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In the frame of a collaboration between Department of Information technology of the University of Milan and Stem Cells Research Institute of the DIBIT- San Raffaele, Milan, learning methods are under study following known models of the Artificial Neural Networks on human neural stem cells cultured on MEA (Multielectrode Arrays) support. The MEAs are constituted by a glass support where a set of tungsten electrodes are inserted to form a lattice structured by our group following the artificial Hopfield and Kohonen models. In such a way it is possible to electrically stimulate the neurons and to record their reaction, opening the possibility to verify in vivo learning models of the Artificial neural Networks. Neurons are stimulated with digital patterns constituted by bursts of different voltages at the input electrodes, and the electrical output generated by the neurons is analyzed with advanced methods in order to highlight organized answers by the natural neural network. The experiments performed up to now show how neurons react selectively to different patterns and show similar reactions in front of the presentation of identical or similar patterns. These results suggest the possibility of using the learning capabilities of these hybrid networks in different application fields, in particular in bionic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterprise Rights Management (ERM) systems aim to protect disseminated data even after it has been sent to remote locations. Existing systems are based on common components, have similar functionalities and often have two shortcomings: a centralised architecture and a lack of concern for the trust and privacy of data recipients. To access the data, recipients must present their credentials to a policy evaluation authority, which they cannot choose and may not trust. Furthermore, recipients may be unable to access the data if their connection is intermittent or if they are off-line. To address these limitations, we propose PAES: a Policy-based Authority Evaluation Scheme, which combines data protection with a distributed policy evaluation protocol. The result allows us to implement the sticky policies paradigm in combination with trust management techniques. This permits distributing policy evaluation over a flexible set of authorities, simultaneously increasing the resilience of policy enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article profiles the contributors to the book "Ethics in Biomedical Research: International Perspectives," including Richard Ashcroft, Margaret P. Battin and Solomon R. Benatar.

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