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Digital in-line holography is a suitable method for measuring three dimensional (3D) velocity fields. Such a system records directly on a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera a couple of diffraction patterns produced by small particles illuminated by a modulated laser diode. The numerical reconstruction is based on the wavelet transformation method. A 3D particle field is reconstructed by computing the wavelet components for different scale parameters. The scale parameter is directly related to the axial distance between a given particle and the CCD camera. The particle images are identified and localized by analyzing the maximum of the wavelet transform modulus (WTMM) and the equivalent diameter of the particle image (Deq). Afterwards, a 3D point-matching (PM) algorithm is applied to the pair of sets containing the 3D particle locations. In the PM algorithm, the displacement of the particles is modeled by an affine transformation. This affine transformation is based on the use of the dual number quaternions. Afterwards, the velocity-field extraction is performed. This system is tested with simulated particle field displacements and the feasibility is checked with an experimental displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The filtration in the automotive industry is diverse. Many filters are used either for the filtration of air or liquid in the tank, engine or cabine. This paper will focus on air filtration and more specifically on engine air filtration. After a brief presentation of the basic filtration principles, the filtration technologies used in this field of the automotive industry will be reviewed. Then, in a last part, the testing methodologies will be described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal immobilization away from metabolically active sites within the cell represents the last step in both the homeostasis of metals and the detoxification of metal in excess. Assessment of the importance of this step requires having access to the in vivo speciation of metals. Evolving techniques have made it possible to acquire more reliable in situ profiling of: (i) spatio-temporal accumulation of metal, (ii) characterization of the metal-ligands complexes and determination of the structure of the different bio-ligands involved. The chapter "metal immobilization: where and how?" presents the role of different metal-chelators in plants, based on examples from works using non-invasive techniques and genetic approaches at both the whole plant, cellular and subcellular levels. The aim of the chapter is to give a survey of the key molecules and processes involved in metal immobilization in plants, on the basis of direct and robust evidences of the in vivo speciation of metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new learning method is proposed to build Support Vector Machines (SVM) Binary Decision Function (BDF) of reduced complexity, efficient generalization and using an adapted hybrid color space. The aim is to build a fast and efficient SVM classifier of pixels. The Vector Quantization (VQ) is used in our learning method to simplify the training set. This simplification step maps pixels of the training set to representative prototypes. A criterion is defined to evaluate the Decision Function Quality (DFQ) which blends recognition rate and complexity of a BDF. A model selection based on the selection of the simplification level, of a hybrid color space and of SVM hyperparameters is performed to optimize this DFQ. Search space for selecting the best model being huge. Our learning method uses Tabu Search (TS) metaheuritics to find a good sub-optimal model on tractable times. Experimental results show the efficiency of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG), heparan sulfate (HS), and heparin are a polydisperse mixture of linear polysaccharides composed of glucosamine residues 1→ 4 linked to uronic acid residues. The major repeating unit in heparin is → 4)-α-D-N-sulfoglucosamine-6-sulfate (1? 4)-α-L-iduronic acid-2-sulfate (1?, corresponds to 75-90% of its sequence (1) (seeFig. 1A), whereas heparan sulfate consists of 50-75% ? 4)α-D-N-acetylglucosamine (1? 4)-β-glucuronic acid (1? and smaller amounts of → 4)-α-D-N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfate (1? 4)-β-D-glucuronic acid (1? and ? 4)α-D-N-sulfoglucosamine (1? 4)-β-D-glucuronic acid (1? (seeFig. 1B). Heparin, which contains approx 2.7 sulfate groups per disaccharide unit, is more highly sulfated than HS, which contains less than one sulfate per disaccharide unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functionalized reverse micelles are used to control the size of the CdS semiconductor particles. We show, in dilute solution, that the use of mixed sodium-cadmium AOT reverse micelles favors the formation of monodispersed particles. By increasing the water content, the size of the particle increases, and it maintains a high monodispersity. The increase of the water pool concentration and the amount of cadmium ions induces an increase in the size and in the polydispersity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]