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Hallucinogenic substances extend back into pre-history as religious sacraments, as shamanic medicines, and as part of some tribal rituals, but the reader is likely most familiar with their recreational, illicit use. Since the most potent hallucinogen, lysergic acid diethylamide, ˵escaped″ the research laboratory and fueled, starting in the 1960s, a popular movement of awareness about the potentials for hallucinogen intoxication, ˵modern″ societies have resisted their acceptance. Despite prohibition, some 35 million Americans are estimated to have tried a hallucinogen at least once in their lifetime and approximately 4 million are active users (at least one use in a year); yet less than 17,000 emergency room visits per year are associated with hallucinogen use. This chapter reviews basic pharmacology, including psychological and physiological effects, and then presents the most common hallucinogen use disorders (with assessment, differential diagnosis, and treatment options) that are likely to be encountered by medical and allied health care providers. The chapter concludes with a brief update on research suggesting that hallucinogens may assist in recovery from other substance abuse and dependence, and a caution for current research to avoid the methodological flaws and excesses that took place some 40–50 years ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pathologie is the property of Springer Nature / Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chapter 1 of the book "Credit and Debt in Indonesia 860-1930: From Peonage to Pawnshop, From Kongsi to Cooperative," edited by David Henley and Peter Boomgaard is presented. It focuses on the changing cultural and ethical attitudes to borrowing and lending and on how such attitudes affected the availability and uses of credit in Indonesian history. It mentions that the interest rates on loans were high that is why they fall into debt bondage in the past.

Birth defects involving the kidney and urinary system are often encountered and frequently occur in association with other structural abnormalities. A congenital urinary tract anomaly may provide the first clue to the recognition of multiorgan developmental abnormalities. Nevertheless many renal anomalies remain asymptomatic and undiagnosed. Therefore it is critical, not only for pediatric nephrologists but also for pediatricians in general, to be familiar with the common anomalies involving the kidney and urinary system and the more complex disorders with which they may be associated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Molekulare Biotechnologie is the property of Springer Nature / Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The germination and seedling growth of Daucus carota cv. nantes and Capsicum annuum cv. sivri were investigated under stress conditions. D. carrota seeds germinated well in the dark at 20°C (92%) but in the light germination was only 54%. The germination in dark at 20%C was 92%, 84% and 80% at 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% salt (NaCl) solutions, as the concentration increased germination decreased and length of radicle and plumule also got reduced. Germination was 90% at 0.1% NaCl + 10 ppm GA3 and 43% at 2% NaCl +10 ppm GA3. The seeds of C. annuumcv. sivri germinated well at constant temperatures of 15°C (83%), 20°C (100%), and 30°C (88%). The germination was 100% in the seeds placed in distilled water and left at 20°C, but it was delayed or inhibited when salt solutions were applied to these seeds. An application of growth regulators showed that GA3 was stimulatory under saline conditions, However plant survival was low at 2% and 3% salt conditions as compared to 0.5% and 1% salt solutions. C. annuumcv. sivri did not show salt tolerance. When 4 weeks old seedlings of C. annuumwere subjected to fl ooding using tap water, the performance of seedlings was better on unfl ooded soils. The plants survived under short periods of fl ooding but growth was poor, however, under longer periods of fl ooding the mortality increased and plants became sensitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]