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Several charts are presented including one on dynamics of urban and rural population in Uzbekistan, one on resident population, and one on life expectancy.

Cuba is a developing country at an advanced stage of ageing, with a population growth rate around zero since 2006. The Cuban population shows a high life expectancy (77 years in 2007) and low infant mortality (below 5 per thousand births). Nonetheless, it has maintained a small sex gap (around 4 years) in life expectancy at birth over the last century. This paper examines the evolution of life expectancy at birth, and trends in specific causes of death. The differentials in life expectancy by sex and across time are examined in order to shed light on the narrower sex gap that Cuba shows compared to other countries. Data on population and specific death rates published by the National Statistics and Information Office and Public Health Ministry of Cuba are used. We decompose the mortality rates to determine the impact of age- and cause- specific death rates on the sex differential at three points in time; and on the life expectancy of each sex, from 1987 to 1995, and 1995 to 2007. Our results show that Cuba presents a mix of mortality patterns, with most of the deaths attributable to chronic or degenerative diseases. However, there is also a sizeable proportion of avoidable deaths such as those due to external causes, respiratory diseases or diabetes. Differences between periods are clear. During the economic crisis, male survivorship was seriously constrained while females barely kept their advantage of half of a year; but, in the recovery period, males recovered faster than females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of small area mortality contrasts via life tables, and estimation of functions such as life expectancies, raises methodological issues regarding a suitable model for the mortality data. Methodological assumptions may be relevant to assessing whether there are changes in spatial clustering or in spatial inequalities in life expectancy. Virtually all analyses of US small area mortality use conventional life table analysis, which takes no account of similarities between mortality rates for adjacent areas or ages, and is subject to potential instability of mortality rates involved in deriving life tables. The alternative strategy used here involves a statistical model that ˵borrows strength″ by using random effects to represent correlations between adjacent ages and areas. The smoothed mortality rates from the model are used to derive male and female life expectancies in US counties for three periods: 1995–1998, 1999–2002 and 2003–2006. Changes in inequality measures (e.g. the concentration index) show an increase in income related inequality in county expectancies, while local spatial correlation indices show an enhancement of low expectancy clusters in the South Eastern USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses when to claim social security benefits in the U.S., as well as what benefits to claim. It examines various factors that needs to be considered when claiming such benefits which include immediate financial need and an individual's life expectancy. It also looks into considerations for specific situations such as for unmarried, widowed or divorced people, and for married couples.

The article presents statistics on topics related to Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy from age 30 to 115+.

The article explores the designation of beneficiary, the rules for distribution methods including the life expectancy rule, the five-year rule and rules on the effect of retirement plan. It highlights the rules on the spouse beneficiary, the nonspouse beneficiary, the five-year rule on the non designated beneficiary and the separate accounts of multiple beneficiaries.

The article offers ideas on investing the assets of a special needs trust. Under the Prudent Investor Act, a trustee must balance risk against return, diversify investments, consider the trust's purpose, and analyze the whole investment portfolio. It notes that a typical investment portfolio for a special needs trust is composed of money market funds, index funds, equity funds and bond funds. It cites the asset's value and the beneficiary's life expectancy as important considerations in choosing an investment strategy.

Several charts are presented depicting average life expectancy, healthcare expenditures, and gross domestic product (GDP) growth.

Facts and myths about life expectancy and a life expectancy table are presented.

Several Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tables are presented including Uniform Lifetime table, Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy table, and Single Life Expectancy table.

Chapter 6 of the book "Social Security, Medicare & Government Pensions" is presented. It discusses several factors associated with the timing of claiming a social security benefit in the U.S. As mentioned, one may claim one's social security retirement or dependents benefits as early as age 62. As stated, several factors to be considered while claiming social security benefits include immediate financial needs, continuity of earning before full retirement age, and life expectancy.

Chapter 3 of the book "Older Persons in Southeast Asia: An Emerging Asset" is presented. It focuses on the ageing population of Singapore and its health care and economic implications. It predicts that older people will account for 23% of the population by 2030 and 27% by 2050. It notes that the top-heavy distribution of older persons in Singapore can be attributed to low birth rate and longer life expectancy. Particular focus is given to health care expenditures for older persons, along with Singapore's national expenditure on health care.

Chapter 5 of the book "A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World," by Gregory Clark is presented. It attempts to address the issue on whether pre-industrial mortality was a declining function of income as assumed in the Malthusian model. It also aims to explain the role of differences in mortality rates at a given income level in explaining income differences across societies before 1800.

The security of network applications is more important in Internet days. A kind of randomized protocol to find out application software security bug is raised. We discuss the security testing method with randomized protocol; put forward an attack-proof theorem which shows a way of computing average number of attack times easily with a Weibull probability map before a software system having concealed bugs becomes invalid. It is also proved a fairly good method to estimate life expectancy of application software on Internet under various random attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 5 of the book "The Tiger That Isn't: Seeing Through a World of Numbers" is presented. It focuses on averages, exploring how it stifles imagination without the world it claims to speak for and suggesting that the way to see through it is to remember that world's variety. It discusses how data, such as the average wage, average housing prices, and average life expectancy, are summarized into a single number with one value supposedly speaking for all.

Chapter 13 of the book "Journey Across the Life Span" is presented. It discusses the demographic changes affecting the older population. It describes the common physical age-related changes that occur during late adulthood. It identifies the dietary changes and the health-promoting activities that are important for old age.

Chapter 1 of the book "Journey Across the Life Span" is presented. It describes the history of health and the model for health in the U.S. as proposed in the Healthy People 2010 publication from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. It discusses several healthy lifestyle practices including nutrition, exercise and mental health. It states the role of the practical nurse in health promotion.

Several tables are presented depicting data about the Caribbean Region including its colonial zones, countries, population as of 2005 and Human Development Index (HDI) as of the year 2002.

The article discusses the complex nature of urban informality and the consolidation of slum cities in Latin America. Urban informality is prevailed with the culture of violence, hostility, disintegration, desolation and life expectancy. It is living and has the interest of livelihood in territories of insecurity and violence. It is also living in governance void wherein there is absence in legitimate authorities and their presence are symbolized with police assaults.

Chapter 7 of the book "Advanced Therapy in Hypertension and Vascular Disease" is presented. It examines the prevalence of hypertension among African Americans. It looks at the life expectancy of African Americans with hypertension. It identifies the potential underlying mechanisms for hypertension in this population, including low arterial compliance and delayed excretion of a sodium load.

A table is presented which shows individual retirement savings life expectancy.

Introduction This chapter considers the 1990s in the context of long-run economic growth performance. Growth in the context of this chapter should be understood to comprise the growth of real living standards as well as real GDP per capita. There were a number of new experiences during the decade that were sufficiently surprising to warrant posing the question: “Do we now need to rethink the conventional wisdom about economic growth?” The essential background to growth in the 1990s was the unprecedented extension and intensification of globalization in terms of the international integration of capital and product markets, sustained both by reductions in transport and communication costs and also by policy choices. Table 2.1 reports an increase in world merchandise exports relative to world GDP from 12.7 percent in 1990 to 18.8 percent in 2000, more than double the ratio reached before the disintegration of the world economy in the interwar years. Even more impressive has been the surge in international capital mobility, reflected in Table 2.1 through the ratio of assets owned by foreign residents to world GDP, which rose from 25.2 percent in 1980 to 48.6 percent in 1990, and further to 92.0 percent in 2000 – about five times the peak reached in the early twentieth century. Obviously, this was facilitated by the more general adoption of policies of trade openness and financial liberalization. But technological progress also played an important role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The twentieth century was bracketed by two seminal events: the formation of the Soviet Union through the revolution of 1917, and the collapse of the Soviet system in 1991. Far from being the end of history that Karl Marx might have predicted, the withering and then demise of the Soviet state brought with it the rebirth of Russia. In the early 1990s many hoped that the renewed Russian state would succeed where its Soviet predecessor had ultimately failed – in the provision of public goods and services to an exhausted and impoverished population. After more than a decade of incomplete reform, however, few Russians had attained the benefits of their nation's most recent great transformation. Indeed, the central state's halting abilities to extract revenues, enforce contracts, pay public sector wages on time, provide meaningful poverty relief or even basic social services defined the immediate post-Soviet transition effort. This book identifies the Russian state's inability to extend its authority across the vast Eurasian landmass as the primary problem of post-communist governance. Indeed, the task became so challenging that Russia's second post-communist president, Vladimir Putin, using the tragic deaths of hundreds of schoolchildren and their parents at the hands of Chechen insurgents in the southern town of Beslan, opted by the fall of 2004 to abandon even the pretense of democracy in Russia's provinces in favor of more centralized control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 1 of the book "World Health Statistics 2005" is presented. It explores the rationale use of life expectancy at birth and health life expectancy. It highlights the percentage rate of adult mortality, under-5 mortality and neonatal mortality in 1,000 population. It also investigates the causes of such mortality rate including that of maternal mortality rate. Prevalence of HIV among the population aged 15 to 49 years is also discussed.

The entry focuses on age discrimination in employment. This type of discrimination begins during the Civil War, when the U.S. began its transition from a rural society to a urban nation. This issue became more relevant with the creation of industries and with increased life expectancies. The U.S. considered the inclusion of a prohibition against age discrimination in the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

Chapter 1 of the book "Female Well-being" is presented. It regards the twentieth century as a transformative period for women and gender relations. It discusses the four basic indicators of the fate of female well-being including life expectancy, maternal mortality, infant mortality and literacy. The political and labor force participation of women, fertility, income, marital status, abortion and contraception undergone by females is also highlighted.

Frailty, the loss of physiologic organ reserve with age, and chronic illness, which may accelerate the development of frailty in one or more than one body system, become the dominant determinants of ill-health in those who escape the hazards of early and mid-life. The Compression of Morbidity paradigm holds that if the average age at first infirmity, disability, or other morbidity is postponed, and if this postponement is greater than increases in life expectancy, then average cumulative lifetime morbidity will decrease, squeezed between a later onset and the time of death. The National Long-Term Care Survey, the National Health Interview Survey, and other data from the United States and some other developed countries now document declining disability trends beginning around 1982 and accelerating more recently. The decline in disability is about 2% per year, contrasted with a decline in mortality rates of about 1% a year, documenting compression of morbidity in the United States at the population level. Longitudinal studies now link good health risk status with long-term reductions in cumulative lifetime disability; those with few behavioral health risks have only one-fourth the disability of those who have more risk factors, and the onset of disability in those with good health habits is postponed from 7 to 12 years, far more than any increases in longevity. Randomized controlled trials of health enhancement programs in senior populations have shown a reduction in health risks, improved health status, and decreased medical care utilization. Health policy initiatives now being undertaken have the promise of increasing and consolidating health gains for seniors under the umbrella paradigm of the Compression of Morbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adult life expectancy has progressively increased over the past 150 years, equivalent to one year added per four years of historical time in high life-expectancy populations. This amazing decline of mortality at all adult ages is attributed to environmental and technological advances. Explanations of the decline in longter mortality typically are seated in terms of period or historical factors, to the neglect of cohort or life cycle factors. From associations between the early and later age mortality for birth cohorts, we argue that historical reduction in lifetime exposure to infectious diseases and other sources of inflammation is a major cause of the decline in old age mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Polish transition, though successful in the aggregate, did not happen without considerable pain, and the success was not uniformly distributed throughout the country and among all segments of society. Table 2.2 shows that the unemployment rate escalated dramatically during the early reform years, reaching 17 percent in 1993, and even by 1997 was still close to double digits. Real wages, though they increased after 1993, did not return to prereform levels. These data indicate that, even though GDP exceeded prereform levels and grew at impressive rates, there were still reasons to be concerned about the quality of economic life, even several years after the reforms began. These aggregate conditions led some to question the pace, direction, and even the philosophy behind the reforms. The previous chapter made it clear that some regions adapted more quickly and successfully to the transition. People in these areas were better equipped to start and grow new enterprises. Regions that entered the transition with good communications infrastructure, with higher levels of education, with a larger number of small private firms, and that created and expanded local development agencies and banks fared much better than other areas. The impact of the transition was also very unevenly distributed among individual Poles. One's age, work history, attitudes, and education were highly correlated with the ease or difficulty of the transition. Experiencing these benefits and costs naturally affected how one evaluated the reforms and how one began to affiliate politically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By most observers' reckoning, Poland during the 1990s was the poster child for a successful transition from a country with a one-party Communist authoritarian government and a centrally planned command economy to one with a relatively stable multiparty democracy with a thriving market economy. In the same time span that the United States measures a two-term presidency, Poland went from a period in which the main economic issue was no longer a shortage of goods but rather a proper distribution of access to the abundance of goods in the stores. The questions about whether a private market could take root and survive had been replaced by concerns that the growth of this private market may have outpaced the public sector's ability to provide the social services deemed to be necessary in a capitalistic society. Muted objections to a one-party state and the minimal likelihood of an alternative developed into open debates about whether there are too many parties. In the bigger picture, these concerns, as real as they are, provide an accurate barometer of the distance Polish economic, political, and social institutions have come since the 1980s. We document these changes in detail, analyze how they have contributed to the Polish success, and make some inferences about what elements contribute to successful and simultaneous economic and political transitions. This chapter places the Polish transition in the context of transitions in a set of Central and Eastern European countries, including the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Baltic states, Russia, and Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 27 of the book "Handbook of Population" is presented. This chapter focuses on the demography of population health. It provides a conceptual overview of the demographic framework used to examine the linkages between mortality, morbidity and disability. It describes the measures and methods used in modeling healthy life expectancy including the one promoted by the International Network on Healthy Life Expectancy.

Chapter 22 of the book "Handbook of Population" is presented. This chapter reviews the essential concepts and mathematics of two basic population models including the life table/stationary population model and the stable population model. It illustrates how mathematics is used to develop models and theories of population. It offers information on the extensions of single-decrement life table model to multistate and stochastic representations, population momentum and model schedules or age-specific rates of demographic events, summary demographic indices and life expectancy.

Chapter 10 of the book "Handbook of Population" is presented. This chapter focuses on adult mortality. It deals with the depicting factors related to adult mortality such as demographic characteristics, distal causes and proximate factors. It offers information on several techniques used by demographers to understand mortality patterns and trends and common data sources that can be used to study mortality, sex differences in mortality, life expectancy, human made and environmental hazards and causes of death in the U.S.

Foreigners are unwilling to invest money in those areas of the Russian economy ‘which we want them to invest in [that is, national infrastructure and science-intensive industries]; [and] we do not let foreign companies invest in those areas they want to invest in [that is, natural resources]. Summing Up It is with justifiable trepidation that one attempts projections as to what may happen in Russia over the coming years. We could have an amusing time solely devoted to reviewing previous such attempts and comparing the forecasts with the outcomes. To save time, let us just recall Franklin D. Roosevelt's words to a joint session of Congress upon his return from the Yalta Conference in February 1945: “We are going to get along with the Russians just fine!” The memorable failures in speaking of the future derive more from failures of imagination than failures of analysis of existing factors. It is the intervention of discontinuous change that tends to falsify the linear projection of existing trends into the future, however ably such a projection might be made. Meteorology rather than calculus seems to be the right metaphor. All of us have 1989 (the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe), 1990 (the unification of Germany), and 1991 (the peaceful disintegration of the USSR) in mind, of course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The whole history of our state has been a search for ways to settle and provide stimuli to settle Siberia. Thanks to the industrialization and mass settlement of Siberia … Russia's population is scattered across a vast land mass in cities and towns with few principal connections between them…. One-third of the population has the added burden of living and working in particularly inhospitable climatic conditions…. Costs of living are as much as four times as high as elsewhere in the Russian Federation, while costs of industrial production are sometimes higher. Introduction Having experienced a probably unprecedented economic decline throughout the 1990s, Russia finished the decade and entered the new millennium with unexpectedly good economic news. After the 70 percent drop in the ruble's value in August 1998, Russian domestic production picked up. The multiplication of world oil prices since then – between January 1999 and summer 2000, the price of oil increased from $9 to $35 per barrel, while in early 2003, on the eve of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, the price approached $40) – has filled Russian state coffers to an unanticipated extent, enabling the state to finance the war in Chechnya and still meets its external debt-servicing obligations as well as wages and pension arrears at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous bribe takers are also usually seen as corrupt. [This is wrong because] only those who have links with the organized criminal gangs can be regarded as corrupt officials. Do not mistake bribe-taking for corruption. Introduction In the previous chapter, we established that the USSR itself represented a patrimonial society, albeit one that was both more comprehensive and intensive than Tsarist Russia ever was. The distinctive fusion of communist political monopoly and Soviet state monopoly ownership of capital, in the context of a generally hostile international environment, cemented the Soviet party-state system that was to last for the better part of the twentieth century. Given the virtual asphyxiation of organized public life outside the framework of the communist party-state system, down to the apparently most innocuous levels (such as fishing clubs), the sudden collapse of that system could be expected to have the most dramatic consequences for the integrity of the economy and the society, not to mention the country's international standing. The disintegration of the USSR in 1991 thus represented the end of a fixture in Russian life, with only brief interruptions (1917–20 and the early 1600s), since the emergence of Muscovy in the course of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries: the presence of a powerful, highly centralized, militarized, and largely unaccountable patrimonial state. Interestingly, that state disintegrated (1989–91) precisely as the international political system was becoming the least threatening in the millennium of Russian statehood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the Thirty Years' War, no people have been more profoundly injured and diminished than the Russian people by the successive waves of violence brought to them by this past brutal century. Introduction Karl Marx famously observed that while men make history, they do not usually do so in the manner that they intend. History itself, in the form of political, economic, social, cultural, and other historical influences or legacies, decisively shapes the range of public choice realistically available to leaders and societies. To what extent and how has Russia's distinctive historical experience in the Soviet period – which lasted for three-fourths of the twentieth century (compared to twelve years for Nazi Germany) – shaped the country's postcommunist circumstances and possibilities? The Soviet Union that emerged from the Russian Revolution developed a patrimonial society that was both more comprehensive and more intensive than that of Tsarist Russia at least since the freeing of the gentry from obligatory service to the crown under Catherine the Great. The fusion of de facto sovereign power in the form of the communists' monopoly of political power with the communist state's monopoly of virtually all forms of capital in the state-owned economy both reflected and propelled a level of international hostility that served to justify the Soviet patrimonial party-state system itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]