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Music therapy is the clinical, evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship. Cross-culturally, music has been acknowledged as an integral part of healing rituals throughout recorded history. Music therapy is distinct from music listening and other types of ˵music medicine″ due to its emphasis on individual assessment and treatment planning, goal setting, and the importance of a therapeutic relationship through implementation by a trained clinician. In pediatric settings, music therapy goals are aligned with the goals of child- and family-centered medical treatment: music therapists utilize elements of music and rhythm in interventions to support pediatric patients and families in successfully coping with stressors, particularly stressors inherent to illness and hospitalization. Successful coping includes the amelioration of functional symptoms that arise in association with anxiety, agitation, poor arousal/emotional regulation, low mood, refusal to cooperate/comply with treatment, and pain. This chapter provides a brief review of the literature supporting the efficacy of music therapy in pediatric medical settings, as well as a case example and suggested guidelines for referral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Several different complementary therapies have been attempted, but few studies have been -published regarding the efficacy of complementary treatments for tinnitus. 2. Acupuncture seems to be mostly effective in acute and recent tinnitus as well as in somatic tinnitus. Other therapies that are in the area of musculoskeletal therapies, such as electrical stimulation applied to skin, the use of manipulations, or exercising, have been studied for somatic tinnitus. 3. There are strong indications that a metabolic component is involved in a subgroup of individuals with tinnitus, but only few studies have been performed of this aspect of tinnitus. 4. Training in mindfulness (including awareness), breathing techniques, meditation, and hypnosis are useful as complementary therapies for tinnitus that can reduce annoyance and fixation on the presence of tinnitus, improving sleep, anxiety, and the perceived quality of life. 5. Methodologies and study design for studies of efficacy of treatment are critical for the interpretation of the results. Difficulty to reach significance is not only an issue for complementary therapies, but also for drug trials or other kinds of therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]