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This paper has put forward the importance of shortening lead time in the competition of modern society and researched the decision-making problem in a supply chain system consists of one supplier and one retailer. Basing on the hypothesis that the decision-making power of determining the lead time is controlled by the downstream, which completely undertakes the expenses for shortening the lead time, this paper has established a Stackelberg model of this supply chain system, and given out some corresponding algorithms for reference. Finally according to the analysis of cases, this paper has confirmed the practicality and effectiveness of the model, and proved that shortening the lead time reasonably can reduce the supply chain inventory cost effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer rates in the United States have changed radically over the last two decades. The introduction of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening impacted incidence substantially; however, in the absence of randomized clinical trials, its role in the precipitous mortality decline remains unclear. Simultaneous advances in treatment, shifting patterns of care, and changing health behaviors may also have contributed to this decline. Two veins of investigation–-ecologic and modeling studies–-provide insights into the benefits and costs of PSA screening, with the latter positioned to help design optimal intervention policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]