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One of the most difficult steps of intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures is distal locking - the insertion of distal transverse interlocking screws, for which it is necessary to know the position and orientation of the distal locking holes of the intramedullary nail. This paper presents a novel parameter decomposition approach for solving this problem using single calibrated X-ray image. The problem is formulated as a model-based optimal fitting process, where the to-be-optimized parameters are decomposed into two sets: (a) the angle between the nail axis and its projection on the imaging plane, and (b) the translation and rotation of the geometrical models of the distal locking holes around the nail axis. By using a hybrid optimization technique coupling an evolutionary strategy and a local search algorithm to find the optimal values of the latter set of parameters for any given value of the former one, we reduce the multiple-dimensional model-based optimal fitting problem to a one-dimensional search along a finite interval. We report the in − vitro experimental results, which demonstrate that the accuracy of our approach is adequate for successful distal locking of intramedullary nails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multicast based audio/video collaboration is one of representative applications in next generation internet. IP multicast has the advantage of saving bandwidth for group communication on large scale collaboration. The lack of ubiquitous multicast supporting and lack of effective service for multicast based A/V collaboration limit its application. This paper introduces the service and management of multicast based audio/video collaboration on China education and research network (CERNET). The multicast service, user and session management, performance monitoring and flow control are presented. The collaboration system has been applied on CERNET successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multicast based audio/video collaboration system is one of representative applications in next generation internet. Adopting multicast technique could save bandwidth for multipoint-to-multipoint audio/video communication. Lack of ubiquitous native multicast limits the application, and current multicast based A/V collaboration systems lack effective control mechanism. This paper introduces one controllable audio/video collaboration system based on multicast. The control and management on audio/video collaboration are presented. The system has been implemented and applied on CERNET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to find out the main features and the existent problems in the Japan-oriented offshore software development in China, a survey was conducted in 24 Japan-oriented offshore companies. The questionnaire included the company information, the project information, the software development process, and the existent problems and expectations. The survey results were classified and analyzed according to the company scale and the project style. The analysis results showed that almost all of the basic features of the projects, the software development process and the existent problems had close relations with the company scale and the project type. Finally, based on the survey results some solution suggestions were proposed for the Japan-oriented offshore software development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosensor technology is the driving force in the development of biochips capable of detecting and analyzing biomolecules. A biosensor is a device that detects, records, and transmits information regarding a physiological change or the presence of various chemical or biological materials in the environment. Cell based sensing is the most promising alternative to the existing bio-sensing techniques as cells have the capability of identifying very minute concentrations of environmental agents. The use of living cells as sensing elements provides the opportunity for high sensitivity to a broad range of chemically active substances which affect the electrochemical activity of cells. This chapter provides an overview of the development of cell-based sensors for biological and chemical detection applications, along with significant advances over the last several years. Special emphasis will be given on recently developed planar microelectrode arrays for enabling extracellular recording from electrochemically active cells cultured in vivo. The extracellular signal spectrum can be modulated when the cells are exposed to a variety of chemical agents and this modulated signal constitutes a "signature pattern" which serves as the finger print for a specific chemical agent. Cell based sensors can change the sensing paradigm from "detect-to-treat" to "detect-to-warn". Biosensor technology is the driving force in the development of biochips capable of detecting and analyzing biomolecules. A biosensor is a device that detects, records, and transmits information regarding a physiological change or the presence of various chemical or biological materials in the environment. Cell based sensing is the most promising alternative to the existing bio-sensing techniques as cells have the capability of identifying very minute concentrations of environmental agents. The use of living cells as sensing elements provides the opportunity for high sensitivity to a broad range of chemically active substances which affect the electrochemical activity of cells. This chapter provides an overview of the development of cell-based sensors for biological and chemical detection applications, along with significant advances over the last several years. Special emphasis will be given on recently developed planar microelectrode arrays for enabling extracellular recording from electrochemically active cells cultured in vivo. The extracellular signal spectrum can be modulated when the cells are exposed to a variety of chemical agents and this modulated signal constitutes a "signature pattern" which serves as the finger print for a specific chemical agent. Cell based sensors can change the sensing paradigm from "detect-to-treat" to "detect-to-warn". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper proposes an agent-based automated negotiation model. The agents can perform an integrative negotiation with multi-issue in a one-to-many way. The negotiation protocol follows the offer-counteroffer principal, and an adapted mechanism of offer generation strategy. With the utility theory, agent could evaluate the offers and determine the following actions. In order to yield a top-quality deal and shorten the negotiation period, agents propose multiple offers, which consist of a particular combination of issue values and have the identical utility with the given utility. The experiment shows that the model ensures the participants could reach a mutually beneficial agreement in a short time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various approaches are presented to solve the growing spam problem. However, most of these approaches are inflexible to adapt to spam dynamically. This paper proposes a novel approach to counter spam based on spam behavior recognition using Decision Tree learned from data maintained during transfer sessions. A classification is set up according to email transfer patterns enabling normal servers to detect malicious connections before mail body delivered, which contributes much to save network bandwidth wasted by spams. An integrated Anti-Spam framework is founded combining the Behavior Classification with a Bayesian classification. Experiments show that the Behavior Classification has high precision rate with acceptable recall rate considering its bandwidth saving feature. The integrated filter has a higher recall rate than either of the sub-modules, and the precision rate remains quite close to the Bayesian Classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has long been recognized that one of the most difficult steps of intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures is distal locking - the insertion of distal transverse interlocking screws, for which it is necessary to know the positions and orientations of the distal locking holes of the intramedullary nail. This paper presents a constrained optimization approach for solving this problem using single calibrated fluoroscopic image. The problem is formulated as a sequential two-stage model-based optimal fitting process. The first stage, nail axis determination, automatically estimates the axis of the distal part of the IMN through a constrained optimization. The second stage, pose recovery of DLHs, resolves the translation and rotation of the distal locking holes around the estimated axis by iteratively fitting the geometrical models of the DLHs to the image. We report the results of our in-vitro experiments, which demonstrate promising accuracy of the present approach. Keywords: Fluoroscopic X-ray, pose estimation, constrained optimization, computer-assisted intramedullary nailing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the heterogeneity of network processor architectures and constantly evolving network applications, it is currently a challenge to characterize the network processor workloads. In this paper, we formally model the task-level workloads of network processors as reactive dataflow process network (RDPN). RDPN is a suitable model of computation for formally describing the behaviors of packet-level parallel processing and event interaction with control point of network processors. We extend the expressive capability of RDPN by using three transformations (i.e., clustering, decomposing and duplicating) to analyze the model and support the further design space exploration of network processors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]