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Anthropometry is an objective tool serving to evaluate the shape of the face and reveal changes observed in the subject over time, or among different subjects, analyzing quantitative and qualitative differences. It also permits the study of normal and abnormal growth, diagnosis of genetic or acquired malformations, planning and evaluation of surgical and/or orthodontic therapy, and verification of the treatment results by analyzing, measuring and comparing the face shape. Among 3D digitization technologies, photogrammetry shows great promise because it is a low cost, biocompatible, safe and non-invasive methodology, but it still suffers from a need for considerable human intervention. In previous research, the Authors illustrated a new approach based on a 3-Cameras photogrammetric system. After several tests, conducted to verify the validity of this methodology, the present experimental study was carried out using a re-engineered photogrammetric scanning system to obtain landmark-models of human faces, and comparing these results with those achieved with laser scanning, applied to a dummy face (in order to eliminate errors caused by breathing movements in a living subject). Two different, specifically designed experimental 3D photogrammetric setups have been developed and tested to enhance the performance. This research demonstrates the potential of low-cost photogrammetry for medical digitization; further research will be addressed to testing the use of the scanning system on humans to validate its clinical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understanding of shape and size of the human head and faces is vital for design of facial wear products, such as respirators, helmets, eyeglasses and for ergonomic studies. 3D scanning is used to create 3D databases of thousands of humans from different demographics backgrounds. 3D scans have been used for design and analysis of facial wear products, but have not been very effectively utilized for sizing system. The 3D scans of human bodies contain over hundreds of thousand grid points. To be used effectively for analysis and design, these human heads require a compact shape representation. We have developed compact shape representations of head and facial shapes. We propose a sizing system based on cluster analysis along with compact shape representations to come up with different sizes for different facial wear products, such as respirators, helmets, eyeglasses, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cockpit dimensions of ultralight plane were determined by suing body and subjective dimensions of Taiwanese. The side view of the cockpit was a trapezoid. The length of the top and bottom sides were 707 and 1773mm, its height was 1280mm. The front view of the cockpit was a rectangle a width of 856mm. The length from SRP to the back and bottom side of the cockpit were 588 and 104-260mm, respectively. The length, width, and height from SRP forward, sideward, and downward to the elevator center were 380-568, 246-319, and 168-254mm. The length, width, and height from SRP forward, sideward, and downward to the throttle center were 356-555mm, 255-328, 179-264mm, respectively. The length from SRP to the rudder pedals was 712-885mm and its angle was 48°. The depth and width of the seat were 238-360 and 396mm, respectively. The height and angle of the seatback was 554 and 91-121°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a head-and-face anthropometric survey of diverse, civilian respirator users. Of the 3,997 subjects measured using traditional anthropometric techniques, surface scans and 26 three-dimensional (3-D) landmark locations were collected for 953 subjects. The objective of this study was to analyze the size and shape variation of the survey participants using 3-D Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) in order to quantify those facial features that may be relevant to respirator fit using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The first four principal components (PC) account for 49% of the total sample variation. The first PC indicates that overall size is an important component of facial variability. The second PC accounts for long and narrow or short and wide faces. Longer narrow orbits versus shorter wider orbits can be described by PC3, and PC4 represents variation in the degree of ortho/prognathism with positively scoring individuals having longer, wider, and more projecting lower jaws than negatively scoring individuals. Further study will investigate the correlation between respirator fit and these PCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clothes should fit consumers well, be aesthetically pleasing and comfortable. However, repeated studies of customers΄ levels of satisfaction indicate that this is often not the case. For example, more robust males often find it difficult to find pants that are the correct length and fit their waists well. What, then, are the typical body profiles of the population? Would it be possible to identify the measurements that are of importance for different sizes and genders? Furthermore, assuming that we have access to an anthropometric database would there be a way to guide the data mining process to discover only those relevant body measurements that are of the most interest for apparel designers? This paper describes our results when addressing these questions through cluster analysis and interestingness measures-based feature selection. We explore a database containing anthropometric measurements as well as 3-D body scans, of a representative sample of the Dutch population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been demonstrated that the modifications in the bike fit or the voluntary position changes affects in different parameters; cardiovascular, mechanic, pathologies, comfort. The objective of this study was to obtain new methods to optimize the fit of the competition road bicycle, according to the anthropometric variables and torque. The study group consisted of 28 male cyclist of professional U.C.I. We measured all the anthropometric variables according with the ISAK protocol. Them we measured 20 different measures of the bike, and simulated the measurements in our ergometer (SRM ergometer). We optimized the position, changing the variable lengths of the bike and the position of the cycling shoes cleats, based on the optimal crank torque. After this, we measured again the new lengths and angles, and we correlate with the anthropometric data, to obtain relation and formulas. We realised that the 21,42 % of the subject aren΄t in comfort with the position obtained by our formulas. Because this, we decided to separate into tree groups; the ones who had the relation of tall/trocanter height > 1,94, between 1,88–194 and < 1,88. Then when we divided the cyclists into three groups and again we applied the new formulas for each groups, the discomfort disappear. The correlations and the obtained formulas consequently, are more precise for all groups, except group 3 with the differentiation of the groups. It has been demonstrated that exist a relation with some bicycle measures and anthropometric data. Also, we can see that just one formula for all the subjects is not very precise, the fit is better if we difference the cyclist by their anthropometric data. The success of our formulas has been demonstrated, by mechanics improvals, with always subjective comfort of the cyclist, and with no pathologic cases after our job. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvement on the QSAR prediction of the trans-stilbenes affinity for the β-amyloid peptide (employed for detecting the Alzheimer disease) achieved by means of using approximate similarity measurement is presented in this work. A wide spectrum of similarity methods is described, and results obtained by approximate similarity are compared with those obtained by constitutional, fingerprint and descriptor-based similarity. The fact of using similarity corrections by considering distances between the non-isomorphic fragments (the approximate similarity concept) led to accurate QSAR models (Q² > 0.80). The high predictive ability achieved by simple methods is remarked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 7 of the book "Molecular Photofitting: Predicting Ancestry and Phenotype Using DNA," by Anthony Frudakis is presented. This chapter focuses on the apportionment of autosomal diversity with subcontinental markers. It includes a brief history of the European population, discussion on how to establish optimal parental representatives, and the correlations with the anthropometric traits. Also included is a comparison of the previous studies from other studies based on genetic markers.

Chapter 3 of the book "Molecular Photofitting: Predicting Ancestry and Phenotype Using DNA," by Anthony Frudakis is presented. This chapter focuses on biogeographical ancestry admixture estimation through theoretical considerations. It also includes a discussion on estimating admixture through anthropometric trait value, admixture in individual samples, and the use of Hanis Method on population models.

Chapter 18 of the book "Oral Diagnosis, Oral Medicine, and Treatment Planning" is presented. It discusses the advances that have been made in instrumentation, materials, and operative techniques in dentistry practice. It suggests the need for practitioners of dentistry to evaluate the extraoral findings and to apply this information in a manner that will be of the greatest benefit to the patient. The chapter also notes the importance of evaluating the patient's stature, facial form, skin, hair and scalp, hands and fingers and fingernails.

The generation of heat by the human body has been likened to that of a furnace. In response to winter conditions or prolonged immersion in cold water, heat may be lost from the body more quickly than it is produced leading to hypothermia. Various factors, environmental and individual, predispose a person to hypothermia when walking on dry land or during cold water immersion. Retention of the insulating properties of the clothing worn is of crucial importance in protecting against cold injury both on land and in water. Anthropometric characteristics and behavioural and physiological responses also influence the probability of survival under these conditions. Practical recommendations for behaviour that will enhance survival during prolonged exposure to cold on land or to immersion in cold water are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This chapter provides a selective review of nine skeletal and dental lesions that have been used to construct the skeletal database employed in the development of the health index. These lesions are described within a biosocial framework. Change in length of subadult long bones can identify differences in nutrition and health. Linear enamel hypoplasias provide information on the severity and temporal pattern of stress during infancy and childhood. Porotic hyperostosis is a lesion of the skull associated with iron deficiency. Bony responses to bacterial infections are associated with differences in contact with bacteria and the levels of resistance. Patterns of healed fractures indicate activities that include livingon difficult terrain, hazardous occupations, and the extent of warfare and interpersonal violence. Osteoarthritis indicates the degree of regular strenuous activity and quality of life. Dental decay and tooth loss have functional significance for nutritional status. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE Analyses of skeletal remains are providing a unique window onto patterns of health in past human populations. Until very recently the surviving human tissues, most often bones and teeth (and less often skin, hair, and fluids, such as blood), have usually been ignored in historical and prehistoric research, or at best, their analysis was relegated to appendixes of archaeological site reports (Buikstra, 1991). However, archaeologists and historians have begun to realize that human remains are the most direct means for assessment of past biologies and how these biologies interacted with social, political, and economic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

War is delightful to those who have had no experience of it. – ABSTRACT During the nineteenth century, soldiers lucky or clever enough to avoid a bullet endured physical hardships that took a serious toll on their skeletons. The remains of 83 soldiers, spanning the Revolutionary War to the Battle of Little Bighorn, display the effects of these hardships. Conditions such as porotic hyperostosis, vertebral lesions, and dental caries and abscesses appeared at an early age among these soldiers. Low frequencies of chronic infection and moderate-to-severe skeletal deformities indicate that men with these conditions were not allowed to serve. The health index used in this study places the soldiers among the least healthy groups, supporting the conclusion that nineteenth-century military service turned relatively healthy young men into physical wrecks, unless they perished in combat first. INTRODUCTION As human endeavors go, war is particularly unsavory. Health and disease have impacted on the outcome of important battles and military campaigns at least until this century. Sick soldiers do not fight well. Modern interpretations of the life of nineteenth-century soldiers are colored by firsthand accounts and broadly written historical works, usually focused on tactics and battles. Soldiers' diaries and generals' recollections rarely present the effects of military service on the bodies of young men. Certainly, military life was hard during the nineteenth century, but just how did it affect the musculoskeletal system of the soldiers? The skeletons of nineteenth-century soldiers provide unique evidence regarding the physical effects of military life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recommended range for protein intake in persons with diabetes is 10-20% of total energy. Individuals with diabetes who are at risk for diabetic nephropathy and/or hypertension should be screened for high protein intakes. Patients whose protein intake exceeds 20% of total energy should receive advice by their physician and a dietician how to avoid an undesirable high consumption of foods particularly rich in (animal) protein. Based on current evidence a protein restriction with a target of 0.8g/kg body weight is recommended for persons with type 1 and type 2 diabetes when albumin excretion is raised. Specific dietary education by skilled physicians and dieticians is needed to achieve a long-term restricted protein intake to 0.8g/kg body weight in persons with diabetic nephropathy seeking a balance between therapeutic needs and individual nutritional habits or preferences to maintain as much quality of life as possible in the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the methods of evaluating adiposity and adipose tissue distribution. It has cited that human body weight is normally precisely regulated to maintain a weight which reflects habitual energy intake and output. Body weight is a reflection of total body energy content and long-term weight and long-term weight change is a measure of energy balance.

The article discusses the development of methods of measuring body fatness for epidemiological field studies or clinical use based on laboratory methods. The underwater weighing is a two-compartment model that estimate body composition with the assumption that the densities of lean and adipose tissues are constant. It has cited that anthropometric methods are useful tools for diagnosis and monitoring patients.