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Pursuant to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Hungary, as a Party of the Convention, prepares annual inventories of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This chapter discusses the nonbiospheric anthropogenic sources of the Hungarian greenhouse gas inventory. The emission estimations are calculated – following the mandatory methodology compiled by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – using specific emission factors and activity data. For the most important sources, it is recommended to report more accurate estimation; therefore, country- or plant-specific emission factors are developed and presented in this chapter. The largest source of GHG in the Hungarian inventory is the combustion and handling of energy carriers, namely the Energy sector; the related emission was 55,476 Gg in 2008 expressed in CO2-equivalent, which covers 76% of the total GHG emission of the country. The Industrial Processes and the Solvents and other product use sectors emitted together 5,154 Gg of GHGs, while the Waste sector represented the smallest source with 3,725 Gg (5%). The chapter gives a general idea of the main processes and methodologies used for the emission calculations of these sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latest estimations of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases (GHG) are presented based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology and in line with the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol. After a short methodological introduction, the whole time-series of emissions between 1985 and 2008 is analyzed and key drivers of the underlying trends are provided. To better understand the Hungarian emission trends, the time interval of the -inventory is split into three periods with different emission-relevant economic processes in the background. The transition from a centrally planned economy to a free market one in Hungary in 1989–1990 caused significant reduction in emissions; then, after a period of about 14 years of relatively stagnant emission level (1992–2005), GHG emissions fell again quite significantly, by 8.4%, between 2005 and 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A geoinformation technology for creating spatially distributed greenhouse gas inventories based on a methodology provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and special software linking input data, inventory models, and a means for visualization are proposed. This technology opens up new possibilities for qualitative and quantitative spatially distributed presentations of inventory uncertainty at the regional level. Problems concerning uncertainty and verification of the distributed inventory are discussed. A Monte Carlo analysis of uncertainties in the energy sector at the regional level is performed, and a number of simulations concerning the effectiveness of uncertainty reduction in some regions are carried out. Uncertainties in activity data have a considerable influence on overall inventory uncertainty, for example, the inventory uncertainty in the energy sector declines from 3.2 to 2.0% when the uncertainty of energy-related statistical data on fuels combusted in the energy industries declines from 10 to 5%. Within the energy sector, the `energy industries΄ subsector has the greatest impact on inventory uncertainty. The relative uncertainty in the energy sector inventory can be reduced from 2.19 to 1.47% if the uncertainty of specific statistical data on fuel consumption decreases from 10 to 5%. The `energy industries΄ subsector has the greatest influence in the Donetsk oblast. Reducing the uncertainty of statistical data on electricity generation in just three regions – the Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, and Luhansk oblasts – from 7.5 to 4.0% results in a decline from 2.6 to 1.6% in the uncertainty in the national energy sector inventory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]