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The article discusses the considered ways to maximize depreciation deductions for residential rental activities. It suggests that landlords should determine the depreciable value of the buildings through the allocation of the purchase price between the land and buildings and other property, as well as property tax bill, repair and improvement costs, or comparable land sales. Meanwhile, cost segregation or segmented depreciation can be used by landlords who own property within few years.

Chapter 9 of the book "The Complete Guide to Locating and Profiting From Emerging Real Estate Markets: Everything You Need to Know Explained Simply" is presented. It discusses the manner in which one can increase the value of his real estate property. It suggests few suggestions in this regard including, accentuating the positive aspect of the property, focusing on maintenance projects, and deciding what to do to make the most profit.

A part of the book "Dis-Enclosure," by Jean-Luc Nancy, translated by Bettina Bergo, Gabriel Malenfant and Michael B. Smith is presented. It explains the deeper meaning of value and sense. It notes that both can be absolutely either in the order of supreme or in the system of a general equivalency. Moreover, it mentions that first sense is implanted from the German word Würde.

Chapter 5 of the book "Thorogood Professional Insights" is presented. It stresses that commercial features of a business need grooming to ensure the shareholders realize the maximum value from the sale. It suggests to take positive action to retain key staff, assess land or property with hidden value, separate out and retain a peripheral business and challenge the need for vendor due diligence.

Chapter 10 of the book "Saving Higher Education in the Age of Money" is presented. It addresses the issue of utility, the arbiter to which society refers many questions of value and even of values. It asserts that the rise of utility occupies a strong chapter in the history of higher education. It also argues that the old-style university was sustained by faith in the intrinsic value of education, learning and scholarship.

Reprints the article "Valuing Nature: Assessing Damages for Oil Spills," by Alan Strudler, which appeared in the December 1995 issue of the "Report From the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy." Moral ideas underlying the law of tort; Principles of tort law; Techniques for attaching an economic interpretation or dollar amount to nonuse value and nonmarket goods.

This chapter deals with the general effect of unproductive consumption. It is thought that no consumption of the class denominated unproductive has ulterior effect beyond the satisfaction of a want by the destruction of existing value. It is a mere exchange of a portion of existing wealth on the one side, and for human gratification on the other. The existence and intensity of the demand must depend upon the amount of revenue and of capital. The main point for considering the unproductivity of consumption is to weigh the loss, occasioned to the consumer by his consumption, against the satisfaction it affords him.

This chapter focuses on the different kinds of consumption. Consumption is described as the destruction of utility, and not of substance or matter. Once the utility of a thing is destroyed, there is an end of the source and basis of its value. Consumption is commensurate, not with the bulk, the weight, or the number of the products consumed, but with their value. Every product is liable to be consumed. Generally, the annual consumption of an individual is the aggregate of all the values consumed by that individual within the year. This is known as the individual or national consumption.

This chapter deals with the nominal variation of price, and the peculiar value of bullion and coin. In treating the elevation and depression of the price of commodities, although value has been expressed in money, the value of the money itself was rarely considered. Since the discovery of mines in the U.S., silver has lost three-fourths of its relative value to all other products. This reflected the effect of real and relative variation on the price of silver. Therefore, it was concluded that one cannot form an idea of the value of a commodity from its estimate of money price, except during a space of time, and within a space of territory.

This chapter deals with the basis of value, and of supply and demand in wealth distribution. The valuation of an object is nothing more or less than the affirmation that it is in a certain degree of comparative estimation with some other specified object, and any other object possessed of value may serve as the point of comparison. In every act of valuation, the object valued is the fixed datum. The demand for any object may depend upon the physical and moral constitution of man, the climate he may live in, the laws, customs, and manners of the society where he belonged.

In order to use regression techniques in identifying models from data, one may now introduce a vector of independent variables. One can now describe the manifold or data space as the Cartesian product of the input and output spaces. In section 1, one can have seen that formal model of a system is described by some mapping. A specific model describes a graph of the mapping which represents a system. In time-series analysis, y referees to the output whereas x describes some inputs and the vector of variables is to denote all other factors that affect the output but whose values are not observed or controlled.

Chapter 6 of the book "Finance for Shopping Center Nonfinancial Professionals" is presented. It illustrates how to calculate a simple rate of return. It explains the concept of good return and time value of money. It demonstrates how properties are valued using capitalization rates and how to use future value, present value, net present value, and the internal rate of return (IRR). It discusses some basic concepts of real estate finance, including debt and equity.

The article presents an appendix which lists the object identifiers included in the 10 groups that form the SNMP Management Information Base (MIB-II). The groups included in the appendix are 1) The System Group 2) The Interfaces Group 3) The IP Group 4) The Address Translation Group 5) The ICMP Group 6) The TCP Group 6) The UDP Group 7) The EGP Group 8) The Transmission Group 9) The SNMP Group. The SNMP Group. The Implementation of the System group is mandatory for all systems. If an agent is not configured to have a value for any of these variables, a string of length 0 is returned.

A subject index for the book "Utilitarian General Theory of Value" is presented.

The article offers the author's insights on the classification of values into intrinsic and instrumental. The author argues that the logical reasoning behind the classification has some inadequacy and that he does not accept the said classification. The author also defines happiness as a state of mind after the chosen object of the subject has been obtained and refers happiness as an internal thing, while the object as external.

The article offers the authors' insights on how to calculate binary and tertiary value combinations. The authors explain that wave interference in quantum theory is cancelled while in formal axiology, it is transposed. They mention the assignment of an amplitude number for each of the three kinds of values which are finite, infinite, and non-denumerably infinite. They add that the length of a vector indicates value.

The article offers the author's insights regarding G. R. Grice's review of his book "The Structure of Value." He notes that Grice opposes his definition of good and claims that the definition of goodness will be swept away with his thesis. He argues that he did not discuss nor give definition of "good" in his book but presented a necessary intensional counterpart to the definition based on extensional logic and the notion of value.

This article presents information related to the chapter "Young People's Attitudes Towards Sex Roles and Sexuality," of the book "Gender, Generation & Identity in Contemporary Russia." The issues considered in this chapter have wide academic significance for those analysing intra-family relations. Of all the frame-works used in the study of the contemporary family the humanistic one by which is meant that which takes into account the personal make-up of the individual located in whatever familial structure is acquiring increasing relevance. This is understandable; as academic knowledge about the individual deepens, so the demand increases for the application of more differentiated concepts and categories which will be more adequate for understanding the complex nature of the individual. One such concept is that which will be referred to here tentatively as value expectations. The period in the life of an individual immediately before they enter marriage and start a family is saturated with the symbolism of stereotypical images about the meaning of this act.

The article offers the author's insights regarding the complexities of life. He mentions that most people are not ideologues because they know the contradictory complexity of human condition, calling for hard choices among competing values. He notes that the struggles over value priorities in practical politics may be destructive or productive to political development.

The relation between value theory and economic analysis is simple and easily comprehensible. Economics is and always has been concerned with the process of providing the means of human life and experience. The study of economic process is motivated not only by idle curiosity. The community has set up institutional arrangements because it is and always has been confronted by real economic problems and it has supposed that extended inquiry might throw some light on them. Moreover, effective correlation of institutional structures can be brought about only by the modification of some parts or parts of the structure.

This article scrutinizes the marginalist economic theory of Austria. One of the major difficulties in marginalism has been its inability to deal with such macroeconomic questions as employment or income. Marginalism has emerged as a merely formal way of developing the implications of certain propositions about human actions which in themselves have possessed but limited validity. As Goran Ohlin has said, marginalism, supported in academic and other circles mainly by faith, was rooted in the desire for a theory that could supply incontestable criteria with which to judge economic efficiency.

This article discusses the marginalist method of analysis as an alternative to Marxist socialism. Concerned as it is with the behavior of individual firms rather than aggregate actions, marginalism has provided conduct models of the firm, not of the economic order as a whole. In modernistic terminology, it attempts to delineate a decision-making procedure. Marginalism originated with the Austrian school of economists. From the subjectivism of the Austrians there came in time a rational, logical set of ideas that would be used to describe the proper functioning of a socialist society.

This chapter criticizes the Marxian law of the fall in the rate of profits. The law was derived by Karl Marx from the study of the effects of technical improvement. Marx states that technical improvement increases the amount and changes the form of the total capital so that by these means the rate of profit is decreased. The technical improvement has not diminished the natural utility of productivity but it has only diminished its value. Marx's mistake has been that he has inadvertently attributed a greater value to the fixed capital. This is a question of statistics, not of economics. Capital is not estimated by its physical extension, but by its economic value.

This chapter examines several interpretations and controversies concerning the Marxian theory of value. In the book "Wirthschaft und Recht nachy der materialishchen Geschichtsauffassung," Rudolph Stammler made a mistake in his interpretation of the Marx's concept as an ideal law. According to Sorel, the method which Karl Marx employs in his inquiry is a metaphysical instrument. This expression may be satisfactory of not, according to the different meanings given to the word metaphysics, but the idea is accurate and true. Marx builds an ideal construction which helps him to explain the conditions of labour in capitalist society.

Arguments for social interference developed by Pigou and Graham illustrate common misinterpretations of the meaning of cost and its variation with output. If economic theory is interpreted as a critique of the competitive system of organization, its first and most general problem is that of determining whether the fundamental tendencies of free contractual relations under competitive control lead to the maximum production of value as measured in price terms. Valuation is a comparison of values. The cost of any value is simply the value that is given up when its is chosen.

Presents a historiographical introduction to his book which emphasizes the theory of value as central in the history of economic thought. Narration of the story from a different perspective by placing economic ideas squarely in the context of the economic history of the time; Discussion of various historical classifications and approaches to economic thought; Careful use of classification to avoid obscuring the importance of historical evidence by abstract historiographical arguments.

Discusses the instruments of marketing management. Information on dependability; Details on technological innovation; Value and pricing.

Focuses on a behavioral and an evolutionary claimant on the contenders for value theory. Basis for ethical theory; Information on the use of science in value theory; Attempts to revise the Freudian treatment of interpersonal relations.

Focuses on the reassessment of the relation of fact and value. Problem of the relation of fact and value; Kinds of entities that take on facthood and valuehod; Correctness of the relation of fact-value patterns.

The article discusses the orders of simulacra, running parallel to the successive mutations of the law of value since the Renaissance. The first-order simulacrum operates on the natural law of value, the second-order simulacrum on the market law of value, and the third-order simulacrum on the structural law of value. The modern sign finds its value as the simulacrum of a nature. This problematic of the natural and the metaphysics of reality was, for the bourgeoisie since the Renaissance, the mirror of both the bourgeois and the classical sign. Even today there is a thriving nostalgia for the natural referent of the sign, despite several revolutions, which have begun to shatter this configuration. A new generation of signs and objects arises with the industrial revolution, signs with no caste tradition that will never have known restrictions on their status, and which will never have to be counterfeits, since from the outset they will be products on a gigantic scale. The problem of their specificity and their origin is no longer posed. Technics is their origin and they have meaning only within the dimension of the industrial simulacrum.

The article focuses on the structural revolution of value. A revolution has put an end to this classical economics of value, a revolution of value itself, which carries value beyond its commodity form into its radical form. This revolution consists in the dislocation of the two aspects of the law of value, which were thought to be coherent and eternally bound as if by a natural law. Referential value is annihilated, giving the structural play of value the upper hand. The structural dimension becomes autonomous by excluding the referential dimension, and is instituted upon the death of reference. The systems of reference for production, signification, the affect, substance and history, all this equivalence to a real content, loading the sign with the burden of utility, with gravity, its form of representative equivalence, all this is over with. The structural law of value signifies the indeterminacy of every sphere in relation to every other, and to their proper content. To say that the sphere of material production and that of signs exchange their respective contents is still too wide of the mark, they literally disappear as such and lose their specificity along with their determinacy, to the benefit of a form of value, of a much more general assemblage, where designation and production are annihilated.

The article presents chapter five of the book "Explorations of Value," edited by Thomas Magnell, part of the Value Inquiry Book Series. It discusses the phenomena of quasi-intrinsic value which is considered as value-activated by sentience and pleasure even though their value are not derived from sentience and pleasure. It argues that quasi-intrinsic value is considered as latent and is activated by consciousness within the aspects of sentience and intentionality.

Chapter 4 of the book "What Is Life?" is presented. It explores the concept of human life and the level of dignity and value a person possesses. It highlights several definitions of the word dignity and value in the context given by George Edward Moore, Immanuel Kant, and Alexander of Hales. It also takes note of the four roots and sources of human dignity while examining the concept of life.

A transcription of a debate on monopolies, featuring the famed Sephardic intellectual and socialist leader De León. [ABSTRACT FROM CONTRIBUTOR]

The article presents Chapter XL of the book "Women and Men" by Thomas Wentworth Higginson is presented, which discusses how to let others determine the value of one's goods.

This chapter addresses the general effect of consumption. The immediate effect of consumption of every kind is the loss of value, consequently, of wealth, to the owner of the article consumed. If the consumption is unproductive, there usually results the gratification of some demands, but no reproduction of value. On the other hand, if the consumption is productive, it results to the satisfaction of no want, but a creation of new value that may be equal, inferior or superior in amount to that consumed. Thus, consumption may be regarded as an act of barter, wherein the owner of the value consumed gives up that value on the one hand, and receives in return.

A definition of the term "utility theory" is presented. It refers to a systematic study of preference structures and ways to represent preferences quantitatively. The objects on which preferences are defined could be potential outcomes of a decision, decision alternatives, individual or family consumption bundles in a fixed time period, time streams of net profits, investment portfolios, the entrees on a restaurant menu or just about anything else.

The article presents the Chapter Four of the book "A Utilitarian General Theory of Value," by C. L. Sheng. It explores the three senses of the utility such as the economist's sense in the law of diminishing marginal utility, the sense of decision scientists expressed as utility theory and the philosopher's sense as moral philosophy. It suggests that the use value of a commodity features two dimensions of variation, the amount of commodity and the person as the subject.

The article offers the author's insights regarding the three conceptions of utility. The author states that a hedonic calculus was proposed by utilitarian Jeremy Bentham for the study of pleasure. The author states that the term utility covers all kins of value and not just limited to material value. The author says that the value of utility known as von Neumann-Morgenstern utility was conceived by management and decision scientists.