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The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large (6.6 m), cold (<50 K), infrared (IR)-optimized space observatory that will be launched early in the next decade into orbit around the second Earth–Sun Lagrange point. The observatory will have four instruments: a near-IR camera, a near-IR multi-object spectrograph, and a tunable filter imager that will cover the wavelength range, 0.6 < λ < 5.0 μm, while the mid-IR instrument will do both imaging and spectroscopy from 5.0 < λ < 29 μm. The JWST science goals are divided into four themes. The End of the Dark Ages: First Light and Reionization theme seeks to identify the first luminous sources to form and to determine the ionization history of the early universe. The Assembly of Galaxies theme seeks to determine how galaxies and the dark matter, gas, stars, metals, morphological structures, and active nuclei within them evolved from the epoch of reionization to the present day. The Birth of Stars and Protoplanetary Systems theme seeks to unravel the birth and early evolution of stars, from infall onto dust-enshrouded protostars to the genesis of planetary systems. The Planetary Systems and the Origins of Life theme seeks to determine the physical and chemical properties of planetary systems including our own, and investigate the potential for the origins of life in those systems. To enable these science goals, JWST consists of a telescope, an instrument package, a spacecraft, and a sunshield. The telescope primary mirror is made of 18 beryllium segments, some of which are deployed. The segments will be brought into optical alignment on-orbit through a process of periodic wavefront sensing and control. The instrument package contains the four science instruments and a fine guidance sensor. The spacecraft provides pointing, orbit maintenance, and communications. The sunshield provides passive thermal control. The JWST operations plan is based on that used for previous space observatories, and the majority of JWST observing time will be allocated to the international astronomical community through annual peer-reviewed proposal opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peace operations have been the single most important driver of defence transformation in Denmark since the end of the Cold War. While this may also be true for other European countries, Denmark nevertheless stands out in a number of respects. The transformation from invasion defence towards an expeditionary force structure began as early as 1992, the process has been underpinned by a remarkably strong domestic consensus, and the officer corps has not resisted the move away from invasion defence. The distinct features of the Danish case can be explained by the fact that Danish decision makers buried the threat from the East very quickly, that Foreign Minister Uffe Ellemann-Jensen and Defence Minister Hans Hækkerup succeeded in pushing the armed forces to the forefront of Danish foreign and security policy at an early stage, and that the policy paid off. This locked Danish defence transformation on a course of internationalisa-tion that it shows no signs of departing from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]