamovitch); (4) "H-2A Guestworker Program: A Legacy of Importing Agricultural Labor" (Garry G. Geffert); (5) "Farmworker Exceptionalism under the Law: How the Legal System Contributes to Farmworker Poverty and Powerlessness" (Greg Schell); (6) "Bitter Harvest: Housing Conditions of Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers" (Christopher Holden); (7) "The Struggle for Health in Times of Plenty" (Colin Austin); (8) "Understanding the Challenges and Potential of Migrant Students" (Ramiro Arceo, Joy Kusserow, Al Wright); (9) "From Slavery to Cesar Chavez and Beyond: Farmworker Organizing in the United States" (Paul Ortiz); and (10) "Conclusion: An Invocation To Act" (Melinda F. Wiggins). Between the chapters are excerpts from speeches and interviews with farmworkers and activists and farmworkers' reminiscences and poetry. Appendices present a syllabus for a 14-week college course on farmworker advocacy, and list farmworker-related organizations and agencies and recommended readings. (Contains approximately 230 references and an index.) (SV)

The evolution of jobs and the job market in the United States was examined in a 3-year project during which a task force consisting of 25 representatives of the education, labor, business, and policy sectors organized 17 workshops and commissioned working papers from experts. The project began by examining how recent changes in the world of work have undermined the old assumptions regarding the labor market and altered the social contract that traditionally existed between employers and employees. The project resulted in a vision in which all stakeholders in the U.S. labor market assume new roles in the labor market by reasserting and recommitting to the following values and cultural traditions that have historically served as the U.S. labor market's moral grounding: work as a source of dignity; diversity and equality of opportunity; solidarity and equality of opportunity; and voice and participation. Specific roles for the following entities in addressing the issues of low-income labor markets, worker mobility, and work-family concerns were outlined: corporations; unions; new intermediaries (worker advocacy groups and organizations; immigrant groups; living-wage coalitions; advocates of work-family polices and practices; and education, training, and lifelong learning organizations); and government. (Lists of the task force members and project participants are appended, and 141 endnotes are included.) (MN)

This book discusses the evolution of workfare policies in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Chapter 1 defines the term "workfare" and examines the concepts of transnationalizing workfare and workfarist labor regulation. Chapter 2 establishes workfare's theoretical context and explores the relationship between welfare arrangements and the labor market from the days of the workhouse system through the days of the welfare state to the emergent workfare system. Chapter 3 considers the origins of workfare in the context of restructuring or "reform" of the previous welfare programs in the United States and explores the range of meanings associated with the regulatory term "workfare" within different historical and geographical contexts. The history of welfare and workfare politics in Massachusetts is traced in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 presents a critical analysis of the methodology and interpretations of Riverside, California's Greater Avenues for Independence program. Chapter 6 traces Canada's path from welfarism to workfarism, and Chapter 7 describes the United Kingdom's recent embrace of workfare. Chapter 8 begins by presenting an abstract examination of workfare and its contradictions and ends by speculating on the future course of workfare politics. (Twenty tables/figures are included. The bibliography contains 607 references.) (MN)

This pamphlet on labor history highlights some of labor's economic and political actions during the past 200 years. The purpose is to provide inspiration and motivation for greater participation in union work. The introduction explains the purpose of unions--to pursue economic independence and social stature for all individuals--for defenseless people, minorities, aged, and youth. The booklet contains short historical descriptions of labor topics, each accompanied by an illustrative picture. Topics include descriptions of colonial indentured servants; early factory conditions; the first strike by Cordwainers; workingmen's political parties; Negro slave labor; the end to slavery after the Civil War; the melting pot; higher education as a union cause; the squalid life of miners; the Haymarket Riot; birth of the AFL; the Pullman strike; working women; the seamen's fight; the Wobblies; steel unions; political friends of organized labor; economic depression of 1930s; formation of CIO; the Reuther brothers; battles between labor and industry; Labor's Magna Charta; collective bargaining; and the slogan "Bread, Freedom, and Peace." An accompanying film and set of posters can be obtained for rent or purchase from the UAW Education Department, 8000 E. Jefferson Ave., Detroit, Michigan 48214. (ND)

This booklet is designed to help school board members understand New Jersey's public employee relations law and to serve as a useful guide to the operations of the New Jersey Public Employment Relations Commission. Individual chapters focus in turn on the Public Employment Relations Commission, unfair labor practices, the scope of collective negotiations proceedings, impasse procedures, representation proceedings, and injunctive relief. The appendix contains the complete text of the New Jersey Employer-Employee Relations Act. (JG)

The intent of this volume is to inform boards of education about the collective negotiations process so that the board can proceed to improve board-staff relations as well as achieve its goals at the bargaining table. Although much of the information in this book applies to all public employee collective bargaining, the author chooses to focus on teachers' unions and their interaction with the negotiating team of the school board. Metzler describes the bargaining process, focusing on negotiating teams, bargaining techniques, communication during bargaining, and negotiability. The book also includes chapters on grievance procedures, mediation, strikes, arbitration, and fact-finding. A specific analysis of New Jersey labor legislation governing public employee bargaining is appended, along with the text of the New Jersey Employer-Employee Relations Act and relevant court cases. A glossary of collective bargaining terms is also included. (DS)

Compiled in this document are nine articles addressed to trustees on collective bargaining in two-year colleges. Titles include: (1) Alternatives to Collective Bargaining; (2) Are There Alternatives to Collective Bargaining?; (3) Trustee Involvement in Preparation for Community College Collective Bargaining With Faculty--A Case Study; (4) The Challenge of Alternatives to Collective Bargaining; (5) Compulsory Public-Sector Bargaining: The Dissolution of Social Order; (6) Collective Bargaining in Two-Year Institutions: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow; (7) Collective Bargaining and Community Colleges; (8) Compulsory Unionism: A Real and Present Danger; and (9) Establishing the Representation Unit for Negotiations. Contributors include: George R. Fellows, D. B. Leonardelli, Richard A. Gardiner, Fred L. Matthews, Sylvester Petro, Robert H. Diday, John H. Metzler, Susan E. Staub, and Lee T. Patterson and Susan M. Crockett. (JDS)

The status of unionism among librarians in public and academic libraries, with emphasis on the years 1972 to 1975, is the subject of a report based on a search of the literature. The first section gives an indication of the frequency and mood of comment in the current professional literature. There follows a brief summary of library union development from 1914 through 1970, and more detailed reports on activities in specific libraries from 1970 to 1975. Specific libraries are also targeted in the sections on the agency shop and strikes. Three tables provide data on public library unions without collective bargaining contracts, strikes by library workers (1958-1968), and state anti-strike provisions as of 1972. Suggestions for further study and a bibliography are included. (Author/LS)

This document explores some of the interrelationships between the collective bargaining process and equal employment issues. The National Labor Relations Act, the federal collective bargaining statute, is the focal point of the labor law discussion because it has had significant impact on the drafting and interpretation of state labor legislation and stands on an equal footing with federal equal employment laws. The federal labor statute, applicable to private colleges and universities is discussed, underscoring the Act's application to discrimination in employment based on race, sex, religion, national origin or color. Next, four federal equal opportunity laws -- Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the Equal Pay Act, Executive Order 11246 as amended, and Title IX of the 1972 Educational Amendments -- are briefly described, emphasizing their impact on labor relations matters. Finally, some suggestions for higher education collective bargaining in the context of equal employment obligations are given. To the extent possible, an attempt is made to shape the principle of law, which arises in an industrial setting, to conceptually fit a situation involving faculty organizing or collective bargaining and campus equal employment issues. Much of the discussion is applicable to both faculty and nonfaculty employees. (Author/KE)

Written primarily from the teachers' viewpoint, this review of the history and causes of teacher militancy in the United States traces the emergence of unionism and the collective bargaining movement among teachers. The author briefly discusses causes of militancy, relevant laws and court decisions, the impact of the economy on the teachers' movement, teacher conservatism, federal school financing, recent increases in the number of teachers, public opinion and its impact on teachers, and political action by teachers. He concludes that teacher militancy and its mechanism for expression, collective bargaining, are firmly ensconced in the teaching profession because of the effectiveness of professional organizations, such as the National Education Association and the American Federation of Teachers. (Author/DS)

Drawing on data about unionism in education as well as in other public and private sectors, this literature review focuses on three areas: the causes of collective bargaining in public education, the reasons for strikes by school employees, and the impact of unions on educational expenses and salaries. The author first discusses the factors leading to educational unionism, including changes in teachers' and administrators' attitudes and desires, increases in the number of educators, concentration in larger work units, decisions by teacher and administrator organizations to bargain collectively, and legal support from state laws. Economic, political, and moral arguments for and against educator strikes are considered in the second section, which examines the rational and irrational reasons for strikes and recommends strike prevention rather than strike prohibition. In the last section the author surveys research on collective bargaining's effect on educational costs. He finds that researchers agree that unionism increases teacher salaries but disagree about its effects on salary structures, program cuts, taxes, and educational quality. The author recommends further research on unionism's causes and consequences, especially on the effects of the current educational retrenchment on unions. (Author/RW)

This collection of articles focuses on the negative impacts that deindustrialization has had on the American labor market, on American workers, and on the U.S. economy. The introduction, by Donald Kennedy, traces the development of the trend toward and negative impacts of deindustrialization, outlines some of the policy issues raised by deindustrialization and the need for reindustrialization, and discusses the role of labor and labor unions in reindustrializing the country. The following papers are included in the collection: "Managing Economic Change: Labor's Role" (Gerald P. Glyde); "Deindustrialization of a Factory Town: Plant Closings and Phasedowns in South Bend, Indiana, 1954-1983" (Charles Craypo); "Plant Closings and the Law of Collective Bargaining" (Sharon Simon);"Worker Ownership and Reindustrialization: A Guide for Workers" (Arthur Hochner); "The Role of 'Enterprise Zones' in Reindustrialization" (Bruce Nissen); "Technological Change and Reindustrialization: Implications for Organized Labor" (Carol J. Haddad); "Some Principles Concerning Union Involvement in Quality Circles and Other Employee Involvement Programs" (Robert Cole); and "Participative Decision Making at Work: A Guide to Bibliographic and Program Resources" (William Parsons). (MN)

This monograph provides empirical evidence of the effects of advance notice. Chapter 1 summarizes theoretical arguments for and against plant closing legislation and the evidence of the extent to which advance notice currently is provided to displaced workers in the United States. Chapter 2 presents a summary of prior empirical research on the effects of legislated, privately bargained, and voluntarily provided advance notice of displacement in the United States and Europe. The next four chapters contain new empirical research, which uses the Bureau of Labor Statistics 1984 Survey of Displaced Workers and other data sources. Findings are that having advance notice appears to reduce the probability that a displaced worker will suffer any spell of unemployment, but that it has no effect on the individual's duration of nonemployment if he/she becomes unemployed or on the individual's earnings if he/she becomes reemployed. Contrary to concerns of critics of advance notice, no evidence is found that advance notice leads a firm's most productive workers to quit prior to their planned displacement date. Chapter 7 discusses implications of these findings for public policy toward displaced workers. It addresses inducements that the federal government might use to encourage employers to provide advance notice voluntarily and types of research that should be undertaken to help evaluate the effectiveness of the new federal legislation. (YLB)

The introductory chapter of this volume on immigration into the United States is entitled "Overview: A Time of Reform and Reappraisal" (D. Simcox), and it introduces the topics of reform, legal and illegal immigration, the effect of immigration on the labor market and social welfare, and immigration enforcement methods that are discussed in the other 15 articles. The articles include: "Network Recruitment and Labor Displacement" (P. Martin); "Seeking Common Ground for Blacks and Immigrants" (J. J. Jackson); "Hispanic Americans: The Debased Coin of Citizenship" (R. Estrada); "Ellis Island: The Building of a Heritage" (E. Sevareid); "Immigration and the National Interest" (O. Graham, Jr.); "A Kind of Discordant Harmony: Issues in Assimilation" (G. Bikales and G. Imhoff);"Immigration, Population Change, and California's Future" (L. Bouvier); "Mexicans: California's Newest Immigrants" (The Urban Institute); "Immigration in the Golden State: The Tarnished Dream" (R. Marshall); "Mexico's Dilemma: Finding a Million Jobs a Year" (D. Simcox); "Employer Sanctions in Europe: Deterrence without Discrimination" (M. Miller); "Europe's Lessons for America" (M. R. Lovell, Jr.); "Principles vs. Expediency in U.S. Immigration Policy" (L. Fuchs); "The U.S. Refugee Industry: Doing Well by Doing Good" (B. Zall); and "How Many Americans?" (L. Grant). The appendix contains a summary of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. Tables are included. (DJC)

Economic, social, and demographic changes in the last 30 years have resulted in a massive restructuring of the American work force. Consequently, increasing numbers of employees can be expected to experience difficulties balancing family-and-work concerns. There is no consensus in the United States today regarding the responsibility for helping employees balance work and family. Several states have created task forces to address family-and-work problems. Although studies have shown that certain family-oriented programs (such as flextime and employee assistance programs) can increase productivity and enhance the corporate bottom line, some corporate officials remain skeptical about the cost-effectiveness of such programs. In general, corporate America has not kept pace with the changing dynamics of work and family. Unions are expected to demand that employers strengthen their family-oriented programs. Occasionally, joint labor-management committees or collective bargaining procedures have resulted in the implemenation of creative workplace policies enabling employees to balance family and job responsibilities. The report's longest chapter provides over 30 case studies illustrating specific responses by employers and unions to family and work issues. Other chapters discuss developments and trends, labor-management approaches, and views of the experts. A listing of more than 60 resource organizations is also provided. Appendixes include the test of the Parental and Disability Leave Act of 1985; an interview with T. Berry Brazelton; AFL-CIO resolutions on part-time work, child care and social services, and work and the family; discussions of the tax aspects of dependent care assistance plans; selected corporate policy statements and collective bargaining agreements dealing with work and family issues; family employment and earnings statistics from the Bureau of Labor Statistics; and a 12-page bibliography.) (MN)

Most U.S. citizens support the elimination of race and gender prejudice and inequality, yet attitudes toward solutions have fluctuated in the years since the civil rights movement began. California, a state that has set precedent for antidiscrimination initiatives since 1934, is now at the center of struggles over affirmative action. The authors of the essays in this collection come together with the belief that grounded information on affirmative action programs and their specific outcomes are essential to civil rights groups, policymakers, labor advocates, administrators, journalists, and others formulating interventions into this highly emotional and rhetorical debate. Essays explore programs and outcomes in such sites as higher education, federal and state contracting, public employment, and minority- and women-owned businesses. The cumulative analysis is then used to assess the current and future impacts of Proposition 209 and other legislation that eliminates affirmative action programs. Essays in the collection are: (1) "An Overview of Affirmative Action" (P. Ong); (2) "U.S. and California Affirmative Action Policies, Laws, and Programs" (W. Thomas and M. Garrett); (3) "Race and Gender in California's Labor Market" (P. Ong); (4) "The Impact of Affirmative Action on Public-Sector Employment in California, 1970-1990" (M. V. L. Badgett); (5) "Federal-Contractor Status and Minority Employment: A Case Study of California, 1979-1994" (W. M. Rodgers III); (6) "The California Civil Rights Initiative: Which Firms Stand To Lose and How Much?" (D. L. Williams); (7)"Affirmative Action Programs for Minority- and Women-Owned Businesses" (T. Larson); (8) "Affirmative Action and Admission to the University of California" (C. A. Conrad); and (9) "Proposition 209 and Its Implications" (P. Ong). (BT)

This book contains nine papers devoted to the psychological experience of youth employment and its role in shaping future employment experiences and expectations. "Introduction" (Julian Barling, E. Kevin Kelloway) emphasizes the diversity of young people as a group and the diversity of individual youth's employment experience. "The Nature of Youth Employment" (Catherine Loughlin, Julian Barling) examines relationships between employment quality and young people's work-related attitudes and behaviors. "Learning To Work: The Development of Work Beliefs" (E. Kevin Kelloway, Steve Harvey) explores the impact of learning before and during employment. "Gender Differences in Employment and Income Experiences among Young People" (Serge Desmarais, James Curtis) considers previous and new research on gender and youth employment. "Developmental Consequences of Youth Employment" (Michael R. Frone) reviews developmental outcomes of employment among adolescents. "Child Labor and Exploitation" (Chaya S. Piotrkowski, Joanne Carrubba) discusses child labor in the United States and worldwide. "Occupational Safety and Health in Young People" (Dawn N. Castillo) details the substantial risks that employment poses to U.S. youths. "Reconceptualizing Youth Unemployment" (Graham S. Lowe, Harvey Krahn) documents how school-to-work transition and life course perspectives can enrich a social-psychological understanding of youth unemployment. "Youth and Labor Representation" (Daniel G. Gallagher) reviews current trends and future directions in the relationship between young people and labor unions. All papers include substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This book examines how many of the United States' social and economic problems are reinforced by the combination of school, business, and government. It outlines ways that U.S. government policy can be reformulated to make schools and training major components in the U.S. labor market's successful adjustment to the new workplace realities. The following are among the topics examined in the book's 13 chapters: reasons why many workers in the U.S. labor market are experiencing economic stagnation and decline; failings of the free market and government policies that have led to current labor market difficulties; investment and reinvention as strategies for emerging from current labor market difficulties; ways of reforming secondary and postsecondary education and transforming the school and postschool years into components of a life cycle of learning; policies to improve workplaces; strategies for reinventing workplace regulation; policies to end public housing as it now exists; strategies to address the problems faced by youths in poor areas; reinvention of disability policy; a normative model of policymaking that integrates knowledge of social sciences, the political process, and citizens' preferences; and lessons learned. Twenty-six boxes/figures are included. The book contains 290 references. (MN)

This book provides answers to the most common legal questions of Nevada's school board members, administrators, and educators. Chapter 1, "The Nevada School System: Governance, Programs, and Standards," explores the constitutional, legal, and statutory basis of school system governance. Chapter 2, "The Nevada Plan: Finance of Public Education," covers questions about state, local, and federal support, budgeting, bonding, short-term financing, funding, advertising, and taxes. Chapter 3, "Boards of Trustees," considers qualifications, meeting laws, ethics codes, and public recordkeeping. Chapter 4, "Superintendents, Administrators, and Principals," surveys the required qualifications, powers, duties, and roles of administrators and principals. Chapter 5, "Professional Teaching Staff," reviews certification, licensing, probation, rehiring, evaluation, discipline, discharge, and copyright laws pertaining to teachers. Chapter 6, "Statutory Employee Benefits," considers basic questions about required benefits. Chapter 7, "Employee Relations and Collective Bargaining," addresses the formation and practice of employee-management-relations boards, and fair bargaining and labor practices. Chapter 8, "Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act," documents compliance requirements. Chapter 9, "Student Rights and Responsibilities," considers the scope of rights established in a wide number of areas. Chapter 10, "Special Education," evaluates the body of law governing eligibility, compliance with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, inclusion, due process, and diseases. Chapter 11, "School District Liability," assesses legal exposure from supervision, sexual harassment, and violent students. Chapter 12, "Religion and the Public Schools," probes the permissible role of religion. Chapter 13, "Private Schools and Home Schooling," details legal requirements of both private and home schools, including finances and attendance. Chapter 14, "School Buildings, Grounds, Equipment, and Transportation," examines the management of public spaces, equipment, transportation, and public works. (Contains Appendices A-G covering citations, constitutional provisions, rulings, legislation, terms, and Nevada case law, and includes a 10-page index.) (TEJ)

A resource tool for the manpower planning practitioner, the book provides significant background information on the growth of manpower programs and reasons for placing heavy emphasis on local labor markets. The background material includes a discussion of the role and functioning of labor markets. The major portion of the book is devoted to practical applications of manpower planning theory. Various stages of the manpower planning process are presented in step-by-step fashion for an easier understanding of the considerations involved and the objectives of each step. Chapters are devoted to the development of a local manpower policy, the mix and staging of manpower services, the evaluation of local programs, and the politics of planning. An analytical framework, sample forms, and flow charts are provided for analysis of the population account and the accessible jobs account. A glossary and index are included. (Author)

This bulletin presents abstracts of papers presented at St. Louis, Missouri, February 26-29, 1912, before the National Council of Education of the National Education Association; the Department of Superintendence of the National Education Association; the Department of Normal Schools of the National Education Association; the National Society for the Study of Education; the Society of College Teachers of Education; and the National Committee on Agricultural Education. Abstracts of papers presented to the National Council of Education, National Education Association include: (1) Economy of time in education (James H. Baker and James M. Green); (2) Economy of time in elementary and education (James H. Van Sickle); (3) High-school preparation of candidates for normal schools (David Felmley, J. H. Phillips, Homer H. Seerley, and Charles S. Chapin); (4) High-school preparation of normal-school candidates, from the high-school point of view (J. Stanley Brown); (5) Health problems in education (Thomas D. Wood); (6) Securing public support for health work in schools (William H. Allen); (7) Status of the country school (E.T. Fairchild); (8) Consolidation of rural schools (Adelaide Steele Baylor); (9) Standardization of the country schools (Thomas H. Harris); (10) Rural-school funds--their source and distribution (Edward C. Elliott); (11) The rural-school plant (Luther L. Wright); (12) The problem of rural education (David Snedden); (13) The problems of standards or tests of the efficiency of schools or systems of schools (George Drayton Strayer, Carroll G. Pearse, Charles H. Judd, and Lotis D. Coffman); and (14) Standards and tests of rural-school efficiency (Edward C. Elliott). Abstracts of papers presented to the Department of Superintendence, National Education Association include: (1) Waste and efficiency in school studies (W. H. Elson); (2) Departmental teaching in the elementary grades (W. L. Stephens); (3) The child v. promotion machinery (D. E. Phillips); (4) Some adjustments and changes in the course of study, and school organization suggested by the needs and the capacities of children that vary from the standards set for average pupils (D. H. Christensen); (5) A reorganization of our school system (J. H. Francis); (6) The value of the educational commission in determining the efficiency of a city school system (Calvin N. Kendall); (7) The relation of an urban community to its public-school system (Martin G. Brumbaugh); (8) How may a community learn its unmet school needs? (William H. Allen); (9) Quantitative tests in education (George H. Chatfield); (10) The function of the kindergarten in the public-school system (Lucy Wheelock); (11) Duty of superintendents in the enforcement of child-labor laws (Owen R. Lovejoy); (12) How far shall the public-school system care for the feeble-minded? (James H. Van Sickle); (13) Do schools of trades meet the needs of city children for vocational training? (Carroll G. Pearse); (14) How should the school system contribute to an intelligent choice of vocation on the part of the pupil? (George Platt Knox); (15) The education of girls (I. D. Harvey); (16) The educative value of the study of agriculture (Earl Barnes); (17) The next step in teaching agriculture in rural schools (E. C. Bishop); (18) Types of special schools in the larger American cities (Andrew W. Edson); (19) A definite propaganda to impress upon the American mind the necessity of an expansion of the field of education to provide as ample facilities for education by work and education by play as are now provided for education by study (M. G. Brumbaugh); (20) The scientific study of arithmetic work in school (J. T. Giles); (21) The utilization of the school plant (William Wirt); (22) Vocational guidance (Meyer Bloomfield); (23) The schoolhouse as the civic and social center of the community (Edward J. Ward); (24) The bookman in his relation to the textbook problem (Frank A. Fitzpatrick); (25) Effect on education and morals of the moving picture shows (Joseph R. Fulk); (26) Standardization of janitor service (G. M. Wilson); and (27) Relative cost of education of high and elementary school pupils (E. O. Holland). Abstracts of papers presented to the Department of Normal Schools, National Education Association include: (1) Attitude of the normal schools toward education (W. J. Hawkins); (2) Work of the normal school in the reorganization of the elementary school curriculum (Eugene W. Bohannon); (3) Place of the normal school in agricultural education (E. E. Bacomb); (4) Place of the State normal school in agricultural education (W. M. Stewart); and (5) A plan of normal school statistics (Homer H. Seerley). Abstracts of papers presented to the National Society for the Study of Education include: (1) Classification of plans for industrial training (Frank Mitchell Leavitt); (2) Prevocational industrial training in the seventh and eighth grades (George A. Mirick); (3) The separate or independent industrial school (M. W. Murray); (4) The separate technical high school (James F. Barker); (5) Industrial training in the cosmopolitan high schools (H. B. Wilson); (6) The public trade school (Charles F. Perry); (7) The part-time cooperative plan of industrial education (Adelbert L. Safford); (8) The Cincinnati continuation schools (Pliny Johnston); (9) Vocational guidance (Meyer Bloomfield); (10) Training of teachers for secondary courses in agriculture (A. C. Monahan); (11) The vocational agricultural school. With special emphasis on part-time work in agriculture (R. W. Stimson); (12) State aided departments of agriculture in public high schools (Dick J. Crosby); (13) High-school agriculture without State subsidy (W. H. French); (14) In public high schools should agriculture be taught as agriculture or as splendid science? (William R. Hart and G. F. Warren); (15) What should be the difference between graduate and undergraduate work in education (Edward F. Buchner); (16) Relation of normal schools to departments and schools of education in universities (George F. James, Charles H. Johnston, and Elmer E. Jones); (17) Undergraduate degrees in education in various colleges and universities (James E. Lough); (18) Undergraduate degrees in education in various colleges and universities: Outline of a course in school hygiene (William H. Beck); (19) Undergraduate degrees in education in various colleges and universities: Their academic and professional requirements (Anna Jane McKeag); (20) The present status of education as a science: The problem of educational psychology (V. A. C. Henmon); (21) The present status of education as a science: The principles of education (William C. Ruediger); (22) The present status of education as a science: The principles of education (Bird T. Baldwin); and (23) The present status of education as a science: Educational methods (S. Chester Parker). Abstracts of papers presented to the National Committee on Agricultural Education include: (1) Definiteness in agriculture (A. B. Hess); and (2) What Uncle Sam carries in the second-class mail: Does this help the farmers or other industrial workers? (J. W. Heston and Manley J. Wixson). An index is included. [Best copy available has been provided.]

This book, which is designed for the general reader who is planning to enter the job market or contemplating a career change, contains basic information about the jobs and the employment outlook; finding a job; employer and employee rights and obligations; balancing home and work; education and training; and self-employment, small business and franchising. The following topics are discussed in the book's 25 chapters: U.S. labor market's emerging challenge; employment outlook to 2005; 1992-2005 job outlook; job market profile of college graduates in 1992; class of 1990 a year after graduation; tips for finding the right job; job search strategies for professionals; Fair Labor Standards Act; health benefits under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act; Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act; unemployment insurance; Family and Medical Leave Act; job rights of women seeking a job, working on the job, and after retirement; successful job search strategies for disabled individuals; easing into work; married women with house husbands; work and family; work and family programs; today's workplace; educational opportunities other than college; self-employment; starting a business after retirement; and franchise opportunities. (MN)

This book estimates and analyzes the changes currently under way in the U.S. workplace. The book's seven chapters are: (1) "The Pressures To Restructure Employment" (effects of labor law and public policy, increased competitiveness, new markets, financial restructuring, investor pressures, new management techniques, faces and effects of restructuring); (2) "Downsizing and Employment Insecurity" (nature, scope and effects of downsizing; corporate policies to ease the burdens of downsizing; employer and employee responses to downsizing); (3) "Work Organization" (high-performance work organizations, work organization and performance, prospects for diffusion); (4) "Job Training Programs and Practices" (theories about company training, ways of measuring training, dimensions of company training, movement toward a new national training policy); (5) "Implications of a 'Skills Gap' for Policy" (jobs and skills in the future, employers' needs, the supply of skills, employer choices); (6) "The Effects of Restructuring on Employees" (trends in unemployment, layoffs and job security, job tenure, temporary jobs, wages, hours of work, workloads, stress, morale and attitudes performance, the social contract at work, revision of the psychological contract); and (7) "Conclusion" (implications of the new work system and options for parties in a new psychological contract). Fifty-eight tables/figures are included. Contains 414 references. (MN)

This document contains papers in which 12 experienced gender specialists examine the various developments and elements affecting women's participation as equal players in the workplace and propose actions and policies promoting sex equity in the workplace. The following papers are included: "Preface" (Mary Chinery-Hesse); "Introduction " (Eugenia Date-Bah); "Recession and Structural Adjustment's Impact on Women's Work in Selected Developing Regions" (Sally Baden); "The Impact of the Transition from Centrally Planned to Market-Based Economies on Women's Employment in East Central Europe" (Barbara Einhorn); "African Women Workers, Globalization, AIDS, and Poverty" (Guy Mhone); "Innovations in Work Organization and Technology" (Swasti Mitter); "Sexual Harassment at Work" (Linda Wirth); "Equality of Treatment between Men and Women in Social Security and in Family Responsibilities" (Anne-Marie Brocas); "Analysis of the Legal Framework for Gender Equality in Employment: Lesotho, a Case-Study" (David Tajgman, Evance Kalula); "Enforcement of Equality Provisions" (Constance Thomas, Rachael Taylor); "The Trade Unions and Women Workers: Current Trends" (Eugenia Date-Bath); "The Role of Employers' Organizations and Other Bodies in the Promotion of Gender Equality in Employment: The Case of Malaysia" (Yoke Wan Lee); and "Concluding Observations" (Eugenia Date-Bah). Appended is a list of the 16 published books, articles, and manuscripts; 22 working papers, and 4 organized seminars/workshops resulting from the International Labor Organization's Interdepartmental Project on Equality for Women in Employment. Some papers include substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This book contains the following 14 articles on the effects of law on women in the United States: "Protection of Women Workers and the Courts: A Legal Case History" (Ann Corinne Hill); "Sexual Harassment and Race: A Legal Analysis of Discrimination" (Judy Trent Ellis); "Comparable Worth: Is This a Theory for Black Workers?" (Judy Scales-Trent); "Sexual Harassment: Its First Decade in Court" (Catharine A. MacKinnon); "Comparable Worth: The Paradox of Technocratic Reform" (Sara M. Evans, Barbara J. Nelson); "Conceptualizing Black Women's Employment Experiences" (Cathy Scarborough); "Pluralist Myths and Powerless Men: The Ideology of Reasonableness in Sexual Harassment Law" (Nancy S. Ehrenreich); "Sexist Speech in the Workplace" (Marcy Strauss); "Women in the Workplace and Sex Discrimination Law: A Feminist Analysis of Federal Jurisprudence" (Francis Carleton); "Sexual Harassment in the Military" (Yxta Maya Murray); "Gender Bias in the Legal Profession: Women 'See' It, Men Don't" (Phyllis D. Coontz); "The Combat Exclusion and the Role of Women in the Military" (Judith Wagner DeCew); "Considering Difference: The Case of the U.S. Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993" (Lise Vogel); and "What's Sex Got to Do with It?" (Miranda Oshige). Many of the articles include reference lists. (KC)