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A variety of topics on human development is covered in this annual report. The 11 articles are: (1) "Young Children's Personifying and Vitalistic Biology" (Kayoko Inagaki and Giyoo Hatano); (2) "Acoustic Analysis of Natural Maternal Speech to Preschool Language Impaired and Normal Children" (Debora L. Scheffel and Murray Alpert); (3) "Comprehension, Imitation, and Production of Simple Sentences in Mentally Retarded Individuals" (Toshiharu Matsumoto and Takashi Furutsuka); (4) "Early Intervention for Children with Developmental Disorders with Emphasis on Their Relationship with the Caregivers" (Takashi Furutsuka and Yuki Tanaka); (5) "On the Developmental Origin of Human Handedness" (Brian Hopkins); (6) "Dynamics of Self-Organization in Human Locomotion" (Richard E. A. van Emmerik and Richard C. Wagenaar); (7) "A Natural Physical Perspective on the Development of Infant Eye-hand Coordination: A Search for the Laws of Control" (Geert J. P. Savelsbergh and John van der Kamp); (8) "Development of Coordination of Spontaneous Leg Movements" (Julliette Vaal and others); (9) "The Role of Strength in the Development of Reaching" (Lia Out and Geert J. P. Savelsbergh); (10) "Are There Phase Transitions in the Development of Eye-hand Coordination?" (Raymond H. Wimmers and others); and (11) "Exploring Exploration in the Development of Action" (John van der Kamp and Geert J. P. Savelsbergh). References are included with each article. (TJQ)

This book has an aim to present latest applications, trends and developments of virtual reality technologies in three humanities disciplines: in medicine, psychology and pedagogy. Studies show that people in both educational as well as in the medical therapeutic range expect more and more that modern media are included in the corresponding demand and supply structures. For the Internet and various mobile media, associated research and application projects now have fixed key words such as "E-learning" and "E-Mental Health" or "M-Learning", "M-Mental Health". This book aims to contribute to the current state of the corresponding efforts in the area of further promising technology--the Virtual Reality--designed to give an overview and secondly to provide a stimulus on specific projects, associated with the hope of giving to scientists and practitioners from the humanities an impulse for their own (further-) development, evaluation and implementation of various VR scenarios in the education and health sectors. This book contains the following chapters: (1) Being There: Understanding the Feeling of Presence in a Synthetic Environment and its Potential for Clinical Change (Giuseppe Riva and Fabrizia Mantovani); (2) Virtual Realities in the Treatment of Mental Disorders: A Review of the Current State of Research (Christiane Eichenberg and Carolin Wolters); (3) Games for Health: Have Fun with Virtual Reality! (Birgit U. Stetina, Anna Felnhofer, Oswald D. Kothgassner and Mario Lehenbauer); (4) Description of a Treatment Manual for in virtuo Exposure with Specific Phobia (Stephane Bouchard, Genevieve Robillard, Serge Larouche and Claudie Loranger); (5) Virtual Reality and Body Dissatisfaction Across the Eating Disorder's Spectrum (Annie Aime, Karine Cotton, Tanya Guitard and Stephane Bouchard); (6) A Discussion of the Use of Virtual Reality in Dementia (Linda Garcia, Adi Kartolo and Eric Methot-Curtis); (7) Virtual Reality--A New Era in Surgical Training (C.E. Buckley, E. Nugent, D. Ryan and P.C. Neary); (8) Virtual Reality Simulation: A Valuable Adjunct to Surgical Training (Bernadette McElhinney, Angela Beard, Krishnan Karthigasu and Roger Hart); (9) Virtual Rehabilitation and Training for Postural Balance and Neuromuscular Control (Kristiina Valter McConville); (10) Applications of Virtual Reality Technology in Brain Imaging Studies (Ying-hui Chou, Carol P. Weingarten, David J. Madden, Allen W. Song and Nan-kuei Chen); (11) Cybertherapy in Medicine--Experience at the Universidad Panamericana, IMSS and ISSSTE Mexico (Jose Luis Mosso, Gregorio T. Obrador, Brenda Wiederhold, Mark Wiederhold, Veronica Lara and Amador Santander); (12) Using Augmented Reality Cognitive Artifacts in Education and Virtual Rehabilitation (Claudio Kirner, Christopher Shneider Cerqueira and Tereza Goncalves Kirner); and (13) Virtual Environments for Children and Teens (Jamshid Beheshti).

This offers advice on the health benefits of regular physical activity. It includes a scientifically proven fitness test to determine one's starting point and monitor ongoing progress, offering step-by-step instructions, sample programs, and insights on nutrition, weight control, motivation, and overcoming setbacks. Seven chapters examine: (1) "An Active Lifestyle" (e.g., lifetime benefits of exercise, exercising for health, aerobic fitness, and longevity); (2) "Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Health" (e.g., the exercise-energy relationship, weight and body composition goals, ergogenic aids, and eating and exercise); (3) "Getting Ready to Exercise" (e.g., natural history of healthy behavior change, permanent time requirements of regular exercise, and a self-assessment plan); (4) "Assessing Your Fitness: The ACSM Fitness Test" (e.g., why fitness testing is a good idea, and creating a personal fitness profile); (5) "Beginning Exercises" (e.g., aerobic fitness, muscular fitness, body composition, and flexibility); (6) "The ACSM Fitness Program" (e.g., how it works, exercising safely and wisely, and ACSM fitness programs and logs); and (7) "Staying Active" (e.g., maintaining motivation, establishing a routine, and charting progress). (SM)

This lesson book presents the curriculum of the Rock and Water program, which aims to assist boys in their development to adulthood by emphasizing the importance of being conscious of their own power and responsibility within society. The program focuses on the process of growth to adulthood via five steps: (1) self defense; (2) standing up for oneself; (3) awareness of personal possibilities, qualities, and responsibilities; (4) the inner compass: directing personal development and forces within; and (5) the inner undercurrent: awareness of connectedness and solidarity. Lessons one through eight are suitable for both boys and girls from 10 years of age. In these lessons, the Rock and Water principles are introduced, and the pupils are taught the power of standing strong. Each lesson deals with one of the following themes: breathing strength, body language, boundaries and intuition. Lessons 9 to 13, more suitable for pupils from age 14, are gender specific and aimed toward boys. These lessons deal with mental strength and address issues of: group pressure, bullying, concentration, visualization, self confidence, the inner compass, the Three Steps Plan, and sexuality. The lesson book's appendix contains a separate lesson that focuses on assisting children in dealing with a threatening group of peers. (SD)

This idea book on remedial physical education is divided into four sections. Each section contains drawings and brief explanations on ways to adapt physical education for the physically handicapped. The first section covers homemade equipment for developing muscular strength and endurance in specific muscles. Also included are resistive exercises for general body development for students with restricted use of a limb. The second section presents of adaptable ideas that make it possible for students to participate, to some degree, in a few of the more popular sports and activities (badminton, golf, bowling, archery, and ping pong). The third section contains two examples of instructional aids that can be made in order to communicate ideas related to body musculature and how it can be developed and maintained through exercise. The last section contains suggestions for encouraging students to continue participating to their limits in a conditioning program. Ideas include tests and charts to show student progress, information about the effects of exercise on the body, and information on how exercise can be used to develop and maintain physical fitness and recognition in activities generally participated in by all. (PB)

The 10-volume "Health Facts" series is intended to supplement health education curricula and to provide a handy reference for individuals who would like additional background information on particular health topics. The emphasis is placed on topics and examples relevant to youth of middle and high school age. The five sections in this book provide teachers with the basic facts about: exercise and exercise programs; the health and physiological benefits of exercise; the prevalent measures of physical fitness; activities that promote physical endurance, flexibility, and strength; and the relationship between fitness and nutrition. An easy to read reference format offers clear, concise data intended to familiarize educators with the most important facts about the issues and concerns. A glossary, a list of resources, and 38 references complete the volume. (LL)

Three articles examine the Asia Youth Health Related Fitness Test proposed by the Asia Regional Board of the International Council for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sport and Dance. The articles look at test results on fitness levels and knowledge from Japan, China, and Hong Kong. (SM)

This guide is designed to serve as a resource for developing strength training programs for children. Chapter 1 uses research findings to explain why strength training is appropriate for children. Chapter 2 explains some of the important physiological concepts involved in children's growth and development as they apply to developing strength training programs. Chapter 3 describes the concerns that should be addressed when developing a child's strength training program. Chapter 4 explains the specific components of program design, and chapter 5 explains how to teach resistance exercises to children. In Chapter 6 more than 100 resistance exercises are explained and illustrated; the exercise descriptions, grouped according to the body part that is strengthened, include starting position, movement, spotting and safety, and specification of muscles strengthened. Chapter 7 incorporates the exercises into basic training programs for 16 different sports and activities. Each chapter contains a reference list of additional readings. A glossary of strength training terms is included. (ND)

The sport of artistic gymnastics is viewed from a multidisciplinary point of view. The training, performance, and judgment of the sport undergo specialized study of interest to sport scientists, teachers, coaches, and athletes. Organized into five major sections, the book presents such themes as the psychological, physiological, biomechanical, aesthetic, and judgmental aspects of gymnastics. Each section contains practical problems that have been encountered by a group of internationally qualified gymnasts, coaches, and judges. Discussed are important issues in gymnastics such as chronic medical problems, sources of energy expenditure, development of enriched psychological environments, biomechanical misconceptions, persistent problems in skill learning, development of strength and flexibility, aesthetic laws of gymnastics, and evaluation of gymnastic judging. Explanations in several of these areas are punctuated with tables, figures, photographs, and graphs. (Author/JMF)

This book presents the major analytical techniques that may be used in the appraisal of human movement. Chapter 1 is devoted to the photopgraphic analysis of movement with particular emphasis on cine filming. Cine film may be taken with little or no restriction on the performer's range of movement; information on the film is permanent and detailed; and the filmed activity may be viewed in slow motion or frozen at any point. A survey is provided of techniques available in modern cine analysis for the reader who proposes to carry out his own filming analysis. Chapter 2 explores the recording of movement without photography. All of the nonphotographic techniques have one feature in common: they can produce useful recordings of the movement as it occurs in real time. The discussion considers theoretical aspects of movement recording and states that in designing a study of human movement it is essential to be clear about which parameters of the movement are to be analyzed and for what purpose. In chapter 3, the computer simulation technique for studying the mechanics of human motion is discussed with emphasis upon simulation of sport. An examination of existing models illustrates the type of research presently being undertaken, and a detailed discussion (including a glossary of terms) is given for each of the steps necessary to implement a computer simulation study. Electromyography, Chapter 4, indicates when the muscles are electrically active. It is one of the few techniques available for internal analysis of movement activity. Chapter 5 deals with instruments that measure the force exerted by man on his environment used in the assessment of certain athletic activities such as weight-lifting. (MM)

This text is designed for university-level foundations of physical education courses that incorporate student participation in alternate lecture and laboratory sessions. The material is presented so that each individual might evaluate his present level of physical fitness, might carefully consider all the information available, and then make an educated decision with regard to the importance of physical activity in his life. Each chapter begins with a questionnaire designed to determine students' attitudes and present level of knowledge. Discussion, suggestions for laboratory activities, further references, and summary activities follow. Photographs and charts supplement the text throughout. Chapter headings include: the cardiovascular system; cardiovascular disease and risk factors; physical fitness; cardiovascular endurance; strength; muscular endurance; flexibility; exercise; diet and weight control; exercise and health; skill and motor ability; existing exercise programs; relative value of various activities in the development of physical fitness; and developing an exercise program. (MM)

This manual is intended for use in college-level courses in structural kinesiology; mechanical kinesiology is introduced only briefly. The first chapter introduces the bases for structural kinesiology. Subsequent chapters are organized according to the areas of the body to be studied (e.g., the shoulder girdle, the shoulder joint, the elbow joint, the wrist and fingers, the hip joint, the knee joint, the ankle and foot, and the trunk) and according to areas of muscular analysis. The last chapter details some factors affecting motion and movement. Each is fully illustrated with diagrams, charts, and photographs. A typical chapter identifies the skeletal location of the muscle groups to be studied, describes the range of movement of these muscles, and describes each distinct muscle according to origin, insertion, action, palpation, observation, and exercise. Laboratory and review exercises conclude each chapter. Unlabeled skeletal diagrams are included as work-pages for practice in locating and identifying muscles. A list of selected references is appended. (MM)

This book concentrates on activities to meet the needs of children and adults who are deficient in basic physical fitness components, who are handicapped in some respect: posture faults, poor flexibility, weight problems, or other inadequacies which interfere with their effective participation in physical education activities. It stresses procedures for developing muscular strength and circulatory-respiratory endurance. Evaluation methods and application of research findings are offered. Chapters are included that explain orthopedic, neurological, medical, sensory, surgical, and mental and psychological disorders and disabilities showing how to deal with them. (Author)

The need for physical activity to maintain good health is emphasized in this book. Regular exercise and a balanced diet are regarded as being of prime importance. The nutritional and caloric values of various diets are discussed in relation to their energy producing potential as well as their effect on body weight. Photographs, charts, and line drawings accompany the text. A list of sports and their relative effectiveness in promoting physical fitness is appended. (JD)

Concepts of measurement in physical education are presented in this college-level text to enable the preservice physical education major to develop skills in determining pupil status, designing effective physical activity programs, and measuring student progress. Emphasis is placed upon discussion of essential statistical methods, test administration, and application of results, so that most of the tests might be administered directly from the text. The material is presented in twelve chapters detailing: (1) approaches to measurement and evaluation; (2) test selection; (3) analysis of test scores; (4) measuring strength; (5) motor fitness tests; (6) general motor ability; (7) sports skill testing; (8) cardiovascular tests; (9) nutritional measurements and somatotypes; (10) evaluation of body mechanics; (11) evaluation of social development; (12) sports knowledge tests; (13) grading in physical education; and (14) organization and administration of the measurement program. Appendices present square root tables, suggested laboratory exercises, the New Britain (Connecticut) program for physical education; youth fitness norms of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, and norms for the Kirchner Motor Fitness Test, the Oregon Motor Fitness Test, and the Canada Fitness Award. (MJB)

If exercise programs are to become effective in producing the desired results, then the correct exercise prescription must be applied. Four variables should be controlled in the prescription of exercise: (a) type of activity, (b) intensity, (c) duration, and (d) frequency. The long-term prescription of exercise involves the use of a (a) starter program, (b) progression program, and (c) maintenance program. The starter program is important when the individual is quite unfit and has been inactive for some time. A starter program may last several weeks or more, depending on the initial level of fitness. The progression program involves application of the overload principle in providing an adequate stress to the body systems. The progression must also be gradual in nature, as adequate physiological adaptation must occur before additional stress is applied. The progression program yields to a maintenance program once the desired outcomes are realized, and the level of activity of a maintenance program depends on the large-muscle, aerobic-type activity performed over 30 minutes a day at an intensity of 80 percent of capacity at least 3 days a week. (Author/JS)