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The article discusses the evidence of the presence of Ancient Romans in America before it was discovered by Italian navigator Christopher Columbus. It cites that the Roman coins are one of the proofs that overseas visitors are present in the Old World . The article also discusses the lost city of the Caesars that was supposed to have been awash in gold, silver and diamonds.

The article discusses the case of EFD, the maker of Princess Plus diamond and other premium luxury items. The company approached design firm Desgrippes Gobé to come up with a plan for the entry of the Princess Plus diamond in the Japanese Market. The firm was also asked to create a booth design and marketing materials for the 2005 International Jewelry Trade Show in Tokyo, Japan.

Chapter LVII of the book "Warlock o' Glenwarlock," by George MacDonald is presented. It narrates the gladness of Cosmo on the opportunity that comes to their life due to the discovery of a toy horse with full of diamonds and other precious stones. It cites the revelation of Cosmo to jeweler Burns regarding the gems he found inside their castle.

Chapter LVI of the book "Warlock o' Glenwarlock," by George MacDonald is presented. It narrates the great discovery of Cosmo on the properties of the old captain, which he created it before he died and buried it for many years. It cites the diamonds, sapphires, and other precious stones found by Cosmo inside a toy horse owned by his uncle.

Chapter XXXV of the book "Warlock o' Glenwarlock," by George MacDonald is presented. It narrates the conversation between Cosmo and Lady Joan regarding their strategy on how to solve the mystery in the stick which he believed was owned by his ancestors. It cites that the two have discovered a valuable diamond and a dark stone engraved with the Mergwain arms, which they were wrapped in a cotton wool.

Life and writings Sir William Petty was born on 26 May 1623, the twentieth year of the reign of James I, in the village of Romsey, Hampshire (England), and died 26 December 1687 in London. To say that his life was eventful is an understatement. The son of a clothier, he was a ship-boy on a merchant ship at the age of thirteen, but ten months later he was put ashore on the French coast with a broken leg. He supported himself by giving Latin and English lessons, and soon succeeded in gaining admission to the Jesuit college in Caen where he studied Latin, Greek, French, mathematics and astronomy. After serving in the Royal Navy, when the civil war broke out, he joined other refugees, first in Holland (1643), and then in Paris (1645–6), where he studied medicine and anatomy. When his father died in 1646 he returned to Romsey, but he soon went to London, where he tried unsuccessfully to exploit one of his own inventions, a machine capable of producing duplicate copies of a written text simultaneously, for which he had obtained a patent in 1646. In 1648, after a few months' study, he was awarded the degree of doctor of medicine at Oxford University. Here his career quickly blossomed, favoured by the political unrest of the period that led to the dismissal of the old professors who were considered to be supporters of the king. In 1650 Petty became professor of anatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The balance shifted in 2001 to greater globalization, interpreted as priority for security and insistence on active U.S. leadership. The change began when the Bush administration took office and accelerated after the September 11 attack on the United States. This shift altered the environment for regionalism, which was squeezed between new U.S. assertiveness and resurgent nuclear blackmail by North Korea. By 2003 Japan's growing military activism and South Korea's reinforced soft posture toward the North aroused doubts that could have complicated the search for regionalism. If it seemed that divisive forces would overwhelm integrative ones, we can also find reminders that the main actors continued to pursue regionalism and now had additional reasons to work together. Looking ahead to the year 2002, boosters of regionalism in early 2001 had seen the possibility of a breakthrough. Japan and South Korea would jointly hold the World Cup, drawing close together in this shared experience. Power in China would pass to a younger generation of better-educated leaders at the 16th Party Congress just as China would be implementing its WTO commitment to openness. Moving pragmatically closer to the West, Vladimir Putin would become a more reliable partner in Asia too as well as an energy supplier with a need for Asian markets. A new style of leadership in Japan by Koizumi Junichiro, who took office in April, would at last accelerate economic reforms and raise that country's leadership profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon materials exhibit a unique ability to form a wide range of structures. Diamond forms a three-dimensional structure, graphite forms a two-dimensional structure and carbyne forms a one-dimensional structure. This is intimately tied to the fact that the s- and p-orbitals of carbon hybridise into sp, sp² and sp³. The type of hybridization of carbon atoms determines the basic dimensionality of the material. For example, diamond (pure sp³) is a three-dimensional solid while graphite (pure sp²) is formed of two-dimensional sheets. Recently, much attention has focused on new alternative forms of carbon, such as the fullerenes with closed spheroidal cage structures, nanotubes (needle-like concentric structures) and graphitic onions (giant concentric fullerenes). The chief characteristic associated with these new structures is the presence of pentagons and heptagons in the predominantly hexagonal network of carbon atoms leading to positive and negative curvature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on diamond-based semiconducting devices. Diamond is a naturally occurring crystalline form of carbon. Presence of small amounts of substitutional B in natural diamond crystals contributes top-type semiconductor properties. A figure of merit (FOM) can provide a basis derived from physical theory for comparison of device potential among different semiconductors. The incorporation and activation of dopants reproducibly and controllably, as well as the understanding and characterization of the associated physical processes of compensation, carrier transport properties, and the presence and activity of deep-level states are of fundamental importance for an emerging device technology.

Assessments of India's past as a manufacturing nation differ widely. According to one view, in pre-colonial days the country had an industrial sector of exceptional buoyancy. An unending flow of precious metals poured into the country from all over the civilized world in payment for her fine manufactures. Western observers from Pliny to Bernier noted with disapproval the region's economic role as the sink for the world's precious metals. The vigorous export trade had its counterpart in national self-sufficiency: imports were redundant and an affluent adequacy of output characterized the economy of the self-contained ‘village republics’. Thus India was a leading manufacturing nation at least at par with pre-industrial Europe. She lost her relative advantage only after Europe achieved a revolution in technology, and her prospects of following suit were undermined through the intervention of colonial rule. This image of high economic achievement has been questioned by others. Gibbon's description of the staples of oriental trade as being ‘splendid and trivial’ has been held to be true of India's exports as well. Besides, given the transport technology of the period, the volume of exports, it is pointed out, was bound to be negligible in relation to the overall magnitude of economic activity. Technology in general was rather primitive and almost totally stagnant: by inference, productivity was low and equally stagnant. Self-sufficiency, far from being an indicator of a high level of performance, simply reflected a weak articulation of exchange and hence reinforced a stagnation in manufacturing output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Trade both on sea and on land in pre-colonial southern India was carried on in two sets of commodities: on the one hand, the high-value goods that for decades caused historians to tar Asian trade with the brush of a ‘splendid but trifling’ activity, on the other hand, the bulky, low value commodities, be they foodgrains or coarse manufactures. It is hazardous to identify these two sets of commodities closely with two sets of trading routes; while the metaphor of ‘rice roads’ and ‘silk roads’ may be an evocative one, there is no gainsaying the fact that the ships carrying Chinese silks or pepper frequently carried rice in quantities as well, while the coastal machuas plying the rivers and coasts of Malabar, Kanara and Coromandel carried not only paddy, areca, timber and coir, but also pepper, ginger and sandal. While most past historical studies have been concerned with the longer-distance maritime trade, the picture would remain incomplete without an analysis of two other complementary forms of trade, coastal trade and overland trade. In this chapter, we discuss these two in turn, with a view to laying the ground for a synthetic view of the interlinkages between the three forms of trade: coastal, overland and overseas. In the discussion of trade in the two chapters that follow the present one, the focus will be by and large on the more substantial and conspicuous trading centres, the ports that in K.N. Chaudhuri's terminology might be called ‘emporia’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geographical setting Peninsular India is dominated by a massive triangular plateau, with its apex to the south, which extends down its centre, beginning from the Vindhya mountains in the north, and extending as far as the tip of the peninsula in a semi-broken form. The Deccan plateau as it is called thus forms the spine of the region here termed south India, and is bordered on either side by strips of low-lying land, the coastal plains. These coastal strips are separated from the elevated flatland of the plateau in the interior by mountain ranges of great antiquity, respectively termed the eastern and western Ghats. Both the ranges are naturally more precipitous in their descent on the low-lying coastal plains than on the interior plateau, given the higher elevation of the interior region; however, the western Ghats are more formidable as a barrier than their eastern counterparts, both in terms of elevation, and in the sheer acuteness of their descent to the coastal plain. Further, the western range preserves a high degree of continuity whereas the hills of the eastern Ghats are not merely more gentle but more broken, with access to the interior from the plain thus being far freer in the east than from the west. Between these two ranges, the interior plateau slopes from the north-west to the south-east, as a consequence determining the general direction of flow of all the major peninsular rivers. Most of these begin to the east of the western Ghats, and flow eastward across the plateau to emerge from the eastern Ghats on to the Coromandel plain, eventually voiding their waters into the Bay of Bengal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important item on the agenda of development is to transform the food sector, create agricultural surpluses to feed the urban population and thereby create the domestic basis for industry and modern services. If we can make this domestic change, we shall automatically have a new international economic order. West Africa's international significance There are three criteria by which the big powers evaluate their interest in Third World regions such as West Africa: in descending order of significance, (1) global strategy, (2) economic resources, and (3) humanitarian concern. West Africa is clearly a region of low strategic significance. It is far removed from the Middle East and southern Africa, the nearest centers of global conflict. But the sixteen West African nations play a part in both through their membership in the Organization of African Unity and other international organizations. And Nigeria is a state with the potential to play a dominant role in the affairs of the continent as a whole. Nigeria is one of the few OPEC countries with a large population; it is a major oil supplier of the United States and an important market for both the United States and Britain. France has an obvious interest in maintaining close ties with her ex-colonies in West Africa, as part of a long-term plan of informal expansion in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1867, a solitary diamond was picked up by chance near the appropriately named settlement of Hopetown on the Orange river frontier of the northern Cape Colony. It was sent to the nearest magistracy, Colesberg, and from there by post to Grahamstown, where it was identified. When it arrived in Cape Town, Richard Southey, colonial secretary to the Cape government, declared in words both celebrated and prophetic: ‘Gentlemen, this is the rock on which the future success of South Africa will be built.’ New finds were reported daily from alluvial diggings along the Orange and Vaal rivers and their tributaries, and more importantly by 1870 diamonds were also being found in the open veld around the area to become known as Kimberley. Within five years it had become the world's largest producer of diamonds, outstripping even Brazil. A new era in the history of southern Africa had begun. In 1870, the political economy of Southern Africa was characterised by tremendous regional diversity. African kingdoms, Afrikaner republics and British colonies co-existed in a rough equilibrium of power, but pursuing widely differing social and economic goals. Although most Africans lived in largely self-sufficient agrarian societies, few were untouched by the coming of the merchant and the missionary. South of the Limpopo, much of the region was dominated by the operations of commercial capital derived from the mercantile enclaves of the coastal Cape Colony and Natal. Trading insinuated itself into the largely pre-capitalist agricultural economies of African peoples and into the proto-capitalist agricultural economies of the Afrikaners on the highveld, while the demands from Cape merchants for cattle and the firearms they brought in exchange profoundly affected the pastoral societies of south-western Africa, transforming the nature of warfare in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

North of the equator It has become a truism of historical writing to conceive of Africa in the course of the nineteenth century as becoming increasingly a part of, and a product of, the expansion of Europe, which, beginning in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, had integrated ever larger areas of the world into a single economic system. In attempting an overview of the state of the continent on the eve of partition – roughly over the decade of the 1870s – a large number of questions arise from a consideration of this truism. To what extent was Africa already an adjunct of an economic system dominated by Europe? What was the relationship between Africa and this European system – was it one of an equal or an unequal exchange of commodities? To what extent was Africa dependent economically, if not yet politically? What social and ideological changes were beginning to follow from this dependency? Was Africa a fruit ripe for plucking in the 1870s, was there a certain inevitability about the forthcoming imperialist carve-up, or was partition an extraneous historical occurrence forced upon a continent which had within it other options for coping with the future? There are no answers to these questions that are at the same time simple and sensible. Certainly the answers to all such queries will differ, according to the region of Africa which is under scrutiny. Even within particular regions, the situation of individual states, societies or groups of people, their relations with each other and with the outside world (especially with the European capitalist economies) varied greatly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter XIX of the book "Elsie Venner," by Oliver Wendell Holmes is presented. It explains that the days with Elsie Venner having a pleasant mood had been more frequent. Her perculiar tastes in dress and ornament have also become more striking. She always fancy a barred skirt, diamonds around her breasts and an asp like bracelet. Meanwhile, Richard Venner has been wondering whether Elsie was in love with the school master, Bernard Langdon.

Chapter III of the book "The Bride of the Nile" is presented. It explores the visit of Orion to Gamaliel the jeweller to purchase a very large and costly diamond that was plainly set. It highlights the visit of Orion to Mary who has been suffering from illness and their conversation regarding Paula.

Chapter XXV of the book "Tom Swift Among the Diamond Makers or The Secret of Phantom Mountain" is presented. It highlights how the characters of the story encountered their life and death situation in the midst of the violent lightning storm while attempting to get any diamonds and cites their conversation regarding the possible destruction of the Phantom Mountain. It also highlights the total destruction of the mountain and cites how the casts stunned after the horrible incident.

Chapter XXIV of the book "Tom Swift Among the Diamond Makers or The Secret of Phantom Mountain" is presented. It elucidates how the characters in the story assisted by Bill Renshaw and cites how they prepared themselves for another breathtaking operation of the diamond makers. It also highlights how they encountered their most dangerous adventure in the cave where they all witnessed the violence caused by the deadly lightning storm.

Chapter XXIII of the book "Tom Swift Among the Diamond Makers or The Secret of Phantom Mountain" is presented. It mentions how the characters in the story struggled while being imprisoned by the diamond makers and cites how Mr. Jenks blamed himself for the bad happening. It also highlights their conversation while watching the diamond makers to their operation.

Chapter XX of the book "Tom Swift Among the Diamond Makers or The Secret of Phantom Mountain" is presented. It mentions the conversation among the characters in the story regarding the diamond makers and diamond making and cites how Bill Renshaw promised to assist them in attending their needs. It also highlights how the adventurers discovered the place where the diamond makers are making diamonds.

Chapter XIX of the book "Tom Swift Among the Diamond Makers or The Secret of Phantom Mountain" is presented. It mentions how Bill Renshaw assisted the adventurers, under the leadership of Tom Swift, in exploring the secrets of the cave they have discovered at the Phantom Mountain. It also highlights how the characters in the story discovered the techniques of the diamond makers in making diamonds.

Chapter XVI of the book "Tom Swift Among the Diamond Makers or The Secret of Phantom Mountain" is presented. It highlights how the characters in the story encountered a landslide after they have witnessed the ghostly apparition and cites their terrifying reaction after the cataclysm. It also mentions their conversation regarding the unexpected disaster and explores how they have discovered the cave where the diamonds can be found.

Chapter VIII of the book "Tom Swift Among the Diamond Makers or The Secret of Phantom Mountain" is presented. It mentions how the characters in the story protected themselves from the earthquake they have encountered and cites how they have surpassed the danger. It highlights the conversation among the casts regarding the catastrophe and their plan in search for diamonds and the exploration of the Phantom Mountain.

Chapter VI of the book "Tom Swift Among the Diamond Makers or The Secret of Phantom Mountain" is presented. It mentions how Tom Swift became astonished after he encountered the mysterious man and cites the conversation between Tom Swift and Rad regarding the stranger they have encountered and an interview with Mr. Jenks concerning the diamonds and the exploration of the Phantom Mountains.

Chapter V of the book "Tom Swift Among the Diamond Makers or The Secret of Phantom Mountain" is presented. It mentions the encounter of Tom Swift and Andy Foger after the slight accident while riding on a monoplane and cites their conversation regarding the accident that happened. It also highlights the discussion between Tom Swift and Mr. Roberts about where the diamonds came from.

Chapter IV of the book "Tom Swift Among the Diamond Makers or The Secret of Phantom Mountain" is presented. It mentions the adventures of Tom Swift and the rest of the diamond makers in exploring and discovering the secrets and mysteries of the Phantom Mountain and cites how Tom suspected the moves of Mr. Jenks. It highlights the conversation between Tom and Mr. Jenks regarding how to make diamonds and the return of Mr. Jenks to the Earthquake Island.

Chapter III of the book "Tom Swift Among the Diamond Makers or The Secret of Phantom Mountain" is presented. It explores the plan of the characters in the story in exploring and discovering the Phantom Mountain and cites that there are diamonds in that particular mountain. It also highlights the casts' discussion regarding the value of the diamonds found in the mountain.

Chapter XXIV of the book "Tom Swift and His Motor-Boat, or, the Rivals of Lake Carlopa," is presented. Tom Swift and John Sharp were able to caught the thieves in the lake while having a test on their airship idea. Tom was able to solve the mystery of his motorboat when one of the thieves told him that there is a diamond hidden on it.

The article offers information on the bodies made by Lord Francis Bacon that are attractive and not-attractive, including jet, diamond, and pearl.

Chapter XXII of the book "Tom Swift Among the Diamond Makers or The Secret of Phantom Mountain" is presented. It mentions how the characters in the story planned to escape from the diamond makers after they have discovered them and cites how they made another plan to watch the diamond makers in making diamonds. It also highlights how the casts confronted by the diamond makers and held them in prison.

Chapter XXI of the book "Tom Swift Among the Diamond Makers or The Secret of Phantom Mountain" is presented. It mentions how the characters in the story astonished with the procedures performed by several diamond makers in creating diamonds through extreme heat from the lightning storm and pressure and cites how they encountered the diamond makers after the terrifying operation.