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Currently there is a renewed interest in the use of optimal experimentation (adaptive control) in economics. The Methods Comparison Project deals with comparing various methods for solving optimal experimentation economic models. In this context, the Beck and Wieland model and the methodology to solve this model with time-varying parameters using adaptive control is introduced. Numerical results for this model using the DualPC software are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the preceding chapters, we have studied the creation of new businesses as independent startups. However, we recognize that many well-established and large companies do, in fact, engage in entrepreneurial activity. Corporate entre¬preneurship (CE) may be broadly viewed as (1) the creation of new businesses within existing organizations, either through internal innovation or joint ventures and alli¬ances, or (2) the transformation of organizations through strategic renewal. Large firms embark on CE for various reasons (why) and using various approaches (how), which we will now explore in more detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurs invest much time, money, and personal energy into building their ventures; at some point in the future, adequate rewards are expected. The process of turning some of the value created into hard cash for the entrepreneur is referred to as harvesting. It is in effect the realization of one of the key objectives of venturing - the increase in personal wealth and financial well-being. Harvesting should never be thought of as a terminal activity, or the end of the process. Rather, it is a necessary step toward recycling the entrepreneurial talent and capital, offering the entrepreneur the opportunity to take his or her money out, partly or entirely, to pursue other plans and ventures. It is a starting point rather than an end point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fundamental characteristic of many entrepreneurial ventures is the imbalance between the resources currently controlled and those needed to capitalize on the opportunities. Few ventures truly face pure financing problems, but rather more complex "resourcing" issues, i.e., how to gain access to the extensive collection of resources needed to succeed, such as management skills, distribution channels, networks, technology, and the like. In many instances, money will indeed provide access to those resources. But when there are funding constraints, where access to finance is not unlimited or is associated with huge costs, it becomes critical to use the fundraising exercise in a more creative manner, as a holistic approach to resourcing the firm. This chapter will focus on how to develop a proper financing strategy for early-stage, higher risk ventures, which investors to target, and how to develop a compelling investment case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A promising opportunity has been identified, a skilled team assembled, a compelling business plan written, and the initial financing secured. Yet this is not the time to lean back - the journey has just started. Now, the venture is supposed to grow and leverage its first sales. Growth, however, entails new challenges and requirements. In this chapter we look at the leadership and management qualities of the new venture team and the organization-building capability required of the entrepreneurial manager. In addition, we will explore different growth strategies and highlight some challenges to be mastered along the way, which are also evident in the case examples included here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having great ideas and singling out the great opportunity is only the first step in a long journey to a viable venture. The next steps typically need some planning, mostly packaged into what will eventually become a "business plan." The exercise of putting a business plan together is a helpful one, and by the end of the process you will have a document that helps you and potential investors think about how promising the venture truly is. This chapter covers the whys and how-tos of a business plan in depth, looking at the main parts and why they are important, as well as what to do with your business plan. In addition, we will look at other common themes characteristic of the early phase of technology startups such as product development and marketing and communications strategy, as well as issues of intellectual property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All ventures start out as an idea. However, a good idea is not necessarily a good opportunity and thus does not necessarily lead to a good venture. Hence, the successful entrepreneur-to-be should be on the lookout for good opportunities rather than good ideas. But what turns a good idea into a good opportunity? How exactly is a good opportunity defined, i.e., how do we find out that it is a good opportunity, and where are the potential sources of promising ventures? In this chapter we look at where opportunities come from and whether you should sit around waiting for "lightning to strike." We also describe what a window of opportunity is and how to verify quickly whether an idea has promise, before considering whether you should tell anyone else about your idea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a frequent source of pain, impairment, and disability. Decompression of the carpal canal is currently the most common operation currently performed by hand surgeons and has attained almost epidemic proportions [17]. There are approximately 460,000 carpal tunnel releases (CTR) performed annually in the USA at a medical cost in excess of the two billion dollars annually [39]. Medical costs, lost wages, and lost industrial performance are staggering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decision process leading to red blood cell (RBC) transfusion should be based as much as possible on available evidence. Risks and benefits of transfusion as well as the risks attributable to anemia must be taken into account. In this chapter, we will discuss what prompts pediatric intensivists to prescribe a RBC transfusion, what should guide this decision, and what is missing to really make a decision based on an evidence-based approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When asked to contribute to this publication, I wondered whether my memory would serve me well enough to describe my "Beppo" experiences. On reflection, I decided that only people over 60 might find it interesting and that some of them have possibly forgotten as much as me. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If history was made in the development of strange-particle Physics, under the guidance of Giuseppe Occhialini (Beppo), by the nuclear emulsion researchers at the Universities of Genoa and Milan, scant record is to be found in the literature under Beppo's name. Only toward the end of 1955 does Beppo's name appears, in the reports of the "G-Stack Collaboration" that he orchestrated. Although he would have been fully entitled, as well as his wife Mrs. Connie Occhialini-Dilworth, at first as Miss Dilworth, to co-author most of the publications of our group, neither of them did. In this brief summary of the new Physics we were fortunate to uncover, I take the liberty of relating the excitement of our discoveries also on behalf of my closest collaborators, A. Bonetti, M. Di Corato, B. Locatelli, M. Panetti, L. Scarsi, and G. Tomasini, the Genoa-Milan group. The list of publications of the group, covering the period 1951-1956 and reproduced here, was taken in its entirety from my CV. Thus Beppo's legacy is bound to transpire through the work of his pupils and apprentices, being myself one of them. The manner by which his guidance of our work manifested itself deserves a separate memoir of mine, to accompany this writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prof. Bonetti, Occhialini left Bristol in 1948 to begin a new scientific adventure at the Centre de Physique Nuclàaire of the Free University of Brussels, a group led by Max Cosyns. You joined this group a few months later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was the spring of 1968 and I was to be married in the September of that year. It was the early days of space research, I had just got my PhD working on the NASA-OGOV mission and I wanted to gain some experience abroad. I wrote an unsolicited letter to a number of non-UK universities working in the field of gamma-ray astronomy asking for a job. Beppo's proactive response came by return of mail, inviting me to visit the Milan group and offered to pay my expenses. I thought "Wow!" Here is someone who does not waste time. Even as an undergraduate physics student I had always been fascinated by Occhialini's work on the positron and the pi-meson, little thinking that he would play such a big part in my life. I duly came for the "interview", with some trepidation, which was rapidly dispelled. I was expecting a formal across the table interview, this was not to be so, Beppo was too smart for that sort of approach. First he suggested that I talk to all the Milanese scientists in order for me to be familiar with the activities with the group. I spent a large part of the day doing just that, it was very interesting but did have its amusing side. I went from one group member to another, with my non-existent Italian, and in those days their limited English we soon ran out of conversation. It was to be my introduction to Italian espresso coffee, and the way Italians drink it. Not knowing what else to say or being able to say it, each person took me to the bar (already a bit of a cultural and agreeable shock for and Englishman to find a bar within a university physics department) for a coffee, which they drank in one gulp without sitting down, returning straight back to the laboratories and, for me, onto the next in line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giuseppe Occhialini treated mathematics with limited deference but was a master in conducting experiments, which revealed essential issues resulting from the observation of nature. His role in the training of the first generation of Brazilian physicists at the recently created Universidade de São Paulo (USP) was an important one. The study of cosmic rays, which at the time was considered an area of very high-energy nuclear physics, fascinated experimental and theoretical physicists at the university. Since cosmic rays are present anywhere in nature and since it is possible to detect them at any altitude, research in this area could be conducted in small laboratories at any location, and with limited financial resources. It was therefore well suited to Brazil's economic-financial reality and research could be conducted at a similar level to that of other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Legacy of Beppo Occhialini is the property of Springer eBooks and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

I think I had four "masters" in my life, over and above my parents: Giovanni Polvani, Beppo Occhialini, Marcello Conversi and Martin M. Block: four persons so different, for their character, culture, personality; mostly for their approach to younger physicists and students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A personal recollection. — One day by the end of February, 1983, being puzzled by a scientific question, two of the authors visited Beppo and Connie in their country house. The professional point having been settled, they were warmly invited to stay for lunch. Soon after unveiling that it was the 40th birthday of one of them (A.V., while the other's one (A.B.) had been celebrated dining with Bruno Pontecorvo a few years before), the conversation leant rather on the human side of the host's personal recollections, although being limited by something like a fire circle drawn at the defense of privacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shortly after their arrival in Brussels, Belgium, to take up professorships at the Université Libre, the Occhialinis, Beppo and Connie, organized the first International Conference on Cosmic Ray Research with Nuclear Emulsions, fig. 1. It was my good fortune to receive an invitation to this conference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first half of the last century Physics underwent the deepest changes since its foundation as a modern discipline. With his contributions to the discovery of positrons and pions, Occhialini, Beppo for us, has been a major actor of that heroic epoch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The writer has been the last student who graduated with Beppo few years before his retirement. His thesis: "The energy spectrum of cosmic-ray electrons (CRE)" [1] was inspired by Beppo's obsession for the origin of CRs. The thesis was focused on the calculation of the diffusion equation that could account for all forms of energy losses suffered by electrons in their interstellar journey, aimed at constraining the primary electron spectrum from the spectrum observed within the solar cavity. The idea was to find observational constraints to models of CR acceleration by supernovae and their remnants. CRE and radio astronomy are adjacent fields of research because CRE lose energy via the synchrotron mechanism on galactic magnetic fields, producing radio waves. So, even when I eventually became a radio astronomer at the Leiden Sterrewacht, working on radio galaxies, I kept wondering about the origin of cosmic rays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper "Processes Involving Charged Mesons" [1, 2] signed by Cesare Mansueto Giulio Lattes(1), Hugh Muirhead, Giuseppe Paolo Stanislao Occhialini, and Cecil Frank Powell(2) was published in the May 24th, 1947 issue of Nature. In the introduction to this paper we can read the following announcement: "we have found evidence of mesons which, at the end of their range, produce secondary mesons." The primary mesons, whose discovery was announced with these very words, were at first thought to be the long searched for pions, the particles responsible for the strong interaction predicted by Hideki Yukawa in 1935(3), the secondary mesons being the muons discovered by Carl Anderson and Seth Henry Neddermeyer in 1937(4) and identified with a particle different from Yukawa's meson by Marcello Conversi, Ettore Pancini and Oreste Piccioni in Rome [18-26]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our picture of the universe, and of how it developed from the Big Bang some 14 billion years ago, is based on the idea that the everyday matter with which we are familiar is eternal and everlasting. It does not spontaneously appear or disappear. This permanence of matter was given quantitative expression, first by Weyl, and then by Stueckelberg in 1938 and Wigner in 1949. They postulated a conserved "heavy charge", or what today is called baryon number. The word "baryon", introduced by Pais refers, as the name implies, to a heavy particle (a fermion of spin angular momentum 1/2, in units of h/2π) such as a proton or neutron in the atomic nucleus. A proton or neutron is assigned a baryon number B = +1, while their antiparticles, the antiproton and antineutron, which have exactly the same mass as the corresponding particle but the opposite sign of the electric charge and magnetic moment, are assigned B = −1. Then the law of baryon conservation states that the total baryon number ΣB, namely the difference in the numbers of baryons and antibaryons, is constant. For example, the total baryon number of our universe is about 1079. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) was founded in 1923. Its task was to organize and finance researches in various fields of science. During the years, few institutions, created within CNR to organize the activities in specific fields, became independent, like INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, and ENEA (previously CNEN), Ente Nazionale per l'Energia Atomica (now Ente Nazionale Energie Alternative). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the year 1959, Beppo decided to evaluate the real potential of space research as a means to conduct research in the field of cosmic-ray physics. With this aim he decided to spend some time, about one year, at MIT in the Department of Cosmic Ray Physics, chaired by his friend professor Bruno Rossi (formerly his young tutor at Florence University!). That was also for Beppo the occasion to evaluate the potential of the new electronics techniques for the detection and measurement of cosmic rays: at that time in MIT these techniques, adapted to the space environment, were in strong growth. When back in Milan, Beppo decided to leave the photographic nuclear plates and was resolute to start a line of experimental research using electronic detectors, to be flown onboard stratospheric balloons and artificial satellites. Beppo asked Livio Scarsi to come back to Italy and around him he built the new research group, oriented to the study of cosmic rays from space. As a starting activity, Beppo provided a reasearch contract for a detailed study of the neutron component of the cosmic radiation in the Earth atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Years after their discovery (V. F. Hess in 1911), thanks to the penetrating and energetic particles they produce in the atmosphere, cosmic rays attracted the attention of physicists as a natural laboratory to investigate the existence of new particles, which could not be produced with the artificial accelerators of the time (mainly in the years 1930-1950). Beppo Occhialini was one of them, and his ingenuity in exploiting this potential is described elsewhere in this book. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entering of Beppo Occhialini into Space Physics has not been driven by chance but, in a way, it was largely expected following a logical line of continuity of his life in science; that is what I think to have learned in the more than 40 years in which I had the venture to be acquainted with him. I will try to make the point recalling personal memories of what I heard or got to know indirectly for the years from 1927 to 1950 and directly starting from 1950, year in which with him as supervisor, I obtained the Degree in Physics at the University of Genoa. Mine does not want to be an accurate biographical reconstruction, but just a recollection of episodes and facts of life: possibly some dates or places could be not precisely quoted, but with no impact however on the essence or interpretation of the situations referred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Legacy of Beppo Occhialini is the property of Springer eBooks and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Milan cosmic-rays studies are going on since 1932 [1] when, just a few years after the birth of the local University, Giovanni Polvani got the chair of Experimental Physics at the Science Faculty. His assistant G. Cocconi, just arrived from Rome, began observation using counters and cloud chambers installed in Milan and at mountain altitudes (Passo Sella on the Dolomites). With the help of V. Tongiorgi and G. Loverdo, Cocconi intended to study the composition of the secondary radiation produced in the Earth atmosphere and the nature of the primary radiation which arrives at the top of the atmosphere from the external space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is almost a paradox that Giuseppe Occhialini, Beppo for the older generation, never had any formal connection with CERN. Yet he had an influence on its creation and on its physics. His achievements provided some of the best arguments for having such a new laboratory, while his personality and his example had a lasting impact on many young and talented cosmic ray physicists who later made CERN a scientific success and an example of international collaboration. This was Beppo's first legacy to CERN, and to give an idea of how this happened I shall briefly try to evoke a few testimonies from the early fifties. In 1948 Occhialini was back in Italy, first in Genoa and then, in 1952, in Milan, where he soon formed a strong group for the study of high-energy physics using nuclear emulsions, a branch of research that he had first pioneered in Bristol and then in Brussels. At that time, the discovery of the pion was already well known beyond the scientific world: at school, it was our history, and not our physics teacher who first told us about the then newly observed particle, which he described as "the glue which keeps matter together". Most of the experimental activity on the properties of the pion, however, had already moved from cosmic rays to the synchro-cyclotrons of Berkeley, Columbia and Chicago. Nevertheless, cosmic ray physicists still had a few years of discovery before them exploring a new type of unstable particles discovered soon after the pion, and later, in light of the riddle between their copious production and their long lifetimes called "strange". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I intend to deal with two topics connected with Giuseppe Occhialini —"Beppo". The first concerns the last nuclear-emulsion research in Milan and, in the early 1960s, the way in which he urged and endorsed the part of the "Milan emulsion group" who had decided not to take part in the new Cosmic Physics research projects, to continue their research in Particle Physics with new experimental techniques. The second concerns Beppo's relationship with young people, his activity as an educator in science, but more generally in Life, in my personal experience as assistant close to him from the end of the 1950s until he retired —and beyond, until his death in 1993. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occhialini's scientific production between his stay at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge in the early' 30s and his stay at the Wills Laboratory in Bristol in the mid' 40s is maybe the less known. The recollection of his papers was at the base of a reconstruction of his scientific activity and showed his work in a standard kind of researches on radioactivity and cosmic rays by means mainly of G-M counters and Wilson chambers(1), showing a status of continuity with his precedent activity in Florence and Cambridge. It was a particularly striking fact to note Occhialini's technical ability in designing new kinds of simple devices to detect cosmic radiation in a situation of scarce financial and technological support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The years between the first and the second World War (broadly from 1920 to 1940) are remarkable in Italy for the achievements attained in physical research. This was because of rather peculiar circumstances which made the Physical Institutes of the Universities of Rome and Florence the centre of advanced research and of formation of research leaders. Both groups originated through the dedication and the vision of enlightened men, Orso Mario Corbino in Rome and Antonio Garbasso in Florence, both good physicists open to the extraordinary discoveries of the years before and after the first World War, both sincere patriots willing to give their country a sound and up-to-date scientific culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giuseppe Occhialini's stay in Cambridge at the Cavendish laboratory spanned three years, from 1931 to 1934, although he originally had left Italy for England with the idea of staying only three months. This "Cambridge period" turned out to be most important in his scientific life and established him as a confirmed researcher. The work he performed on cloud chambers, cosmic rays and the positron, with the Cavendish physicist Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett made him one of the leading figures in the international scientific scene of the thirties. It contributed an essential part of our present-day physical knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partitioning is one of the main problems in p2p group membership. This problem rises when failures and dynamics of peer participation, or churn, occur in the overlay topology created by a group membership protocol connecting the group of peers. Solutions based on Gossip-based Group Membership (GGM) cope well with the failures while suffer from network dynamics. This paper shows a performance evaluation of SCAMP, one of the most interesting GGM protocol. The analysis points out that the probability of partitioning of the overlay topology created by SCAMP increases with the churn rate. We also compare SCAMP with DET - another membership protocol that deterministically avoids partitions of the overlay. The comparison points out an interesting trade-off between (i) reliability, in terms of guaranteeing overlay connectivity at any churn rate, and (ii) scalability in terms of creating scalable overlay topologies where latencies experienced by a peer during join and leave operations do not increase linearly with the number of peers in the group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to growing demands in such application areas as law enforcement, video surveillance, banking, and security system access authentication, automatic face recognition has attracted great attention in recent years. The advantages of facial identification over alternative methods, such as fingerprint identification, are based primarily on the fact that face is fairly easy to use and well accepted by people. However it is not robust enough to be used in most practical security applications because too sensitive to variations in pose and illumination. During the last few years, many algorithms have been proposed to overcome these problems using 2-D images, but very few has been made in order to address the problem of partial occlusions. In this paper, a fractal based technique is presented; the face image is partitioned in different regions of interest, each one is indexed by means of an IFS system. A new distance function is then introduced, in order to discard unuseful information. The proposed method turns out to be faster and more robust than other approaches in the state of the art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information systems are essential tools supporting the management of hospital organizations. The demand for availability and integration of data in this field is more and more increasing, basically for absolving two key issues: collecting and merging all the elementary data available for a patient during the hospitalization process, so that physicians and other operators get all the necessary information they need during the process; planning the development of the diagnostic activities/therapeutics to optimize the process. In this perspective, we present a system that integrates a booking subsystem for hospital specialized treatments booking (CUP), a subsystem for the management of the hospitalizations (including First Aid Departments), a subsystem for filing and reporting clinical images, a subsystem for the analysis of radiological images in a unique management environment. Therefore we describe a complete system for the management of an archive of digital dossiers for the patients of a hospital, where diagnostic imaging is a central issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 8 of the book "Evidence-Based Educational Methods" is presented. It provides information on the Competent Learner Model (CLM). It is said that CLM was developed to transfer and utilize the principles and procedures of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), Direct Instruction (DI), and Precision Teaching (PT). One of the reasons for designing the CLM is to encourage the use instructional practices of the three methods. There are seven repertoires that Competent Learners need to deal with problems that were not yet resolve, one of which is writing notes.

The biochemical processes underlying development are ultimately dependent on accurately timed and regionally specific expression of particular genes. The latter fall into many categories, ranging from those specifying nuclear transcription factors through those coding for extracellular signaling molecules and their receptors to genes that determine structural and enzyme molecules that form the basis of morphology. Hybridization histochemistry has proved particularly valuable in defining at cellular levels the sites at which moderate or high concentrations of relevant mRNAs are to be found. The methods have been widely applied to delineating the areas of expression of control genes that define the "address" of cells as belonging to particular regions of the body (e.g., the Hox genes). There is also an extensive literature describing the use of in situ techniques in demonstrating the onset of transcription of genes coding for specific structural proteins, as well as for paracrine or endocrine secretions of hormones and growth factors important during development. Topographical delineation of message allows us to distinguish the cells in which functionally important peptides are synthesized from those on which they exert their physiological effect. Indeed, the additional demonstration of receptor mRNA often makes it possible to define cellular interactions in precise topographical terms, particularly when supportive immunocytochemical evidence of the relevant proteins is available. Besides their important use in monitoring normal developmental processes, techniques of hybridization histochemistry have been widely applied to investigating the expression of transcriptionally active transgenes and, in particular situations, to gain further insight into the phenomenon of imprinting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My association with Beppo lasted about six years, from the Summer of 1950 to the Spring of 1956. It was an intensive, rigorous training in many areas of scientific, historical, literary, inventive, political, and, yes, even artistic human endeavour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italy, mainly pushed by Beppo and Connie, was leading the way in space astronomy in the 1960s —although I suppose nobody would have thought of calling it that, at the time, "instruments" were called "experiments". I gravitated to Milan because of this; in the UK, Ariel V was still a good many years off. Milan was a real powerhouse of satellite experiments, with instruments being prepared for both cosmic and solar gamma ray observations and also cosmic-ray studies. Coming from a cosmic-ray background and from huge ground-based instruments, the miniaturisation and the mass discipline were very new to me, and I learned a great deal from scientists and engineers at the institute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BaR-SPOrt, funded by ASI (Italian Space Agency), is a 32 (90) GHz balloon-borne correlation polarimeter for direct measurements of the Q and U Stokes parameters, with an angular resolution of $0.6^{\circ} (0.2^{\circ}$). Aim of the experiment is the detection of the polarized emission of the diffuse Galactic Background and the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). The most likely launch site is Antarctica (2 to 4-week flight). Kiruna (Sweden, 1-week flight) and Svalbard (Norway, > 1-week flight) are possible launch site to observe the Northern sky. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SPOrt is an experiment aimed at making a polarization survey of the sky in the microwave range (22-90 GHz) on large angular scales (FWHM = $7^{\circ}$). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]