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References for chapter 2 of the book "Polynyas: Windows to the World," edited by Walker O. Smith Jr. and David G. Barber are presented.

The introduction of chapter 2 of the book "Polynyas: Windows to the World," edited by Walker O. Smith Jr. and David G. Barber is presented. It states the chapter discusses types of polynya base on the physical process involved in the formation and describes the physical oceanography associated with polynyas. Moreover, the importance of physical oceanography of polynyas to biological oceanography are also discussed.

The Physical Oceanography section of chapter 2 of the book "Polynyas: Windows to the World," edited by Walker O. Smith Jr. and David G. Barber is presented. The section focuses on the processes which happen internal to the ocean, such as the interaction and mechanisms of air, sea and ice. It examines the water masses creation and transformation within the polynya brine rejection and other factors.

The section Future Research in a Changing Environment of chapter 2 of the book "Polynyas: Windows to the World," edited by Walker O. Smith Jr. and David G. Barber is presented. The section discusses topics which should be the subject in future research related to polynyas and oceanography, such as on improvement of theoretical understanding of polynyas. It also relates considerations on methods used in research and research challenges resulting from limited resources.

Physical processes related to polynya formation are reviewed and selected examples from both the Arctic and the Antarctic seas are given. Polynyas are categorized by dividing them into mechanically and convectively forced systems, recognizing that most polynyas are formed by a confluence of two or more physical factors, and that positive feedback processes also impact formation. Polynyas strongly impact the regional oceanography. Those that are initiated by mechanical forcing from the wind, for example, may produce large quantities of ice and brine. Dense water formed in this manner can then migrate via Ekman layers, gravity currents, and eddying motions across the shelf, and drain into the deep ocean. Under scenarios of global warming, a climatologically retreating ice edge will alter the size and distribution of polynyas. In the Arctic and on the Antarctic Peninsula, the general pattern of polynyas relative to the ice edge is likely to be similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People and organizations who the author would like to thank for their assistance in the creation of the book "Polynyas: Windows to the World," edited by Walker O. Smith Jr. and David G. Barber are mentioned.

The section Biological Importance of Polynyas of chapter 2 of the book "Polynyas: Windows to the World," edited by Walker O. Smith Jr. and David G. Barber is presented. The section of the chapter explores on the importance and impacts of the physical processes within polynyas to the processes. It relates the situation of the Siberian flaw polynyas which supplies large quantity of ice to the Trans-Polar Drift.