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The article focuses on the analogy between the operations of science and the operations of law. It cites the similarity between the study of case law and the collection of scientific data. It claims that the birth of the modern law school began with an empathic nod to science as a disciplinary model. The author believes that the concept of laws of science mean very different things in physics and biology.

Chapter 3 of the report "Control of Chagas Disease" from the World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on the Control of Chagas Disease is presented. It provides information on Trypanosoma (T.) cruzi which is said to belong to the Mastigophora subphylum of the phylum Sarcomastigophora. The chapter also highlights the isolation and maintenance of T. cruzi strain which is defined as any parasite obtained from a naturally infected insect vector.

The article presents clarifications on some topics discussed in the book "Evolution's Eye." According to the author, he used developmental systems theory (DST) to refer to a set of concepts, methods and reformulations of certain basic concepts in biology and social sciences. He states that diseases and pests are considered important influences on human evolution. He cites that instinct belongs to a whole set of ideas that combine evolutionary issues with developmental ones.

Chapter 11 of the book "Evolution's Eye" is presented. It examines the developmental systems case for broadening the concepts of inheritance and evolution. Some border disputes in evolutionary theory are discussed. It stresses that the conceptual line drawn around the genes is essential to modern biology and to such extent as biological science plays an important role in relation to other disciplines.

Chapter 8 of the book "Evolution's Eye" is presented. It discusses the concepts of design and nature and the virtues of multiple perspectives in elaborating these concepts. It states that the word design in creative activity refers to the originating intention, while in working from a preexisting model, as is implied by the idea of using biology as a basis for design, it refers to the preexisting external model.

Chapter 6 of the book "Evolution's Eye" is presented. It examines the way contingency is used to contrast evolutionary processes with developmental ones. It investigates the common assumption that while chordates may be evolutionary contingent, any particular chordate is hardly contingent ontogenetically, because it is brought into being by an internal plan. It states that according to evolutionary biologist Steven Jay Gould, the existence of the phylum Chordata is an evolutionary accident.

Chapter 3 of the book "Evolution's Eye" is presented. It discusses the possibility of having an evolutionary perspective without the concept of genetic programming. It explains two general strategies which can be used in arguing for a genetic program. The difficulties with the conceptions of development are described. It cites several examples of interactants in developmental systems, such as the genome.

A definition of the term "technical knockout" is presented. It refers to a method for function-based gene isolation in mammalian cells.

An encyclopedia entry for the term "stem cells" is presented. It refers to a class of cells having two generative capabilities: replication and formation of more differentiated offspring.

A definition of the term "split-well analysis" is presented. It refers to the process of confirming the specificity of cytotoxic analyses that used multiple target cells.

An encyclopedia entry for responder cell frequency is presented. It states that in limiting dilution analysis, the frequency of a specific cell type is estimated based on its functional response to specific stimulation.

An encyclopedia entry for responder cell is presented. It states that specific cell types present in complex cell mixtures can be identified based on their functional response to specific stimulation.

A definition of the term "mitotic" is presented. It has to do with the presence of dividing or proliferating cells.

A definition of the term "Lytic Unit" is presented. It refers to a value assigned to a quantity of effector cells needed to kill a certain percentage of a predetermined number of target cells.

A definition for "cytostatic" is presented. It refers to the inhibition or suppression of cellular growth and replication. It is linked with mixed lymphocyte reaction.

A definition of the term "co-cultured" is presented. It refers to the cultivation of two distinct cell types or populations in vitro.

An encyclopedia entry for structural genomics is presented. Structural genomics use high-throughput structure determination and computational analysis to provide structures of three-dimensional models of tractable proteins. It determines many protein structure and to exploit the solved structures for the biological function to hypothetical proteins.

An encyclopedia entry for "necrosis" is presented. It refers to a form of cell death involving multiple cells at the same time. It can also be seen in response to pharmacologic agents at very high doses. The process of cell death can share some mechanisms with that of single cell death or apoptosis.

The article presents an encyclopedia entry for "MinK subunits." MinK refers to the minimal K-channels, which are auxiliary subunits. They are important for the properties of native KvLQT1 (IKR)-channels in cardiac tissue. MinK-gene mutations are associated with the same type of long QT syndrome as mutations in the KvLQT1 (KCNQ1)-gene.

A definition of the term "stem cell" is presented. It refers to a primordial cell that is capable of differentiating into various cell lineages. It is also refers to any precursor cell that has the capacity for both replication and differentiation. Studies suggest that most tumors originate from stem cells.

A definition of the term "SCF" is presented. It refers to stem cell factor.

A definition of the term "plasma membrane" is presented. It refers to the continuous membrane defining the boundary of every cell.

A definition of the term "autophagosome," which is a cytoplasmic organelle in eukaryotic cells that is formed by the engulfment of cytoplasmic material by ER-derived membranes, is presented. Autophagosome either fuses with the lysosome or matures to become a lysosomal compartment.

A definition of the term "autocrine stimulation," meaning stimulation by a factor that is produced by the same cell type that responds to it, is presented.