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This book provides an introduction to what it means to be numerate, and how numeracy can best be developed and nurtured in children and in adults. It also presents a cohesive coverage of numeracy development from early childhood to adulthood. This book draws on international research and practice to provide a comprehensive overview on the topic. It depicts and draws connections with the National Curriculum in the United Kingdom, the Australian Curriculum, and the Common Core State Standards in the United States. This book identifies skills and concepts involved in achieving functional numeracy, and provides practical advice on effective teaching, learning and assessment. It serves as a valuable guide to educators who teach mathematics in primary and secondary schools, but who are not specifically trained in the subject.

This volume brings together a collection of writings from 1946-61 by Raymond Williams, a British university adult educator. Section 1 is a brief account by McIlroy of Williams' involvement in teaching adults, his intellectual influences, and the relationship of his educational and intellectual life to his personal experience and political concerns. Section 2 is a selection of Williams' published work that documents his chief intellectual concerns. It presents 14 writings ranging from pieces in the journals "Politics and Letters" and "The Critic" through early essays on the theme of culture and society to his review of "The Uses of Literacy," an extended dialogue with Richard Hoggart, and a contemporary evaluation of the New Left. Section 3 illustrates the changing curriculum and methods of literature teaching in university adult education and illuminates, in 12 articles on teaching culture and environment, public expression and film criticism, the beginnings of today's cultural studies. Section 4 is a series of 15 essays in which Williams analyzes contemporary controversies and concerns in adult education and reflects on the philosophy and purpose of adult education. Section 5, Retrospect and Prospect, contains an essay by McIlroy integrating Williams' intellectual production with his role as a tutor in adult education and a discussion by Westwood of Williams' later book, "Towards 2000." An index is provided. (YLB)

This book is designed to provide teachers with an immediate and comprehensive source of practical strategies for meeting children's special needs in regular classrooms. Chapter 1 explores issues relating to children with general and specific learning difficulties. It discusses inclusive schooling and special educational needs, factors associated with successful inclusion, and characteristics of students with learning disability. Chapters 2 and 3 outline characteristics of students with intellectual disability and autism and physical disabilities and sensory impairment. Teaching approaches are recommended for assisting these students in inclusive classrooms. Chapter 4 focuses on teaching methods for self-management and self-regulation, while chapter 5 describes behavior modification techniques and methods for assisting students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chapter 6 explains methods for improving social skills and peer group acceptance and chapter 7 describes principles and practices for developing early literacy skills. Chapters 8 and 9 provide information for planning effective interventions for literacy problems and for overcoming or preventing reading difficulties. Chapters 10 and 11 discuss helping students improve their writing skills and developing spelling skills. The last two chapters provide information on developing numeracy and math problem-solving skills and adapting curriculum and instruction. (Contains more than 500 references.) (CR)

This book features a guide to teaching mathematics more effectively. Examining the different ways students acquire mathematical skills, it helps teachers develop flexible teaching methods that suit these varied ways of learning. Common areas of learning difficulty in mathematics and why students fail, ways for teachers to determine gaps in students' knowledge and how to develop curricula that address these gaps, and problem-solving strategies and skills as a means of improving numerical literacy are also discussed. The book draws extensively on research from the fields of developmental and cognitive psychology and is written in a style designed to appeal to the busy classroom teacher. Includes a section on recommended resources (texts, assessment and teaching resources, and useful journals) and an index. Appended are: students with Learning difficulties: selecting priority curriculum content; and The One Minute Basic Number Facts Tests (1995). (Contains approximately 220 references. (MM)

Providing an overview of some of the effective ways of helping students to develop and improve their spelling skills, this book emphasizes the importance of explicit teaching. The first chapter considers current issues and perspectives in spelling. The second chapter discusses how children acquire spelling skills, and the third chapter discusses individual differences among spellers. The fourth chapter recommends several teaching approaches, and the fifth chapter gives guidelines for assessing spelling. The sixth chapter recommends 22 useful resources. (Contains 132 references; 4 appendixes contain a glossary of 19 terms, a 125-item list of most commonly used words in children's writing, a South Australian Spelling Test, and four diagnostic tests.) (SC)

This book brings together eight of the most significant papers published in the journal "Studies in the Education of Adults" from the 1970s and 1980s, together with three new essays that place the earlier material in context. It examines the changes in British adult education between 1970 and 1990 and is concerned with the place of radicalism in those years, how it was perceived, and what forms it took. Part I contains the three new contributions to the debates within adult education: "Innocence and After: Radicalism in the 1970s" (J. E. Thomas); "Counting the Cost: Managerialism, the Market, and the Education of Adults in the 1980s and Beyond" (Alan Tuckett); and "Constructing the Future: A Postmodern Agenda for Adult Education" (Sallie Westwood). The four papers in Part II focus on the 1970s: "Community Adult Education" (T. Lovett); "Education at the Bottom" (David Head); "The Concept of Deprivation" (R. W. K. Paterson); and "Adult Education and Social Change" (J. E. Thomas, G. Harries-Jenkins). Part III contains four papers relating to the 1980s: "A University Adult Education Project with the Unemployed" (Kevin Ward); "Conformity and Contradiction in 'English Responsible Body' Adult Education, 1925-1950" (Roger Fieldhouse); "Gender and Education: A Study of the Ideology and Practice of Community Based Women's Education" (Gillian Highet); and "Constructing the Other: Minorities, the State, and Adult Education in Europe" (Sallie Westwood). (YLB)

Chapter 18 from Part 2 of the book "The Critical Turn in Tourism Studies: Innovative Research Methodologies," edited by Irena Ateljevic, Annette Pritchard and Nigel Morgan is presented. It explains the general concept of projective techniques for tourism research. It highlights techniques which present opportunities for self-expression and have great potential to reveal rich, hidden information from the perspective of the participants.

A list of several books published by the Kogan Page, including "Accounting for Non-Accountants: A Manual for Managers and Students," 6th edn, by Graham Mott, "The Business Plan Workbook," 5th edn, by Colin Barrow, Paul Barrow, and Robert Brown, and "The Complete Mind Makeover: Transform Your Life by Changing the Way You Think," by Ros Taylor, is presented.

A sample of a marketing plan as a supplement to the book "How To Write A Marketing Plan," Third edition, is presented.

Chapter 6 of the book "How To Write A Marketing Plan," Third edition, is presented. It delves in the presentation of the marketing plan wherein the use of the Microsoft Office software package with the Powerpoint presentation program is recommended. Techniques in presenting the document in Powerpoint such as making a template with the company name and logo and using bullet points are offered.

Chapter 5 of the book "How To Write A Marketing Plan," Third edition, is presented. It demonstrates how to write a marketing plan with emphasis on the rules for the format of the document, the necessary text, and the less use of jargon. Some of the cited components of a written marketing plan are a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis, assumptions, sales, strategic markets, key products, schedule, and controls and monitoring system.

Chapter 4 of the book "How To Write A Marketing Plan," Third edition, is presented. It tackles the components of a distribution plan which involves marketing channel, physical distribution, and customer service. Also described is the process of creating an advertising and promotions plan that aims to inform, persuade, and reinforce the target market. How to budget the cost of a market plan is illustrated.

Chapter 3 of the book "How To Write A Marketing Plan," Third edition, is presented. It centers on conceptualizing and formulating a marketing objective, regarded as the key step in the process of preparing a marketing plan. It points out that the product portfolio, relative market growth rate and share, and gap analysis are important in making a marketing objective. Also described are marketing strategies, pricing strategies, and action plans that can be applied to achieve the marketing objectives.

Chapter 2 of the book "How To Write A Marketing Plan," Third edition, is presented. It focuses on the process of marketing audit, an assessment of a company's marketing environment, marketing events, and internal marketing procedures. It presents ways to define market segments in terms of areas like product and application, carry out a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis, and outline the content of product information and market information.

Chapter 1 of the book "How To Write A Marketing Plan," Third edition, is presented. It describes marketing planning, which involves marketing research, the company's strengths and weaknesses, assumptions, forecasting, and generating marketing strategies. Also tackled are the stages in the preparation of a marketing plan which consist of corporate objectives, a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis, and a communication plan.

This chapter discusses the neglected theme of authenticity in suburbia. Suburbs are frequently presented as depressingly anonymous, ordinary places where the inhabitants seem only too eager to acquiesce in the conformity of conventional social mores. Neither rural nor urban, suburbs mimic some of the social characteristics of life in the former while remaining firmly located in the infrastructure of the latter. There are three modes of a search of authenticity, and it can be objected that their relationship with suburbia is tenuous because others than suburban residents share these enthusiasms. This is true but it does seem that the suburban locations of their starting-points and the nature of their typical audience members is not coincidental. The continued strengths of these tastes do represent a more general theme of the value of tradition, in these cases, in ways that are simultaneously critical rejections of at least aspects of the material culture of suburbia. But this is precisely why they function as a form of mythical resolution. There is no reason to think that the inhabitants of suburbia are not reflexively aware of the contradictions in the formulations of suburban places.

This chapter focuses on the role of territorial imaginary in the construction of space, and how the metaphor of Internet allows for the conflations of city/community, and virtual city/virtual community. One way of imagining the city is as a community, and this image is a projection of formal network graphs and grids. In as much as this way of visualizing the city-as-community is taken to reveal a proper way of making sense of the city, phenomenologically the model stands as the truth of the real, and of course the real is the model. The ideals of virtual community are basically the same as those of the ideals of non-virtual community, superimposed upon uncongenial spaces and modes of living. At the level of human subjectivity, the possibility of life in cyberspace can be construed as motivated by a resistance to the uncongenial, and ultimately as the manufacture of an illusion of self-possession. Cyberspace offers a fantastical world through which people can live in an apparent proximity to others, talk to them, share views and express feelings. In the book The Virtual Community, author Rheingold cites the comment of sociologist Marc Smith that virtual communities require an act of imagination to use, and what must be imagined is the idea of the community itself.

This chapter discusses cyberpunk as a social theory, based on the work of author William Gibson. Cyberpunk represents the supreme literary expression if not postmodernism, then of the late capitalism itself. The cyberpunk view of the world is one which recognizes a shrinking public space and the increasing privatization of many aspects of social life. It suggests that close face-to-face social relationships are becoming increasingly difficult to form. Social and geographical mobility increase the fluidity of social life and undermine the formation of strong social bonds. The spectacle of consumer culture, manifest in the commodified simulation of the shopping mall as authentic public space, although providing a forum for the display of self-identity and the outcomes of associated body projects, in the end only results in the construction of a lonely crowd. The proliferation of new technologies has initiated the spread of electronically mediated communication from primarily workplace settings to the private sphere. Cyberpunk as social theory suggests that the social preconditions for the creation of a new cyberculture are being firmly established as people increasingly communicate via the telephone, fax, modem, video, and less and less through face-to-face interactions.

This chapter explores one of the ways in which global representations of urbanization come together with place-marketing to produce particular expressions in and of one place, using Milton Keynes, England as an example. At the core of the construction of Milton Keynes has been the dual process of explicitly and deliberately creating comforting images about a stable English society while making claims to modernity through the enthusiastic embrace of symbols borrowed from the U.S. It can be understood as a much bigger version of the way in which urban expansion has spread across the edges of the south-east as development has been tacked on to villages and small towns, with shopping centers and superstores on the edges. The new developments increasingly overwhelm the core from which the name is taken, and are effectively indistinguishable one from the other across the home counties. The politics of growth in Milton Keynes is driven by the mythology of entrepreneurialism. The economic growth of the Borough over the last 20 years has been directly attributable to the success of attracting new jobs to the area by the Milton Keynes Development Corp. Yet, in this case the ambiguity of urban entrepreneurialism is particularly noticeable. It would not and could not exist without substantial state intervention.

This chapter offers a deconstruction of certain myths that have become associated with the process of urban regeneration in the 1980s and 1990s in British cities. By 1991, when the International Convention Center in Birmingham, England opened, the notions of transformation, spectacle and centrality had become roundly appropriated by those agents involved in the process of urban regeneration. First, the equation of transformation with the realm of urban regeneration had the effect of distancing it from any potentially radical or subversive meanings. Second, the notion of transformation was actively used by agents to implant Birmingham centrally within certain positively valorized cultural spaces. This cultural relocation acted to challenge the prevailing structures of expectation associated with systems of space linked to the nation. The effect of this was that it reflected back within the city and opened up a series of centers and peripheries according to their compatibility with the identities of these wider spaces. Through the processes of cultural relocation and internal regionalization, a politics of centering and exclusion was affected by the narration of a new city. This discourse was crucial to the framing of change in the built environment.

This chapter focuses on imagining the modern city. In order to imagine the unrepresentable space, life, and languages of the city, to make them liveable, they must be translated into narratives. Events are remembered and misremembered and are imagined taking place against a symbolic topography. This is true not just of individual memory. It is evident in the intimate connection between the modern metropolis and the development of aesthetic genres and technologies of communication. Most notable of these are the cinema and the novel. The links between the novel and historically specific ways of seeing the city have been documented often enough. It is not just that the popularity of the nineteenth-century novel was made possible by new urban technologies and the new reading publics that appeared in cities. How the city is narrated in novels disseminates perspectives, ways of seeing, and structures of imagination: the opposition between rural utopia and urban nightmare; the Dickensian search for the subterranean networks of community beneath the unreadable and irrational surface of the class-divided city; the social complexity of the city recorded through its demotic idioms and slang by French novelists from Balzac to Zola.

This chapter focuses on the form of protest masculinity encountered in 1994 in Sheffield, England. The form of protest masculinity being enacted involves an angry and aggressive accentuation of the vocabularies and behavior and practice known to have been characteristic of the little Mester, a locally hegemonic masculinity which dominated everyday life in that city in the era of steel production. Since the demise of the steel and cutlery industry in the early 1980s, this reworking of masculinity has been profoundly nostalgic. It has coincided with the emergence of a pronounced interest in local heritage and the history of the city and its industry, precisely at the moment of drastic de-industrialization. There is little evidence of significant support among the enthusiastic consumers of such heritage for the forms of protest masculinity exhibited by the young men of Sheffield, deprived of their entitlements to be Little Masters in the 1990s. But the re-working of masculinity itself has occurred in circumstances in which the aspiration of being a man through employment in heavy manufacturing industry or skilled artisanship are widely understood in the locality to have become remote possibilities indeed.

This article focuses on the changes observed by a man who once lived in Leicester, England. To return to a city in which an individual used to live is to be made sharply aware of the passage of time, and the changing fabric of cities congeals that process of the passage of time in a way that is both concrete and somehow eerie or ghostly. It reminds one that a city is neither a work of art nor a diseased organism. It is a process, a unique, ongoing time or space event. The notion of change is central to the experience of modern and contemporary urban life. In the 1960s, people in Leicester were always being told that it was the wealthiest city in Europe. The way in which it was wealthy was interesting in that it had one of the highest rates of female employment in the knitting, textile and other factories. In other words, this was working-class wealth or rather the then much discussed working-class affluence. Both change and nostalgia seem to be bound up with the contemporary debates about urban life and city space. Nostalgia is part of the legacy of the romantic movement, and is an effect of change, and the massive changes that take place in cities induce this emotion to an intense degree.

This chapter examines sociological and geographical conceptualizations of space and time in relation to the processes which have formed an inner city area of Leeds, England. This area, known as Chapeltown, contains the majority of the city's black residents. In this chapter, Chapeltown has been conceptualized as a as a territory in which there is enormous diversity of spatially influenced practices and time-orientations. This diversity has been related to the long history of the territory and the political practices by which the locale has been formed. More particularly, it has been related to the nature of post-war settlement of the area by migrants from the Caribbean and South Asia, and its representation in the white media. While this area has been heavily spatialized by the mass media, a closer observation reveals the complex effects of global forces on social practices in this territory. Spatially and temporally, these practices have been both emptied out and filled out. Economically, the emptying out of legitimate waged work for men, both within the area and within the city of Leeds, has lead to a much greater occupation of certain streets by young men who gain income by force and by illegal sales.

This chapter examines East End, London, England as city, body and text. From the standpoint of governance, the western city has to be represented as a rational, ordered whole, especially when its superficial appearance is one of chaos and fragmentation. The aim is to disclose the hidden organizing principles in order to subject them to conscious planning and control. The social sciences have obviously played a key part in this, especially in disseminating models from one country to another. But there remain important national differences in the way large cities have been imagined, observed, written about, and governed. Bodies and texts are alike in that they both have beginnings and endings. Nevertheless, the consequences of physical and narrative closure are somewhat different. With bodies, it is always the end of the story line, but texts have an afterlife. When it came to representing the Other London, however, the body or text code came into its own. For this was a code which specialized in generating metaphors of otherness by making the more visible parts stand for the disreputable whole, as well as drawing the line between those parts which were redeemable and those which were not.

This chapter focuses on a deconstruction of racial harassment and racial terror in white appropriations of the British city. This chapter formulates what might be described as the disciplinary logic of whiteness which emerges in resolute form whenever the cultural formation of the British nation is called into question by the racialization of spatial dynamics in the city. As of 1996, the proliferation of racist abuse, violence and murder in relation to Black and Asian populations has continued to highlight an acute national identity dislocation in the post-war or post-colonial settlement. It seems useful to say something strategic about how people might begin to think about the operationalization of white governmentality. This means asking questions about how race becomes problematized within and beyond the state and defined as a problem of government. It is possible to identify at least two strategies of white governmentality. The first can be described as nationalist political rationalities. This incorporates a moral elaboration of appropriate directives. Generally, white governmentality develops this through techniques of surveillance which affirm the crushing objecthood of the racialized other.

This chapter examines cities in a post-industrial era. In this chapter, the situation generally described by the expression the dual city is considered in complex terms, as well as the processes which generate such dualism. Some analyses of census data is also used for Cleveland and Leicester, England to illustrate what it means on the ground. Both cities can be divided into two sorts of area respectively made up of households which are owner occupier, car owner and work-rich on the one hand, and not car owners and much more likely to be social tenants and work-poor on the other. The variables used in generating these clusters were percentage households with car, percentage households work-rich, percentage households work-poor, and percentage households containing a child in which no adult was employed. The very high degree of concentration of social housing in the poorer cluster in both cities is especially noteworthy, given that tenure variables were not used in the classification. There is a range of variation in key variables within them. However, when the distribution of a key descriptor variable is organized by cluster, we find a very clear bimodal pattern. This pattern persists for all variables except percentage of households owner occupied, and in Leicester, percentage of population describing themselves as white.

This chapter examines the debates and difficulties associated with imagining cities, and establishes the parallel but contrasting communicational functions ascribed to both modern cities and telecommunication links. The paradigm challenge of telecommunications to urban studies has three aspects, namely, the challenge of invisibility; the challenge of conceptualizing space and time; and the challenge to urban planning. First, while the Internet is beginning to make telecommunications more recognized, it is easy to diagnose the historic invisibility of telecommunications in cities as a key reason for their neglect by urban studies. Urban telecommunications networks consist of underground networks of ducts and cables or aerial lattices of wires over which speed-of-light flows of electrons or photons carry information. Second, it can be argued that the relative lack of empirical research on cities and telecommunications is closely related to the way space and time have tended to be conceptualized in urban studies. The third and final reason for the neglect of telecommunications has been the difficulties faced by urban planners and policy makers in understanding city-telecommunications relationships in the post-war period. Planners concerned themselves with economic and social modernization and the need to improve the locational efficiency of cities and urban regions.

This chapter discusses six discourses on postmetropolis. Postmetropolis is used in this chapter as a term to accentuate the differences between contemporary urban regions and those that consolidated in the middle decades of the twentieth century. The first discourse is flexcity which focuses on the restructuring of the political economy of urbanization and the formation of the more flexibly specialized post-Fordist industrial metropolis. Second is cosmopolis which focuses on the globalization of urban capital, labor and culture and the formation of a new hierarchy of global cities. Exopolis is the third discourse on postmetropolis which focuses on the restructuring of urban form and the growth of edge cities, outer cities and postsuburbia: the metropolis turned inside-out and outside-in. The fourth discourse is metropolarities which focuses on the restructured social mosaic and the emergence of new polarizations and inequalities. The fifth discourse on post metropolis is carceral archipelago which focuses on the rise of fortress cities, surveillant technologies and the substitution of police for polis. And the last is simcities which focuses on the restructured urban imaginary and the increasing hyper reality of everyday life.

This article presents information on the book Imagining Cities: Scripts, Signs, Memories, edited by Sallie Westwood and John Williams. The book is organized around five major themes. The first of these is the theoretical imagination and how sociologists and geographers are theorizing the enormous socio-cultural, economic, technological and spatial changes that are effectively reinventing the city. A sociological imagination has been generated with which to frame the city and urban life, and the first section of the book elaborates on the range of rent debates within the discipline. One of the crucial, constitutive elements of cities throughout history has been their diversity in relation to spatial and economic divisions of labor and in terms of ethnicities. Ethnic diversity and the politics of difference generated by such diversity is the second major theme of the book and this section includes chapters that address the binaries of the local and global, nation and citizen, home and away, and black and white. These binaries are often constructed through an imagination which looks back to some time of greater certainties and this form of retrieval of the past is addressed in the collection's third theme on memory and nostalgia.

A list of several books of the Kogan Page Creating Success series, including "Be Positive," 2nd edition, by Phil Clements, "Better Business Writing," by Timothy R. V. Foster, and "Dealing With Difficult People," by Roy Lilley, is presented.

A preface for the book "How To Write A Marketing Plan," Third edition, is presented.

Acknowledges people who contributed to the book "Imagining Cities: Scripts, Signs, Memories," edited by Sallie Westwood and John Williams.