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This article presents a cross-lingual study for agglutinative, fixed stressed languages, like Hungarian and Finnish, about the segmentation of continuous speech on word level by examination of supra-segmental parameters. We have developed different algorithms based either on a rule based or a data-driven approach. The best results were obtained by data-driven algorithms (HMM-based methods) using the time series of fundamental frequency and energy together. This HMM based method will be described in this article. Word boundaries were marked with acceptable accuracy, even if we were unable to find all of them. On the base of this study a word level segmentationer has been developed which can indicate the word boundaries with acceptable precision for both languages. The evaluated method is easily adaptable to other fixed-stress languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the camp of the Communist states began breaking apart scarcely three years after the Soviet victory, the governments continued to share many attributes and to retain various interests in common. In the following pages the attempt is made to analyze, first, the political and economic systems of the states; second, their foreign relations both in regard to the rest of the world and within the Communist bloc; and, finally, their individual development. The sections dealing with the domestic developments in each nation emphasize the sharp divergence of the policies of Yugoslavia in both foreign and internal politics from those of the other Communist bloc countries. internal developments Theory: Marxism-Leninism As we have seen, prior to 1945 most Balkan regimes had as their theoretical basis the national-liberal ideologies common to Western and Central Europe. To review briefly, liberal doctrines had been developed as a reaction to the autocratic and despotic governments in power and to the mercantile system. Although there was much disagreement on ultimate goals and methods, most liberals placed great emphasis on the introduction of political institutions that would free the individual from social, economic, and political constraints. They believed that citizens could best develop their own capabilities in an atmosphere of liberty and that society as a whole would benefit if government interference was reduced as much as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the military background By the time germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 all of the Balkan states were involved in the hostilities: Romania and Bulgaria were Axis allies, whereas Greece, Albania, and Yugoslavia were under German, Bulgarian, and Italian occupation. The great influence exerted on Balkan affairs by external forces, in particular the Nazi–Soviet pact of August 1939 and the subsequent Axis victories, has been emphasized. This pattern was to continue throughout the war. Although Balkan conditions were always a concern of the great-power belligerents, the area was to remain during World War II, as during World War I, a sideshow to the decisive campaigns waged elsewhere. World War I, as we have seen, was won by the Allied victories in northern France in the summer and fall of 1918. The greatest influence on the outcome of World War II was undoubtedly the failure of the German campaign against the Soviet Union and this latter power's subsequent ability to launch a great offensive against Eastern and Central Europe. The British and American operations in North Africa, Sicily, and Italy, and, finally, the opening of the second front in Normandy, played a secondary role in the final defeat of Nazi Germany. Since the fate of the Balkan states was so closely tied to these battlefield decisions, a review of the major events on both the eastern and the western fronts is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In considering the history of the Habsburg Empire after 1867, it is important to emphasize that the state had in fact three governments. At the top stood the joint Austro-Hungarian administration with the common ministries for foreign affairs, war, and finance. In addition, separate governments existed for Austria and for Hungary. The major unifying figure in this arrangement was Franz Joseph, who was emperor in Austria and king in Hungary. A constitutional monarch throughout his realm, he nevertheless had different powers in each half. In practice, his influence on military affairs and foreign policy was strong, but he could not effectively control domestic events in any part of his domain. A further unifying element was provided by the fact that delegations of sixty members each from the Austrian Reichsrat and the Hungarian parliament met alternately in Vienna and Budapest to handle certain common problems. However, for the majority of the Habsburg population, the decisions of the separate Austrian and Hungarian governments were more important than the work of the joint institutions. It will be remembered that Austria was assigned Bukovina, Dalmatia, and the Slovenian lands; the great majority of the Habsburg Croats, Serbs, and Romanians, however, lived in the Hungarian crownlands (see Map 2). Although this narrative deals primarily with the South Slav and Romanian populations, their specific problems did not dominate the political life of the monarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]