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This curriculum packet of teacher-developed lesson plans, intended for use with students in middle and/or high schools, focuses on student involvement in community projects. The first lesson plan, "Physics Park" (Scott McQuerry), aims for students to construct a playground and the examine the physics behind the playground's equipment. Students use the map and picture found on this lesson's Web site as a resource in the playground's construction. The lesson plan suggests time allotment; provides an overview; indicates subject matter; cites learning objectives; addresses standards and Center for Understanding the Built Environment (CUBE) components; notes materials needed; describes preparation time for teachers; presents an introductory activity, a learning activity, and a culminating activity; discusses evaluation/teacher reflection; suggest cross-curricular extensions and community connections, and contains a sample grid pattern, a photo of the playground area, seven images, and additional information and activities. The second lesson plan, "Comparing Edible Communities" (Scott McQuerry), has students explore the components of a community by creating analogies between aspects of a community and ingredients within a recipe. They demonstrate the cohesion among community areas as they attempt to create cookies from recipes that have missing ingredients. The second lesson plan offers the same type of detailed procedures for classroom implementation as the first lesson plan. (Contains 6 recipes, 3 slide photos, and 16 images.) (BT)

This curriculum packet contains two lesson plans about cities and architecture intended for use with students in upper elementary grades and middle schools. The first lesson plan, "City People, City Stories" (Jan Ham), states that understanding architecture and cities must begin with an understanding of the people of the city. The children create scale Box City citizens and create, develop, write, and share stories about those citizens. The lesson plan suggests time allotment; provides an overview; indicates subject matter; cites learning objectives; addresses standards and Center for Understanding the Built Environment (CUBE) components; notes materials needed; describes preparation time for teachers; presents an introductory activity, a learning activity, and a culminating activity; discusses evaluation/teacher reflection; suggests cross-curricular extensions and community connections, and contains a "Houses in Books" resource list, scale figures information, a scale ruler, and character type information. The second lesson, "Grid It, Map It" (Jan Ham), continues the "Box City" activity. It states that, once a Box City is built, groups of children use bodies and string to grid the city and map sections of the city. It notes that the activity invented itself over the course of several gym-sized Box Cities in New England towns, where many town layouts are based on the area's varied topography. The second lesson plan offers the same type of detailed procedures for classroom implementation as the first lesson plan. Contains the scale ruler, a sample grid, and a grid example. (BT)

This curriculum packet contains two teacher-developed lesson plans, for use in the upper elementary grades, which focus on urban life. The first lesson plan, "Connecting Downtown" (Michael Gray), studies how engineering and design can make cities more efficient places. It provides a brief discussion on how people travel within large urban cores, such as using integrated walkway systems. The lesson plan suggests a time allotment; provides an overview; indicates subject matter; cites learning objectives; addresses standards and Center for Understanding the Built Environment (CUBE) components; notes materials needed; describes preparation time for teachers; presents an introductory activity, a learning activity, and a culminating activity; discusses evaluation/teacher reflection; suggests cross-curricular extensions and community connections, and contains nine images. The second lesson plan, "My Flag for the Future" (Michael Gray), aims for students to reclaim the symbol of their hometown by creating a new crest or logo students, working in teams of two or three. The second lesson plan offers the same type of detailed procedures for classroom implementation as the first lesson plan. Contains six images. (BT)

The 1,259-mile Columbia River flows out of Canada and across eastern Washington state, forming the border between Washington and Oregon. In 1941 the federal government dammed the Columbia River at the north end of Grand Coulee, creating a man-made reservoir named Lake Roosevelt that inundated homes, farms, and businesses, and disrupted the lives of many. Although Congress never enacted specific authorization to create a park, it passed generic legislation that gave the Park Service authority at the National Recreation Area (NRA). Lake Roosevelt's shoreline totals more than 500 miles of cliffs and gentle slopes. The Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area (LARO) was officially created in 1946. This historical study documents the long and complex story of the establishment of LARO and how it has been managed since its creation. Following informational materials and an introduction, the study's chapters are: (1)"When Rivers Ran Free"; (2) "The River Becomes a Lake"; (3) "A Long Road Lies Ahead: Establishing Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area"; (4) "Agreements and Disagreements: From Tri-Party Agreement to Multi-Party Agreement"; (6) "Family Vacation Lake: Recreation Planning and Management"; (7) "Building and Maintaining the Park: Administrative and Visitor Facilities"; (8) "Changing Stories: Interpretation"; (9) "From Simple to Complex: Cultural Resources Management"; (10) "An Uphill Struggle: Natural Resources Management"; (11) "Regaining Ground: Leases and Special Use Permits"; and (12) "Echoes of the Past: Future Issues." Includes seven appendices and an extensive bibliography. (BT)

This book is the third published collection of scripts written for radio by professional staff and student writers. The writers strived to translate complex technical topics into everyday terms without sacrificing accuracy and to provide listeners with fair and balanced reports on the major environmental and scientific issues of the day. This collection characterizes many environmental trends and concerns reflecting on the multitude of scientific discoveries, inquiries, and innovations that characterized the 1980s. Topics covered in this compilation include: (1) "The Atmosphere"; (2) "The Biosphere"; (3) "The Land"; (4) "The World of Water"; (5) "Energy"; (6) "Environmental Quality"; (7) "Health and Nutrition"; (8) "People and Society"; and (9) "Around the Globe." A teachers' guide written to accompany this collection is included. This guide discusses concept mapping, questioning in the classroom, and infusion of the material into the curriculum; and includes a sample activity. Appended is a brief list of additional information sources. (CW)

This book explores the urban school garden as a bridge between environmental action and thought. As a small-scale response to global issues around access to food and land, urban school gardens promote practical knowledge of farming as well as help renew cultural ideals of shared space and mutual support for the organic, built environment. Through a comprehensive history of school garden practice rooted in Eastern industrial cities, to case studies from four Pacific Rim regions, this book examines the practice and culture of the urban school garden as a central symbol for environmental learning. As poetically described by students, teachers, and community members in both historical and contemporary gardens, the story of the urban school garden inspires a new narrative in connecting learners to the land.

A significant factor for many people deciding where to live is the quality of the local school district, with superior schools creating a price premium for housing. The result is a "race to the top," as all school districts attempt to improve their performance in order to attract homebuyers. Given the importance of school districts to the daily lives of children and families, it is surprising that their evolution has not received much attention. In this provocative book, William Fischel argues that the historical development of school districts reflects Americans' desire to make their communities attractive to outsiders. The result has been a standardized, interchangeable system of education not overly demanding for either students or teachers, one that involved parents and local voters in its governance and finance. Innovative in its focus on bottom-up processes generated by individual behaviors rather than top-down decisions by bureaucrats, "Making the Grade" provides a new perspective on education reform that emphasizes how public schools form the basis for the localized social capital in American towns and cities. (Contains 10 tables.)

Whether you're a stream studies novice or a veteran aquatic monitor, "Watershed Dynamics" gives you abundant practical resources to extend your students' investigations into local water quality and land-use issues. This two-part set is ideal for teaching biological and ecological concepts and research techniques. It also shows how the interplay between scientific data and human judgment can shape public policy decisions on zoning, flood control, and agricultural practices. The Student Edition is organized into four parts: (1) an introduction to watersheds, land use, streams, and related research; (2) 10 protocols with specific instruction on research techniques related to watersheds; (3) field studies and experiments that guide students through interactive research projects using the protocols; and (4) an engineering design challenge in which students develop a device to treat simulated stormwater runoff. Included throughout are plentiful forms that provide both structure and flexibility as they guide students through each research step. "Watershed Dynamics" is the final volume in the four-part Cornell Scientific Inquiry Series, designed to guide students in designing and conducting experiments, presenting their results, and exchanging feedback with their peers. Following a preface, this book is divided into four sections: (1) Understanding Watershed Dynamics; (2) Protocols: Introduction to Research; (3) Interactive Research: Field Studies and Experiments; and (4) Interactive Research: Stormwater Treatment Design Challenge. [This book was also written by The Environmental Inquiry Team.]

This document contains the English and Spanish texts of an annual publication which examines political, social, environmental, and educational issues concerning indigenous peoples around the world in 2001-02. Part 1 describes current situations and events in 11 world regions: the Arctic; North America; Mexico and Central America; South America; Australia and the Pacific; east and southeast Asia; south Asia; and four sections of Africa. In general, indigenous peoples worldwide were dealing with issues related to land rights, self-determination, relations between central government and indigenous communities, outright oppression and violence, environmental destruction by economic development projects, communal rights, women's rights, access to appropriate education and to health care, and preservation of indigenous cultures and languages. The events of September 11 raised fears that indigenous peoples struggling for self-determination and fundamental rights would be unjustly accused of being terrorists. Items of educational interest in the Arctic and the Americas include ongoing debates in Greenland over the relative status of Danish and Greenlandic in the schools; efforts to protect Saami language and culture in Sweden; inadequate U.S. federal funding for tribal administration of schools and for necessary construction and repair of Bureau of Indian Affairs schools; reforms in indigenous education in Guatemala; the situation of the bilingual intercultural education system in Venezuela; efforts to protect collective intellectual property of indigenous peoples of the Amazon region; and training of indigenous teachers in Brazil. Articles on other regions discuss education as a tool of Chinese repression in Tibet; language issues in East Timor, Nepal, Morocco, Ethiopia, and South Africa; nonformal education initiatives and native language instruction for indigenous Cambodians; and language and cultural maintenance through cultural festivals in Kenya. Part 2 reports on United Nations work on indigenous rights. (SV)

Developed as a companion to a public television series, this book tells the story of the Anishinaabe/Ojibwe people, their history, and their culture from precontact times to the present. Chapter 1 discusses oral tradition and summarizes creation stories and migration stories that link the Ojibwe to other culturally and linguistically similar indigenous groups. The structure and nature of the Ojibwa language is discussed, as well as its importance to teachings and spirituality, language loss, and language renewal efforts in K-12 schools and colleges. Chapter 2 examines the Ojibwe perspective on the natural world, the loss of traditional homelands during the period of American expansionism, growth of tribal self-determination, and current environmental and land management issues. Chapter 3 looks at education and family, beginning with a description of traditional Ojibwe education, the clan and extended family system, the path to wisdom, and traditional teaching methods. Education for assimilation in mission schools and federal boarding is described, followed by Indian educational reforms in the 20th century and recent developments of tribally controlled education and integration of Ojibwe language and culture into the schools. Chapter 4 covers traditional notions of holistic health and wellness, traditional health care and herbal medicine, and the current Ojibwe health status with regard to diet and spiritual and mental health. Chapters 5 and 6 examine traditional and contemporary leadership and governance, subsistence skills, loss of natural resources, and the current reservation economy. A bibliography contains 72 references. Many photographs are included. (SV)

This book offers a series of activities that can be conducted in the manner that seems most reasonable for a particular class at a particular time. Teachers can select from the chapters those activities that fit their goals and objectives. Chapters include: (1) Land Development; (2) Land Ownership; (3) Agriculture Land Use; (4) Urban Land Use; (5) Patterns of Movement; (6) The Water Cycle; (7) Watershed Management; (8) Effects of Industry on Water; (9) Natural Disaster; (10) Historical Patterns of Environmental Impact; (11) Environmental Awareness; (12) Forest Management; (13) Air Pollution; (14) Solid Waste and Recycling; and (15) Effects of Environmental Change. Each chapter focuses on a different work of literature and includes a summary, science and content related concepts, content related words, activities, and related books and references. An appendix provides answer keys. Contains an index. (CCM)

A history of Chelmsford, Massachusetts, from 1655 to 1970 is presented. Written as an historiography exercise by students at Chelmsford High School, the study is intended to acquaint residents and students of Chelmsford with the town's past and its relationship with surrounding communities and the United States. Chapter one, "A Colonial Settlement Develops," describes geographic features and records Chelmsford's economic, political, and social development into a typical Puritan community. Chapter two, "Chelmsford Prepares for Independence," provides information on the town's prerevolutionary political activities and on its war experience. Chapter three, "Chelmsford at the Edge of Industrial America," chronicles the town's economic development during and immediately following the Civil War, at which time Chelmsford lost much of its most promising industry to larger towns. Chapter four, "Twentieth Century Chelmsford," describes the town's "coming of age" with the post World War II growth in defense and space industries. The authors conclude that Chelmsford presently is a mature suburban community facing the continuing task of preserving and improving its quality of life. A postscript, bibliography, and summaries of each chapter are included. (Author/DB)

Divided into four sections, this paper discusses the historical development of land-use control law and doctrine. Entitled "Genesis of the Zoning Mechanism", Part 1 discusses zoning in terms of: a by-product of urbanization: common law land-use controls (public and private nuisance laws); private property as restraint on land-use legislation (State and Federal constitutional issues); approaches to the cities' problems (setbacks, height, and use limitations; eminent domain; and constitutional limitations); early problems of zoning legislation (need for enabling legislation and State Court approval); widespread adoption of zoning; and judicial obstacles still remaining. Part 2 is titled "A Basic Outline of Zoning as a System" and deals with the: zoning ordinance; operation of the zoning system; and zoning system as segregated from the planning function. Titled "The Parameters of Zoning", Part 3 discusses zoning and the general welfare and the fifth amendment. "The Development of Alternative Methods of Land-Use Control" is the title of the final section which deals with: early agricultural zoning; real estate tax preferment of open land; easements; state level controls; new thrusts; and "projections dangerous." (JC)

The quality of the world environment cannot be dependent upon the efforts of a single nation. This fact is now recognized by most nations. Only through cooperative international actions can effective pollution control and natural resource conservation be realized. The purpose of this booklet is to publicize the work that the United States and other nations have done to promote world environmental quality. The importance of bilateral arrangements, regional organizations, the United Nations, and non-governmental activities is discussed with respect to international quality control policies. Research, information exchange, education, and global monitoring are important factors in the work for environmental quality among nations. Mention is given to international advancement made in air, water, and land pollution control. An explanation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora is included in reference to the world-wide protection of these species. Finally, the economics of a world environmental quality are given. (MA)

As part of a series prepared to acquaint small community officials with information on the latest community related research findings at the University of California at Davis, this monograph explicates the way in which tax structure, rural development assumptions, and even rural development policies and subsidies contribute to the inequities found in rural America. Among the major points made are: (1) the tax structure is such that corporations can derive investment subsidies without benefiting the community, for they can locate in an area without hiring local people, circumvent local tax laws, and delay tax payments; (2) property taxes are hardest on the local home owner, because the property tax is regressive and does not cover intangibles; (3) programs for rural expansion, recreation developments, and second home takeover result in loss of agricultural lands, inflated prices, and adverse environmental effects; (4) the capital gains tax encourages reckless land use planning by putting a premium upon assets held for a minimum time; (5) agricultural subsidies perpetuate income inequities, for non-farmers in large income brackets find it profitable to farm at a loss so as to gain a tax shelter, thereby presenting unfair competition to farmers farming for a living; (6) research has been technologically, rather than people, oriented and has contributed to the displacement of human beings. (JC)

Focusing on the protection of Native American places of worship and religious property, this monograph cites several pertinent guarantees of religious freedom found in constitutional or treaty laws, and in court decisions; and gives samples of their abuse throughout history. These guarantees of Native rights are found in the First and Fifth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution; sections of the Treaty of Guadalupe, the Mexican Constitution, California's 1850 Constitution, and the California Act for the Government and Protection of Indians; and various California Indians claims cases. Appended are two versions of the California bill AB 4239 (the one passed by the State Assembly only and the final version passed by the entire legislature). This bill resulted from a conference held at D-Q University in late 1975 to develop legislation to protect Native American cemeteries and sacred places. Also appended is an opinion by the California State Attorney-General's Office summarizing the legal protections available for Native cemeteries under chapter 827, Statutes of 1971. This opinion covers: whether chapter 827 gives the task force created pursuant to its provisions the power to prevent the disturbance of native California Indian burial sites; whether the chapter authorizes the State to prevent such disturbances; and whether there is any provision of law other than chapter 827 which could be used to prevent the disturbance of such burial sites. (NQ)

The Housing and Land Speculation Game provides students in college microeconomics courses with an opportunity to learn about market adjustment toward equilibrium and investment strategy. Students are divided into a land tax only group and a land and property tax group. They analyze the market situation and determine game strategy in accordance with data generated from a classroom housing and land market. The setting is a residential area that contains houses and vacant land. Each student receives an initial endowment of land and houses along with a debt and net worth position. Students change position by demolishing, building, buying, and selling. Sources of income to student landlords include rent, gain in land value, and interest on bank deposits. Costs to student landlords include property tax, capital losses, and depreciation. The winning student is the one with the highest net worth at the conclusion of the game. Response among students who have participated in the game through intermediate microeconomics courses has been generally favorable. Shortcomings of the game include hesitation of students to break away from an arbitrary initial land value and a tendency to ignore data generated in the game. The conclusion is that the game has the potential of helping students increase their understanding of issues related to buying and selling property. Suggestions for alleviating the game's shortcomings are offered. The computer program and data input are available from the author. (Author/DB)

Forestry planning is essential if the global trend toward deforestation is to be reversed. World forest trends, although often based on inaccurate or misleading information put out by national governments, indicate that the area of land covered with closed forests has decreased from about 25% in 1950 to about 20% in the 1970s. Major causes of deforestation include logging, spread of agriculture, and collection of firewood. Among the economic consequences of uncontrolled deforestation are forest-product scarcity, rising dependence on imported forest products, increasing construction costs, inflation, soaring firewood and fuel prices, health deterioration due to lack of heat and warm food, shortage of paper, and increased flooding in watershed areas. Challenges facing world forestry include putting a halt to deforestation and meeting elementary fuel and wood needs of developing nations. Countries which have succeeded in reforesting their depleted areas include China and South Korea. In addition, other developing nations are beginning to recognize the urgent need for reform of forestry policies and are developing strategies to improve timber management practices. An example of a state which is experimenting with community forestry is Gujarat, India. (DB)

The document suggests that problems of land use control can often be solved by applying geographic skills in analyzing the physical, economic, and cultural attributes of land. The paper is intended predominately for use by citizens' groups as they study the legal and judicial components of land management legislation. It can also be used as resource material for college geography classes. The document is presented in five chapters. Chapter I reviews regulations affecting private land ownership, physical and spatial uses of land, location theory, and urban encroachment upon agricultural land. Chapter II examines local, state, and federal land use policies. Chapter III presents an overview of public land use control, acquisition, and regulation. Chapter IV discusses the constitutional requirements which govern public zoning regulations, private property restrictions, building codes, and subdivision control. The final chapter describes and evaluates federal open space programs. The conclusion is that, although much important open land has been set aside for federal open space programs, benefits from the programs have been inequitably distributed and planning criteria have been inadequately defined. (Author/DB)

The purpose of this book is to examine the interaction of the world's ecological, economic, and social systems. It is divided into 12 chapters, with the first chapter providing an introduction and overview. Chapter two assesses the dimensions of the ecological stresses being put on the environment, specifically, the world's oceans, forests, grasslands, and croplands. Chapter three points out some of the consequences of these stresses. The fourth chapter considers the trends and dangers of population growth and urges population stabilization. Chapter five discusses the energy situation and the transition from petroleum to nuclear, coal, solar, and other alternative energy sources. Chapter six examines the food economy and what has and can be done to ease world food shortages. Chapter seven studies the economic stresses of inflation, unemployment, capital scarcity, labor production, and the slowing of economic growth around the world. The eigth and ninth chapters deal with the social and ecological significance of the distribution of wealth both among and within societies. Chapter ten discusses the accommodations to the earth's natural systems and resources that must take place. The last two chapters concentrate on how these accommodations will be accomplished, and who will be involved in the process. (Author/JK)

In late 1980 several regional and national meetings were convened to develop a set of proposed national goals for linking education and economic development in rural America in the 1980s; the 9 commissioned papers in this report provide background information for the overall project and an appendix contains the resulting 10 proposed national goals. The papers include: "Rural America: The Present Realities and Future Prospects" by William P. Kuvlesky and James H. Copp; "Nature, Types and Scale of Rural Development" by Frances Hill; "The Role of Investment Capital in Rural Development" by Lloyd Brace; "Balancing Technological and Human Resources Development: A New Priority for Rural America" by Roger Blobaum; and "Rural Land Use: A Need for New Priorities" by Wendell Fletcher and Charles E. Little. Other papers address: "Linking Education and Local Development: An International Perspective" by Jonathan Sher; "Enhancing Traditional and Innovative Rural Support Services" by Mary A. Agria; "Toward a More Rational Education-Economic Development Connection in Rural America: The Collaborative Model" by Karl A. Gudenberg; and "State-of-the-Art Report: Exemplary Rural Education and Economic Development Initiatives" by Susan J. White. The 15-page appendix presents in turn the 10 priority issues of the conferences, identifies a central problem for each issue, formulates a goal in answer to the problem, synthesizes the discussion, and provides comments. (BRR)

This publication covers the historical, technological, economic, and environmental aspects of agricultural drainage. It draws from the combined knowledge of academic and U.S. Department of Agriculture professionals in public policy, drainage theory, planning, engineering, environmental science, and economics. The main purpose is to review the evolution of modern farm drainage and to identify farm drainage objectives for agricultural extension specialists and agents, environmental specialists, drainage consultants, installation contractors, and educators. Chapters include "A Framework for Future Farm Drainage Policy" (Smith, Massey); "A History of Drainage and Drainage Methods" (Beauchamp); "Advances in Drainage Technology: 1955-85" (Fouss, Reeve); "Purposes and Benefits of Drainage" (Fausey et al.); "Preserving Environmental Values" (Thomas); "Principles of Drainage" (Skaggs); "Drainage System Elements" (Ochs et al.); "Planning Farm and Project Drainage" (Hodges, Christensen); "Drainage for Irrigation" (Hoffman, van Schilfgaarde); "Drainage Institutions" (Sandretto); "Economic Survey of Farm Drainage" (Pavelis); "Drainage Potential and Information Needs" (Daugherty, Lewis); and "Drainage Challenges and Opportunities" (Swader, Pavelis). (KC)

Many developing nations are engaged in efforts to transform the traditional agricultural sectors of their economies into modern forms that are more closely linked to the national economy and the export market. Almost universally, the traditional rights to land of the indigenous populations are ignored. The 12 essays in this book examine the processes of the integration of indigenous agricultural populations into the modern world economic system. The essays are: "Integration of the Periphery to the Center: Processes and Consequences" (G.N. Appell); "Landlessness in Palau" (Mary McCutcheon); "The Formation of Aboriginal Reserves: The Effects of Land Loss and Development on the Btsisi' of Peninsular Malaysia" (Barbara S. Nowak); "Land Tenure and Development Among the Rungus of Sabah, Malaysia" (G.N. Appell); "The Kantu' System of Land Tenure: The Evolution of Tribal Rights in Borneo" (Michael R. Dove); "The Bulusu' of East Kalimantan: The Consequences of Resettlement" (G.N. Appell); "Agricultural Development and Social Equity in the Upland Philippines" (James F. Eder); "Government Interference and Loss of Land: An Interpretation of Growing Landlessness Among Adivasis of South Gujarat, India" (C. Baks), "Modernization, Pauperization, and the Rise of Landlessness: A Case Study from Bangladesh" (S.M. Nurul Alam); "Development Policy, Land Reform, and Economic Stratification Among the Mbeere of Central Kenya" (Jack Glazier); "Truck Farming, Foreclosure and Class Structure in Rural Mexico" (Thomas Crump); and "Little Landlessness, But..." (Anton Ploeg). (BZ)

Many of the most critical global environmental issues are rooted in local, day-to-day problems. Local decisions about such issues benefit all citizens globally. This book attempts to identify and document the current range of initiatives toward developing sustainable communities. Dozens of tools, initiatives, and resources are presented, accompanied by hundreds of references to aid readers in their own research. Part 1 explores the meaning of sustainable development and its implications for communities. A framework for sustainable community development is also presented. Part 2 is comprised of a set of sustainable community building blocks. Each chapter provides an overview explaining the topic and its relevance to sustainable communities followed by a set of planning tools, practical initiatives, and associated resources that have helped citizens and their governments move toward sustainable communities. Part 3 focuses on mobilizing citizens and their governments toward sustainable communities. It concentrates on government of sustainable communities and tools for managing community sustainability, and concludes with lessons for designing effective sustainable community development policies. Topics include urban agriculture and aquatic systems, water and sewage, conservation issues, air quality, transportation planning, land use, housing, and community economic development. This book focuses on the developed countries of North America, i.e., the United States and Canada. (PVD)

This book is the third in a series of discussion materials, this issue being part of an action project to increase environmental awareness. Over 60 readings are included that cover a wide variety of opinions and interpretations of specific environmental problems and related philosophic issues. Examples of topics discussed include population, land use, urbanization, consumer needs and welfare, pollution, technology, and energy crisis. Authors such as John Quincy Adams, Arnold Toynbee, Henry David Thoreau, and others add historical background to current problems. (LS)