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"The Secret Syllabus" equips students with the tools they need to succeed, revealing the unwritten rules and cultural norms and expectations not included in the official curriculum. Left to figure out on their own how the academic world works, students frequently stumble, underperform, and miss opportunities. Without mastery of the secret syllabus, too many miss out on the full, rich experience available to them in college. Jay Phelan and Terry Burnham share the essential lessons they have learned from struggling, unfocused students as well as award-winning college instructors and researchers. "The Secret Syllabus" draws on Phelan and Burnham's experiences with thousands of undergraduate and graduate students. Weaving engaging storytelling with practical, actionable advice, they illustrate both productive and counterproductive approaches to achieving academic excellence, and highlight the importance of setting and attaining goals, nurturing strong relationships, developing resiliency, and more. This fresh, funny, and boldly innovative book enables students to develop the consistently winning and effective behaviors that will equip them to thrive on campus and beyond.

This book presents findings of a cross-section of teachers, elementary through college, who have developed ways to enable students to make connections between their lives and the literature they read. The 28 articles are grouped into: (1) a section on the collaborating and creating connection with literature; and (2) a section on the reading and writing connection with literature. The articles are as follows: "Making Connections through Literature" (C. J. Nolan, Jr.); "Developing the Social Conscience through Literature" (P. Smagorinsky); "Connecting with Literature: Activities for 'The Cay' and 'The Bedspread'" (V. L. Olson); "Using Journals and Small Groups to Explore Literature" (J. S. Mink); "Poetry to Engage the Person" (N. Gorrell); "'Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening': A Classroom Experiment in Literary Response" (M. A. Delia); "Making Sense of Poetry through Constructing, Collaborating, and Imitating" (J. Golub); "Literature on the Screen: Film Adaptations in the Classroom" (P. S. Gardner); "The Dinner Party: How to Breathe Life into Literature" (C. C. Livingston); "Portraying and Interpreting Literature through Art" (J. Hamilton); "The Sophocles Connection" (M. Cobb); "Drama as a Way into Poetry" (E. Komar); "Moral Dilemmas and 'Death of a Salesman'" (E. K. Barron and D. N. Sosland); "The Reader's Work: Learning through Enactment" (R. Jenseth); "Ambiguous Texts in Teaching the Reading of Literature" (M. B. Mandel); "Students and Literature: Intimate Friends" (M. H. A. Morrissey); "Engaging Students with Literature" (R. A. Grusko); "A Marriage of Form and Content: Teaching 'Twelve Angry Men'" (K. Hogarty); "Using Junior High Readers' Poetry Preferences in the Classroom" (K. Kutiper and R. F. Abrahamson); "Deconstructing the Multiple-Choice Test" (T. McKendy); "Cowboys, Cowgirls, and Literary Criticism" (A. Sherrill); "Listening: An Invitation to Literacy" (W. R. Clark); "Action Books as Story Retelling Prompts" (G. Bohning); "Writing Poetry in Response to Literature" (P. B. Turk); "Style from the Inside Out" (P. P. Kelly); "Creating Text: Students Connecting with Literature" (L. Christenbury); "Helping Students Discover Their Private Texts" (L. Perkins); and "An Approach to Critical Writing: Begin with Contradictions" (J. Bean-Thompson). (SR)

Stories are a good way to teach students numerous skills from reading comprehension to vocabulary--and this holds true even for special needs students. This book aims to guide teachers and librarians in helping grades 3-5 special education students meet the content standards produced by the National Council of Teachers of English and the International Reading Association. With simple and fun ways to promote books and activities that are both instructionally and emotionally appropriate for students with reading disabilities, this comprehensive guide, organized through Bloom's Taxonomy, can also serve as a companion teaching manual to the works of author Roald Dahl, helping students with genre and author studies--selections include "The Magic Finger,""Fantastic Mr. Fox," and"George's Marvelous Medicine." The guide contains teaching aids that encourage the development of critical thinking skills, as well as sections devoted entirely to increasing vocabulary and preparing for standardized reading tests. The guide can also be used as a college textbook to teach students how to modify regular education material for special needs students. (NKA)

This study used the Multiple Worlds Model, with culture as a central component, to examine adolescents' worlds and the types of transitions they make as they move from one context to another. Material for case studies was obtained from a 3-year research project with 55 adolescents varying in gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, achievement level, immigrant history, and transportation status from 5 desegregated Californian urban high schools. Data collection methods included in-depth interviews, records examination, and shadowing. Findings indicated that there were six distinctive patterns as students made transitions: (1) congruent worlds: smooth transitions (typically, white middle class, high achieving students); (2) different worlds: transitions managed (typically, high achieving minority students); (3) different worlds: transitions difficult (students adapting in some circumstances but not in others); (4) different worlds: transitions resisted (typically low-achieving students); (5) congruent worlds: transitions resisted (students who do exceptionally well on standardized tests but receive poor grades); and (6) different worlds: smooth transitions (students in environments that enable bicultural and blended transcultural identities). The seven case studies illustrate the variety of circumstances and patterns, portraying students' efforts and abilities in making transitions, the types of transitions, the ease and difficulty in navigating various settings, the meanings derived, and the ways meanings combine to impact student engagement in school and learning. (Contains approximately 175 references.) (KB)

Noting that parents raising adolescents need to know when to be quiet and when to act, as well as what to do when something needs to be done, this guide for parents offers guidelines for handling the complex situations and dilemmas that teenagers often present. Topics covered include managing teenage risk-taking, the relationship between parent-teen communication and adolescent safety, and guidelines for specific areas such as clothing and dating. The six sections of the book are: (1) "A Different Planet," identifies normal adolescent behavior; (2) "Communication and Safety," including risk behaviors such as substance experimentation and driving, and four negative parenting tactics--spontaneous problem discussions, nagging, insight transplants, and arguing; (3) "Problems!," discusses the ways in which a parent's state of mind about his or her own life affects interaction with adolescents, and four roles parents play--observer, advisor, negotiator, and director; (4) "Emotional Blackmail," on adolescents' testing and manipulating and ways to manage testing and manipulation; (5) "House Rules," detailing guidelines for specific problems and presenting vignettes of the guidelines in action; and (6) "Ten Years from Now," on likely outcomes for even the most trying adolescent. (HTH)

The 16 essays in this volume address the premise that the success of a college or university related foundation is directly proportional to the strength and quality of its relationship with its host institution. Papers are organized into four sections on: genesis and evolution of institutionally related foundations, their structure and function, critical issues, and perspectives. Papers are: (1) "The Changing Case for Establishing College and University Foundations" (Joseph F. Phelan); (2) "Creating a Successful Institutionally Related Foundation" (Royster C. Hedgepeth); (3) "Growth Patterns of Active Foundations: Lessons for Boards" (Joseph F. Phelan and David T. Shufflebarger); (4) "Starting New or Starting Anew: Organizing with Purpose" (Joseph F. Phelan); (5) "Active Fund-Raising for Active Foundations" (John Lippincott and John K. Martin); (6) "Managing Assets, Part One: The Effective Foundation Investment Committee" (John W. Guy); (7) "Managing Assets, Part Two: Investing and Spending" (David W. Bahlmann); (8) "Capitalizing on the Talents of Foundation Directors" (Anthony R. Kuzneski and Larry R. Panaia); (9) "Funding the Foundation" (Curtis R. Simic and Barbara Coffman); (10) "Building Solid Relationships with the Host Institution" (Thomas R. Popplewell); (11) "The Community College Foundation" (Barbara J. Keener); (12) "The Foundation's Behavior as a Cornerstone of Trust" (Gary A. Ransdell); (13) "Autonomy and Independence: Lessons from the Courts" (Marguerite M. Brown); (14) "The Foundation as an Institutional Resource: A President's View (Thomas C. Meredith); (15) "Fostering Successful Relationships Between Governing Boards and Foundation Boards" (Richard D. Legon); and (16) "At the Horizon and Beyond: Other Issues Worthy of Foundation Board Attention" (David T. Shufflebarger). Appended are results from a 1995 survey of college and university foundations and prototype formats for such items as foundation bylaws and articles of incorporation. (Some essays contain references.) (CH)

This book contains selected papers presented at a working conference, "Cultural Diversity: Implications for Education", held in 1991. The issues explored cover such areas as cultural therapy as a means to enhance student-teacher relationships; the differences in attitude and motivation of immigrant and domestic minority youth; the implications of tracking; the interrelationships of students' family, peer, and school worlds; and second language acquisition and native language loss. The following papers were presented: "Cultural Diversity and Its Implications for Schooling: A Continuing American Dialogue" (Ann Locke Davidson and Patricia Phelan); "The Processes of Culture and Person: Cultural Therapy and Culturally Diverse Schools" (George Spindler and Louise Spindler); "Students' Multiple Worlds: Navigating the Borders of Family, Peer, and School Cultures" (Patrician Phelan, et al.); "Perspectives on Language Maintenance and Shift in Mexican-Origin Students" (Lucinda Pease-Alvarez and Kenji Hakuta); "Hispanic Cultural Psychology: Implications for Education Theory and Research" (Marcelo M. Suarez-Orozco and Carola E. Suarez-Orozco); "Research and Policy in Reconceptualizing Family-School Relationships" (Concha Delgado-Gaitan); "For Teachers: Some Sketches of Curriculum" (Reba Page); "Cultural Diversity and Conflict: The Role of Educational Anthropology in Healing Multicultural America" (Henry T. Trueba); and "The Voices of Professional Educators" (Harry Handler, et al.). References follow chapters. Contains an index. (GLR)

This book is a journal kept over 15 months from January 1987 to March 1988 by a tenured member of the English Department at Ohio State University (OSU). The book is an attempt to convey the quality and texture of life at OSU, with its ups, downs, and level places; its satisfactions, frustrations, and routines; its successes, disappointments, and standoffs. The emphasis of the book is on the events of work life including teaching courses, relationships with students and colleagues, committee work, and research. Each section tries to capture the changing rhythm of work and the author's feelings about its progress. The book occasionally criticizes and occasionally honors the institutional structures of academic life. Influences of family relationships are also discussed. The five sections of the journal have the following titles: "Winter 1987: Juggling--and Wobbling"; "Spring 1987: Recovering--and Gaining Momentum"; "Summer 1987: Pushing Progressing, Mellowing"; "Autumn 1987: Loading Up, Wearing Down, Hanging On"; and "Winter 1988: Searching, Waiting, Steadying." (JB)

This book examines the planets and other objects in space that make up the solar system. It also shows how technology helps students learn about our neighbors in space. The suggested age range for this book is 3-8 with a guided reading level of Q-R. The Fry level is 3.2.

Chapter 6 of the book "Burket's Oral Medicine" is presented. It presents an overview of the clinical features, diagnosis and management of localized nonmalignant growths and tumors of the oral cavity. It discusses the variety of lesions of miscellaneous etiologies which some of them lead to extensive tissue destruction and deformity, if left untreated. It highlights the essential of microscopic examination with the use of biopsy for the identification and management of lesions.

It is only when you notice the bronze bust of Russian space pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky staring at you from the corner of the reception hall at the Institute of Bio-Medical Problems (IBMP) that you realise the staff there are aiming high. Although this large anonymous building situated in the suburbs of Moscow may literally be a world away from Mars, when cosmonauts finally reach its surface they will have done so because of decades of research carried out there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground based high time resolution astronomical (HTRA) observations require specialised detectors. Photon counting detectors that combine high spatial resolution imaging with fast event timing capability have been a significant technical challenge. We have developed a high-temporal and -spatial resolution, high-throughput sealed tube microchannel plate detector with electronic readout as a tool for HTRA applications. The design is based on a 25 mm diameter S20 photocathode followed by a microchannel plate stack, read out by a cross delay line anode with timing and imaging electronics. The detector supports 500 kHz global count rate, 10 kHz /100 μm2/sec local count rate, and 100 ps timing resolution. We also describe high time resolution astronomical observations currently being obtained with the NASA GALEX UV satellite, as well as preliminary visible wavelength imaging results obtained on the Crab pulsar at the Lick Observatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When one spends 108-8.5 euros on a large aperture telescope, it behoves one to make maximal use of the photons concentrated at the focus. One popular path is to use very large focal plane arrays, for a high multiplex advantage; this is a natural driver in extragalactic survey science. The other avenue to efficiency applies to single source science, where a large field of view is not necessary, but energy resolution over a broad wavelength range, high time resolution and, possibly, polarization measurements wring maximum benefit from the collected photons. Cryogenic energy-resolving sensors are proving to be promising detectors for many areas of astronomy. Significant astronomical observations have, in fact, already been made using two detector schemes: Superconducting Tunnel Junction (STJ) and Transition-Edge Sensor (TES). TES instruments, in particular, have found application as bolometric detectors from the sub-mm to the hard X-ray range. We focus here on TES applications in the near IR through UV, reviewing the basic technology and describing current work toward effective imaging arrays. A TES camera using such arrays can address the need for broad-band single source efficiency at large telescopes noted above. A review of early test observations and a description of a few science goals are presented to illustrate this potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigative studies have designed concept instruments for a proposed 42 m European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) facility suite. An ELT will aid, at its most basic level, detection of the faintest stellar sources and instrinsic features, and detailed quantitative analysis of relatively bright sources. The development of such a telescope thus plays to the strengths of high time resolution (HTR) detectors which provide single photon detection capabilities and/or extremely high refresh rates—they can maximize detection of faint sources through photon counting and they can cope with the high photon flux from relatively bright objects building up extremely high S/N. Specific considerations and fast detectors then need to be adopted into the ELT design to accommodate high time resolution astrophysics (HTRA) efficiently. No one instrument or detector can cover all HTRA timescales (nanoseconds to seconds and ‘slower'), and a dedicated facility HTRA instrument on the ELT is unlikely as yet, but chosen facility instruments can include HTRA options in their packages. Currently there are numerous HTRA options in existing telescope facilities around the world as well as many visiting HTRA instruments. This demonstrates an active HTRA community with worldwide support and interest in HTRA observation capabilities, which underscores the need for HTR capabilities to be designed into the ELT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geiger-mode Avalanche Photodiodes (GM-APDs) are establishing themselves as potential candidates for the broad temporal range covered in high time resolution astrophysics (HTRA). These detectors have already been employed in astronomical instrumentation and significant results have been obtained to date. Their high time resolution and quantum efficiency make these single photon event counting detectors ideal for observations of stochastic phenomena, and ultimately for extreme HTRA observations. In this chapter, we review the technology and to illustrate their potential we briefly touch on specific science goals and astronomical applications. We then focus on the fabrication and characterisation of GM-APDs, and discuss the development and challenges posed in designing array devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imaging detectors with high quantum efficiency over a wide spectral range, low noise, and fast readout will prove to be very useful in many applications in astronomy and other fields. In 2005 we have started to develop pnCCDs with high quantum efficiency for fast imaging of single optical photons in the wavelength range ∽350-1100 nm. The concept is based on fully depleted, back-illuminated pnCCDs with a sensitive thickness of 450 μmum which were originally developed for fast single photon X-ray imaging and spectroscopy. The pnCCD with column parallel readout shall be modified such that the on-chip JFET amplifiers are replaced by avalanche amplifier (AA) cells operated in the linear regime with a gain up to a few thousand. An additional on-chip n-channel MOSFET manages the suitable change of impedance such that the resulting signal can be handled by the following CAMEX readout ASICs. The amplification of the avalanche process must be sufficiently low to prevent optical crosstalk between the detector channels. The anticipated format in the imaging area will be of the order of 256× 256 pixels with a size of ∽50 μmum. The frame rate should be as high as 1000 frames per second. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss the advantages and limitations of Electron Multiplying CCD technology in high precision photometry on short timescales, with special emphasis on probing the smallest structures in active galactic jets. Factors external to the EMCCD, rather than the architecture of the EMCCD itself, most often limit the precision of photometry that can be reached with groundbased observations. Although EMCCDs can be used in photon-counting mode, reliable photometry can still only be achieved when careful observing procedures are employed. Observations of a small sample of blazars taken with an EMCCD are briefly discussed. An innovative two-colour photometer, based on simultaneous observations with two EMCCDs is described and the science drivers are discussed. Novel opportunities for the use of EMCCDs in lucky photometry are outlined and it is clear that certain scientific questions cannot be addressed with groundbased observations taken with conventional CCDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical polarization is a valuable diagnostic tool in astrophysics, frequently enabling asymmetries in source regions, magnetic field configurations, and magnetic field strengths to be investigated. In the context of high time resolution astrophysics polarimetry is particularly valuable in understanding the nature of the optical pulsations from pulsars, and whilst the averaged (over many cycles) linear polarization of the Crab nebula pulsar was determined many years ago, no attempts have been made to determine the Stokes vector of single, individual, pulse cycles. This may be very important information in the investigation into the nature of the enhanced optical pulses associated with random giant radio pulses. In the case of the Crab nebula this requires an instrumental response time of no more than 100 μs, and, possibly, the capability of tagging individual photons with nanosecond resolution. This imposes certain constraints on the design of the polarimeter, which rules out all of the popular designs. We describe the design of a novel polarimeter which will be able to meet these constraints.This is based upon a design by Compain and Drevillon [1] in which their design is modified, by the use of a different glass and prism angles, to work over a wide bandwidth of 400-800 nm and with a high polarimetric efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current astronomical instrumentation essentially exploits only spatial or temporal coherence properties of the incoming photon stream. However, beyond this first-order coherence, and encoded in the arrival times of the individual photons, information lies about the details of emission mechanisms such as stimulated emission or of subsequent scattering. The Extremely Large Telescopes of the future could provide the high photon flux needed to export to the astronomical field the photonic techniques currently applied in the laboratory. These ideas were developed in a conceptual study of a focal plane instrument (QuantEYE) for the 100 m OverWhelmingly Large Telescope of the European Southern Observatory. QuantEYE would be a novel astronomical photometer capable to push the time tagging capabilities toward the pico-second region. We are now building a prototype of QuantEYE for the Asiago 182 cm telescope (AquEYE), to be followed by a larger instrument for existing 8-10 m telescopes. This paper expounds the adopted technological solutions and the first steps performed to develop such a prototype [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The HIgh-Time resolution (HIT) mode of FORS2 has 3 sub-modes that allow for imaging and spectroscopy over a range of timescales from milliseconds up to seconds. It is the only high time resolution spectroscopy mode available on an 8 m class telescope. In imaging mode, it can be used to measure the pulse of pulsars and spinning white dwarfs in a variety of high throughput broad- and narrow-band filters. In spectroscopy mode it can take up to 10 spectra per second using a novel "shift-and-wait" clocking pattern for the CCD. It takes advantage of the user-designed masks which can be inserted into FORS2 to allow any two targets within the 6.8' × 6.8' field of view of FORS2 to be selected. A number of integration, or more precisely ‘wait', times are available, which together with the high throughput GRISMs can observe the entire optical spectrum on a range of timescales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-speed photo-polarimeter, "OPTIMA" short for Optical Pulsar Timing Analyzer, has been designed and developed in the group for gamma-ray astronomy of the Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik. This sensitive, portable detector is used to observe optical emissions of sources that radiate mainly at X- and gamma-ray energies, like pulsars and other highly variable compact sources. The single photon counting instrument is based on fiber fed avalanche photodiodes (APDs), a GPS timing receiver,a CCD camera for target acquisition and a stand-alone data acquisition and control system. Several configurations are available: for photometry a hexagonal bundle with seven channels and one fiber offset for sky background monitoring; for polarimetry a rotating polarization filter in front of the photometer or a newly developed 4-channel double Wollaston system; and for coarse spectroscopy a 4-colour prism spectrograph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum optics potentially offers an information channel from the Universe beyond the established ones of imaging and spectroscopy. All existing cameras and all spectrometers measure aspects of the first-order spatial and/or temporal coherence of light. However, light has additional degrees of freedom, manifest in the statistics of photon arrival times, or in the amount of photon orbital angular momentum. Such quantum-optical measures may carry information on how the light was created at the source, and whether it reached the observer directly or via some intermediate process. Astronomical quantum optics may help to clarify emission processes in natural laser sources and in the environments of compact objects, while high-speed photon-counting with digital signal handling enables multi-element and long-baseline versions of the intensity interferometer. Time resolutions of nanoseconds are required, as are large photon fluxes, making photonic astronomy very timely in an era of large telescopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter asks what high time resolution can bring to the study of stellar pulsation, with particular focus on the pulsations of subdwarf B stars. We give a brief introduction to the different types of pulsation found in stars, and identify which short-period oscillations might benefit from high-speed observations. We describe the basic properties of radial and non-radial oscillations, their effect on the stellar surface and emitted flux, and the consequences for the observer. The particular case of non-radial oscillations in subdwarf B stars and their potential for asteroseismology is outlined. Various campaigns to obtain high time resolution spectroscopy and photometry, and hence to identify pulsation modes in subdwarf B stars, are described in more detail. We close with a brief summary of problems in stellar pulsation likely to benefit from advances in high time resolution technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large surveys and sensitive instruments of modern astronomy are turning ever more examples of variable objects, many of which are extending the parameter space to testing theories of stellar evolution and accretion. Future projects such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will only add more challenging candidates to this list. Understanding such objects often requires fast spectroscopy, but the trend for ever larger detectors makes this difficult. In this contribution I outline the science made possible by high-speed spectroscopy, and consider how a combination of the well-known progress in computer technology combined with recent advances in CCD detectors may finally enable it to become a standard tool of astrophysics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of pulsars in 1968 heralded an era where the temporal characteristics of optical detectors had to be reassessed. Up to this point detector integration times would normally be measured in minutes rather seconds and definitely not on sub-second time scales. At the start of the 21st century pulsar observations are still pushing the limits of detector/telescope capabilities. Flux variations on times scales less than 1 nsec have been observed during giant radio pulses. Pulsar studies over the next 10-20 years will require instruments with time resolutions below a microsecond, high-quantum quantum efficiency, reasonable energy resolution and sensitive to circular possible and linear polarisation of stochastic signals. This chapter is a review of temporally resolved optical observations of pulsars. It concludes with estimates of the observability of pulsars with both existing telescopes and into the ELT era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cataclysmic Variables (CVs) show a wide range of time-dependent phenomena which make them ideal objects of study with high time-resolution instruments. The most rapid timescales observed in CVs are of the order of a few seconds, and thus CVs are relatively slow objects compared to some phenomena studied by the high time-resolution community. However, the rich and varied processes which occur in CVs make high time-resolution observations powerful tests of cutting-edge astrophysics. Here we present a review of high time-resolution observations of CVs to date, and underline their relevance to modern astrophysics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]