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The following article reviews the use of psychophysiological tools in diagnosis and treatment assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Several different psychophysiological systems are described and evaluated in terms of their diagnostic utility. The article further makes recommendations regarding strategies for the use of psychophysiology in future assessment of the disorder and for implementation within virtual reality exposure therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An encyclopedia entry for "Seizures Induced by Movement" is presented. There are some seizures that can be induced by passive or active movement of an extremity or by a startle reaction. Inciting stimulus may be generated by proprioceptive feedback resulting from a movement arising via thalamocortical activation due to alerting combined with a hyperexcitable cortex. Movement-sensitive epilepsy may be linked with startle-induced seizures in patients with lesions of the motor cortex and infantile hemiplegia who have tonic seizures.

An encyclopedia entry for "hyperkeplexia" is presented. It refers to a non-epileptic startle response that is stereotyped in response to an unexpected stimulus. The response is considered normal to a certain degree, but it becomes pathologic when there is an increased frequency or decreased threshold.

A definition of the term "hyperekplexia" is presented. It refers to a congenital human motor disorder which follows autosomal-recessive and dominant traits. Hyperekplexia is associated with startle disease and stiff baby syndrome. Moreover, the startle disease may trigger a sudden loss of postural control that results in unprotected falling. It asserts that mutant alleles of the glycine receptor subunit genes GLRA1 and GLRB have been found to cause hyperekplexia.

The article presents Chapter IX of the short story "Princess Polly at Play." It highlights that Rose Atherton and Harry Grafton hide from Leslie behind a tall shrub in a fine attempt to startle her but they were not able to make Leslie jump. It relates that Rose, Harry, and Leslie ran around the Sherwood cottage to look for the little brook.