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This monograph contains 10 plant pathology experiments that were written to correspond to portions of a biology curriculum. Each experiment is suitable to a biology topic and designed to encourage exploration of those biological concepts being taught. Experiments include: (1) The Symptoms and Signs of Disease; (2) Koch's Postulates; (3) Monoculture and Disease Epidemics; (4) Plant Parasitic Nematodes from Soil; (5) Fungi from Soil; (6) Classification of Powdery Mildews; (7) Halo Blight of Bean; (8) Pectic Enzymes That Destroy Plant Cell Structure; (9) The First Virus Discovered--Tobacco Mosaic Virus; and (10) Plant Tumors Are Genetically Engineered by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Background information and safety and waste disposal information, are also included. (WRM)

Comprehensive technical reference information is provided for those responsible for the design, construction, renovation, or maintenance of sports grounds. Chapters illustrate specific design elements of all popular sports facilities, and explain how those elements are integrated in a successful project; explore commonly encountered sports field problems, and suggest appropriate solutions; follow the sequence of steps for construction or renovation of facilities; and provide practical guidance for continuing maintenance programs. The manual is divided into three general growing zones in North America to account for the different growing climates and characteristics of turfgrass needs. Also included are a review of procedures and equipment currently in use to evaluate the quality and safety of a sports field; and miscellaneous related topics that include stadium management, sand fields, turf paints and covers, and research that is likely to have a substantial impact on the future of sports fields. (GR)

The plants that dominate California’s annual grasslands and the understory of the oak woodlands have different life cycles from most of the world’s rangelands. This publication delves morphological and physiological changes associated with annual and perennial life cycles, photosynthesis and carbohydrate storage, and the effect of grazing on individual plants of California’s annual-dominated rangelands in the Coast Range and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains.

Chapter nine of the book "The Complete Guide to Working With Worms: Using the Gardener's Best Friend for Organic Gardening and Composting," by Wendy M. Vincent is presented. It explains the benefits of vermicompost to plant health and growth and several ways to use worms and worm products in the garden including top dressing, seedbeds, and transplants. It also mentions the things to keep in mind when using the vermicastings and the steps in making worm tea which is highly benecial in the garden.

Chapter 8 of the book "Complete Guide to Pruning Trees and Bushes: Everything You Need to Know Explained Simply" is presented. It mentions the four classification groups of deciduous trees as well as the four types of deciduous leaves including smooth, finely toothed, and sharp pointed. It discusses the factors that should be considered when pruning young deciduous trees which include waiting for their second year, gradual approach, and avoiding pink-colored growths.

Chapter 7 of the book "Complete Guide to Pruning Trees and Bushes: Everything You Need to Know Explained Simply" is presented. It offers information on the other pruning methods which include pollarding, coppicing, and pleaching. It mentions pollarding, which is known as tree shaping and to create manicured style, is use in American cities like San Francisco, California. Meanwhile, coppicing enables growth of multiple stems from the plant's trunk, while pleaching can be used to create a canopy.

Chapter 6 of the book "Complete Guide to Pruning Trees and Bushes: Everything You Need to Know Explained Simply" is presented. It offers information on the procedures to perform the basic pruning methods, which include pinching, shearing, and root pruning. It says that pinching off actively growing end buds enables the growth of a bushier plant. Shearing process stimulates dormant buds, while root pruning prepares plants for transplanting and slows their growth.

The article discusses the nature of tabletop gardens which are growing spaces for several plants. It emphasizes that in tabletop gardens which serve as decorative living elements in a room, plants should not be deprived of air and not get too moist. It stresses the need to be familiar with the plants and its growing needs. It asserts that some plants that grow nicely inside tray gardens with decorative stones and beach shells include the Baby's tears, Wooly thyme, and Mondo grass.

The article discusses the methods to propagate house plants. It emphasizes that to start growing plants in biodegradable way, peat pots can be considered. It asserts that plants can be grown from seeds, stem cuttings, or from plant parts called vegetative propagation. It stresses that the air layering method is ideal for plants with woody stems.

The article discusses the flowers to choose in growing them at home. It emphasizes that before purchasing seeds, it is helpful to check the needs of the plant. It stresses that blooming plants to choose from include the flowering maple, flamingo flower, and begonias. It asserts that one can also choose bromeliads as they grow heartily when given generous amounts of fertilizer in the summer seasons.

The article discusses the components to be considered in growing herbs, fruits, and vegetables indoors. It emphasizes the need to ensure that the plants are getting enough sun or not too much. It stresses that growing fruits and herbs in kitchen is possible as long as the right growing conditions, primarily temperature and sunlight, are available. It stresses that those who like to grow herbs, fruits, and vegetables indoors should also consider the soil mix requirements for growing foods.

The article discusses the aspects to consider in choosing the right plant for one's home. It emphasizes that the right houseplant can give off exotic energy to bedrooms, halls, entryways. It stresses that in purchasing plants, their health is an important component in plant care. It asserts that one should also choose those that are easy to work with and grow such as the snake plant, paper plant, and Swiss cheese plant.

The article discusses the soil and fertilization needs of houseplants. It emphasizes that quality potting soil is needed by houseplants as they cannot send their roots deep into the soil to get their water and food. It stresses that putting some additives, such as peat moss, composted plant materials, and sand, into the potting soil create ideal root-growing conditions for several household plants. It asserts that plants need nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium which are found in fertilizers.

The article discusses the elements needed by houseplants to survive. It emphasizes that plants needs the right amount of water and light. It stresses that watering requirements of plants can be lightly moist for those plant's soil that does not need to be wet or fully dry or moderately moist for those that need moisture often. It asserts that the amount of light a plant gets can determine the amount of food it receives and whether the plant will produce flowers in its blooming period.

An introduction to the book "Back to Basics Growing: The Complete Guide to Keeping Your Houseplants Alive & Thriving: Everything You Need to Know Explained Simply" is presented.

The article discusses the means to select a site for growing tomatoes and improve the soil. It emphasizes that the key to choose the best site for tomato plants is planning ahead. It asserts that selecting a site to grow the plants should consider a minimum of six to eight hours of sunlight per day, wind protection, and those that offer the best defense against soil erosion. It also stresses the need to consider soil acidity and test the soil to identify appropriate amendments.

The article discusses the watering requirements for windowsill gardens. It tackles the significance of determining the proper amount of water for windowsill plants. It also mentions the effects of humidity and offers several techniques for adding more moisture to indoor air. The potential impact of over watering or poor soil drainage to plants are noted.

The article discusses the sunshine or artificial light requirements for houseplants and windowsill garden. It tackles the importance of determining the amount of light for windowsill plants. It also mentions the potential effects of inadequate lighting on the growth of these plants which include susceptibility to diseases, slower development and significant leaf loss.

The article discusses plant species identification methods. These methods include the mode of growth which may be affected by factors like grazing or mowing, flower colours, features and arrangement, leaf colour, texture and shape, the fruit and distribution. Samples are presented along with pictures and descriptions.

Plant growth-promoting bacteria that contain the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase facilitate plant growth and development by decreasing plant ethylene levels, especially following a variety of environmental stresses. In this review, the physiological basis for this growth-promotion effect is examined in some detail. In addition, models are presented that endeavour to explain (i) the seemingly paradoxical effects of ethylene on a plant΄s response to stress, (ii) how the expression of this enzyme is transcriptionally regulated in many bacterial strains and (iii) how ACC deaminase-containing plant growth-promoting bacteria alter plant gene expression and positively modulate plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 15 of the book "Uncovering Student Ideas in Science: 25 More Formative Assessment Probes," Vol. 2, by Page Keeley, Francis Eberle, and Joyce Tugel is presented. It explores the assessment probe used by the teachers to evoke students' ideas about food and plants. It highlights the food and nutrients needed by plants to grow.

Chapter 14 of the book "Uncovering Student Ideas in Science: 25 More Formative Assessment Probes," Vol. 2, by Page Keeley, Francis Eberle, and Joyce Tugel is presented. It explores the assessment probe used by the teachers to evoke students' ideas about plant growth. It highlights the difference between the growth of plants that grows in the light and the dark.

The ability to regenerate whole plants from cryopreserved, meristematic shoot tissues provides a useful method for conserving plant genetic resources. This technique is especially important for vegetatively propagated species, or, for plants that produce recalcitrant seeds. Within this chapter, methodology is presented for those vegetative, meristematic tissues (apical and axillary shoot-tips, nodes, and buds) that have the potential to develop new shoots and regenerate whole plants after cryogenic storage. The term "shoot meristem" is frequently used erroneously in the context of cryopreservation. The shoot meristem is anatomically defined as a structure that contains the apical dome, and the youngest, unexpanded leaf primordia directly associated with the dome meristem. In practice, it is the larger shoot-tip used in "meristem cryopreservation." This structure comprises the meristem apex, subjacent tissue, and several larger, and often expanded, leaf primordia. Shoot-tip size and origin (e.g., apical or axillary) are critical factors in influencing the ability of tissues to survive cryopreservation. It is also possible to freeze nodal stem cuttings containing an axillary meristem and the dormant, and/or cold hardened buds of woody perennial species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloroplast thylakoids are the site of photosynthetic light reactions, electron transport, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) reduction in plant cells. Isolated thylakoids are therefore the necessary prerequisite for many in vitro studies of photosynthetic mechanisms. They are also used to elucidate aspects of photosynthetic responses to freezing, chilling, heat, and high light stress. For many of these studies it is important to work with membranes of closely similar properties over extended periods of time to facilitate direct comparisons of the results. The pigment, protein, and lipid composition of thylakoid membranes, however, vary with plant growth conditions (1-3). Even the solute permeability properties of thylakoids are significantly different between warm-and cold-grown spinach plants (4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 4 of the book "Handbook of Precision Farming: Principles and Applications" is presented. In 1840, German chemist Justus von Liebig identified mineral elements as essential factors for plant growth. The phenology of the sulfur supply of oilseed rape is one example of the spatial variation of plant-available nutrients. Two factors affecting the adjustment of nutrient balances include the accuracy of the methods used to quantify the contribution from the soil, the physiological requirement of the plant, and the losses to the environment, and the spatial variability of soil fertility parameters.

A method for synthesizing grammatical models of natural plants is presented. It is an attempt at solving the inverse problem of generating the model that best describes a plant growth process, presented in a set of 2D pictures. A geometric study is undertaken before translating it into grammatical meaning; a genetic algorithm, coupled with a deterministic rule generation algorithm, is then applied for navigating through the space of possible solutions. Preliminary results together with a detailed description of the method are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers guidelines on planting willow. Willow cut rods are reportedly best stored with their butts standing in water, preferably in the shade, to prevent dehydration. Weaving is used to keep a structure's shape and to fill in open parts of it. Tying rods together, according to the article, bolsters a structure, and that new growth can be woven into the same. Tips on pruning willow to promote new growth are also discussed.

Chapter 24 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter describes cotton and its production in the U.S. The Gossypium barbadense or Sea Island cotton grows on the Sea Island along the coast of South Carolina. Cotton is considered as tap-root plant because of the ability of its roots to deeply penetrate loose and subsoil and grows up to five or six feet high.

The article focuses on the MADS-box factors, which regulate diverse processes like development, in hermaphrodite flower development. The MADS-box factors share a highly conserved domain of 57 amino acids, known as the MADS-box, which binds DNA. Plant MADS-box factors are expressed in the roots and aerial parts, implicating them in both vegetative and reproductive plant development. In spite of this diversity of expression, most of the known MADS-box genes are expressed in the flower and those involved in flower development have been studied most extensively. The MADS-box transcription factors mediate floral meristem identity, floral organ identity and various other aspects of flower development. Although the MADS-factors are best characterized as central regulators of floral organ identity, the biological function of the majority currently remains unclear. The use of genetic, reverse genetic and transgenic approaches is enabling functions to be assigned to increasing numbers of the MADS-box factors in a diverse range of developmental processes. The MADS-box transcription factors bind DNA as either homo or heterodimers. Generally speaking, the MADS domain is responsible for DNA-binding while the remainder of the protein is involved in protein-protein interactions.

The article offers suggestions and instructions for mathematics teacher on enhancing awareness of measurement and graphing among students. It is mentioned that students are asked to grow plants in classroom. Also it is discussed that the students are asked to keep scientific journals to keep record of growing plant.

The article offers information on how to take care of plants. It states that the removal of dead leaves, stems, debris from the plant and the top soil prevents plant diseases and improve the plant's appearance. Moreover, using commercial plant stakes, wooden chopsticks, toothpicks or similar rigid objects such as splints will help the plant grow straight.

The article focuses on the importance of rooting in creating new plants. It provides step by step instruction in propagating plants through rooting which include the use of sharp knife in cutting a section of the plant that has healthy stem and leaves, setting the plant in rooting medium and applying hormone powder to encourage the growth of roots, and placing the cutting in indirect light. It states that rooting cutting in water is an advantage since the root's length can easily be seen.

A science experiment to study the growth of a plants from a potato and a sweet potato is presented. A list of materials is provided along with specific procedures and safety considerations. It is concluded that the potato is a tuber, a thickened part of a stem, which has many eyes from which new potato plants can be grown.

The article offers step-by-step instructions on growing plant cuttings.

The article presents a science experiment to help school children in understanding how a bean seed becomes a bean plant, and growth of a different parts of a plant like roots and stem. A list of materials including a pop bottle planter and lima beans, is provided. Preparation instructions, specific procedures, and discussion topics, are also presented.