Search

The article focuses on gender development in children, discussing topics such as early gender recognition, the theories behind how children learn about gender, and the evolving understanding of gender identity. It explores the limitations of traditional gender development models and highlights the emergence of gender-neutral parenting practices and article also addresses the term "gender dysphoria," examining its use in mental health diagnosis and within the transgender community.

The article focuses on the relationship between gender and biology, discussing topics including the biological differences between male and female bodies, the similarities and differences between male and female brains, the role of sex chromosomes in determining sex, and the functions of testosterone in the human body. It highlights that while there are some average differences between male and female bodies and brains, these differences are often subtle.

ABSTRACT This chapter provides a selective review of nine skeletal and dental lesions that have been used to construct the skeletal database employed in the development of the health index. These lesions are described within a biosocial framework. Change in length of subadult long bones can identify differences in nutrition and health. Linear enamel hypoplasias provide information on the severity and temporal pattern of stress during infancy and childhood. Porotic hyperostosis is a lesion of the skull associated with iron deficiency. Bony responses to bacterial infections are associated with differences in contact with bacteria and the levels of resistance. Patterns of healed fractures indicate activities that include livingon difficult terrain, hazardous occupations, and the extent of warfare and interpersonal violence. Osteoarthritis indicates the degree of regular strenuous activity and quality of life. Dental decay and tooth loss have functional significance for nutritional status. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE Analyses of skeletal remains are providing a unique window onto patterns of health in past human populations. Until very recently the surviving human tissues, most often bones and teeth (and less often skin, hair, and fluids, such as blood), have usually been ignored in historical and prehistoric research, or at best, their analysis was relegated to appendixes of archaeological site reports (Buikstra, 1991). However, archaeologists and historians have begun to realize that human remains are the most direct means for assessment of past biologies and how these biologies interacted with social, political, and economic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3.1.1 The subject of woman as seen by physiologists, anatomists and physicians is complex and multifaceted, because of its contiguity (and coincidence) with spermatology, hysterology, the science of the humours and theories of physical change. It is also very closely related to embryology, which exercises a deep influence on medical discussions about woman, and even determines to some degree the series of problems considered by medieval and Renaissance writers. In the excellent accounts of ancient embryology by Erna Lesky and H. B. Adelmann, this fact is pointed out, and the principal questions are listed: what is the origin of semen? do both sexes produce it? which part of the body develops first in the foetus? what determines sex and resemblance of children to parents? These questions give rise to a set of loci classici which are discussed by Renaissance doctors. 3.1.2 Renaissance medicine is distinct from the medieval discipline not only because of the work of humanists who produce the great editions, indices and commentaries of Aristotle, Hippocrates and Galen in the first half of the sixteenth century, but also because of the growth of experimental anatomy. The work of Andreas Vesalius, Gabriele Falloppio and Realdo Colombo is paralleled in the clinical sphere by the producers of consilia (case histories) and great writers on physiology, among them Jean Fernel. Although most doctors refer to ancient sects (the ‘practici’ who follow Averroes, the ‘peripatetici’, the ‘Galenici’, the ‘methodici’, the ‘empirici’), the vast majority of them are, according to Adelmann, ‘thoroughgoing Galenists at heart’, but influenced to different degrees by Aristotle, Avicenna and Hippocrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]