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The ‘crime-war’ operational environment, found in failed and failing-states dominated by non-state (criminal) soldiers, has been increasing in scope for decades. This trend is viewed as part of the process of transition from the modern (Third) to the post-modern (Fourth) epoch. Within this environment, non-state entities utilize asymmetric warfare against nation-states. The most dangerous of these opponents are those whose approach is asymmetric by nature (due to their network-type organization) and who thereby represent a direct challenger to the nation-state form. Al Qaeda fits both of these conditions and enough is known about its operations and structure to allow its asymmetric warfare components— based on its space-time, matter-energy, and doctrinal-organizational elements— to be analyzed. Findings indicate that Al Qaeda has a clear advantage with regard to the space-time and organizational-doctrinal components of warfare. It is currently deficient in the matter-energy component but it is projected that it (or its descendent form) will eventually obtain directed energy weapons. These findings, along with the emergence of wars increasingly fought over social and political organization rather than sovereignty, have implications for both counter-asymmetric warfare and Kondratieff Waves research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 8 of the book "Roosevelt, the Great Depression, and the Economics of Recovery" is presented. It explores the deflationary impact of the international currency crisis to the agricultural system in the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the U.S. It highlights the alternatives for remediation of the farm depression which includes domestic allotment.

Chapter 3 of Part 1 of the book "Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Vital Investment" is presented. It explores on the economic impact of chronic diseases including heart disease, stroke and diabetes using the studies' summary in the of cost illness, the impact of premature mortality of the disease and the assessment of the welfare losses of chronic diseases. It highlights the significance of investing preventions to control the risk of the disease which contribute considerable economic benefits.

Chapter 4 of the book "Policy Tools for Allocative Efficiency of Health Services" is presented. It discusses two policy tools, including user fees and cost sharing and explores their impact on the public. It also highlights several studies conducted in different countries which focus on the economic implications of user fees.

Chapter 9 of the book "Guidelines For Safe Recreational Water Environments" is presented. It focuses on the aesthetic parameters that play an important role in the use and acceptability of recreational water. Aesthetic parameters such as transparency and color, oil, grease, and detergents, and litter are discussed. The economic consequences of such parameters as well some guidelines on handling and managing are also discussed.

The article attempts to stimulate intersectoral awareness of the magnitude and impact of poor adherence to therapies for chronic conditions. It details the causes of problems with adherence. It cites the effect of poor adherence on secondary prevention and disease treatment interventions. It mentions the economic benefits of higher rates of adherence.

Chapter 6 of the book "Research on Reproductive Health at WHO" is presented. It discusses the challenges of most developing countries in meeting the reproductive health needs of the citizens due to cultural, religious, and economic factors which affects sexual behavior and sexual relationships. It highlights the effort of the countries in implementing health policies and health care programs to fill the gaps and improve the practice of reproductive health.