Search

Published twice a year and distributed nationwide, "Strategies for Success" keeps readers informed about events and developments in the field of drug testing. It reports the latest research findings on the effectiveness of drug testing as a tool for reducing substance abuse. Each issue also provides a wealth of guidance and resources on student drug testing program development, implementation, and maintenance. This inaugural issue focuses on random student drug testing and the biology of drug addiction. Overall, the articles praise the benefits of random student drug testing and offer examples of specific school-based student drug testing programs and their results. The opening article summarizes results from an April 2005 survey of 56 principals concerning the effectiveness of random student drug testing. Key findings indicated 58 percent of the responding schools experienced a decrease in student drug use while 42 percent reported no change in student drug use since the implementation of the drug testing. Ninety-one percent of responding principals reported their drug testing program cost $30 or less per test and that the drug testing program worked to limit the effects of peer pressure to use drugs. None of the principals reported that the drug testing program resulted in decreased participation in athletic programs or extracurricular activities. Similarly, 100 percent of responding principals reported that the student drug testing program did not have a negative impact on student morale. Another article in the journal discusses the reasons for student drug testing and describes regional drug testing summits held throughout the country by the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP). The goal of the summits are to educate community leaders and school officials about student drug testing programs and to generally raise the level of awareness of the issue of adolescent drug abuse. The 2007 regional summit schedule is provided. Other articles offer information about Federal and non-Federal funding sources for student drug testing programs and offer accounts of the development and effectiveness of particular student drug testing programs across the country, such as the program that was developed in the New Castle Area School District in Pennsylvania. The first random student drug testing program in the United Kingdom is described followed by an article on the biology of drug addiction. Titles of articles in this issue are: (1) Principals Claim Testing Brings a Wealth of Benefits; (2) Letter from Director John Walters and Secretary Margaret Spellings; (3) Drugs and Testing: Looking at the Big Picture; (4) Summit Watch; (5) (6) Paying for a Drug Testing Program; (7) Our Road to Random Drug Testing (Robert Razzano); (8) Around the U.S., Hopeful Signs at Schools with Testing; (9) Drug Testing In the News; (10) Say "Yes" to Drug Testing and "No" to Drugs (Christine Bottles); (11) British Educator Calls Testing Program a Success; (12) The Biology of Drug Addiction (Bertha K. Madras); (13) Resources; and (14) Myth vs. Fact.

Included in this document are selections of topic-specific articles on heroin research reprinted from the National Institute on Drug Abuses (NIDA) research newsletter, NIDA Notes. Titles include: Buprenorphine Taken Three Times Per Week Is as Effective as Daily Doses in Treating Heroin Addiction; 33-Year Study Finds Lifelong, Lethal Consequences of Heroin Addiction; Buprenorphine Proves Effective, Expands Options for Treatment of Heroin Addiction; Nicotine Craving and Heavy Smoking May Contribute to Increased Use of Cocaine and Heroin; Drug Abuse Treatment Programs Make Gains in Methadone Treatment and HIV Prevention; Recovery Harder for Addicts Who Start Young; High-Dose Methadone Improves Treatment Outcomes; Heroin Snorters Risk Transition to Injection Drug Use and Infectious Disease; Heroin, Marijuana, Methamphetamine Use on the Rise; Linking Medical Care with Drug Abuse Treatment Stems Tuberculosis among HIV-Infected Drug Users; NIH Panel Calls for Expanded Methadone Treatment for Heroin Addiction; NIDA Conference Aims Preemptive Strike at Increased Heroin Use among Nations Young People; Applying Scientific Research Can Counter Rise in Heroin Use; Rate and Duration of Drug Activity Play Major Roles in Drug Abuse, Addiction, and Treatment; Vocational Screener Helps Methadone Patients Overcome Job Barriers; and Heroin Update: Smoking, Injecting Cause Similar Effects: Usage Patterns May Be Shifting. (GCP)

The intent of this book is to present information on various counseling approaches for drug abuse used in some of the best known and most respected treatment programs in the United States. In an effort to make the comparison of the various models less difficult and to clarify how the model is applied in practice, each chapter follows a specific format. The format includes the following information: overview, description, and rationale; contrast to other counseling approaches; format; counselor characteristics and training; client-counselor relationship; target populations; assessment; session format and content; and role of significant others in treatment. Chapters are: (1) "Dual Disorders Recovery Counseling" (Dennis C. Daley); (2) "The CENAPS Model of Relapse Prevention Therapy (CMRPT)" (Terence T. Gorski); (3) "The Living in Balance Counseling Approach" (Jeffrey A. Hoffman, Ben Jones, Barry D. Caudill, Dale W. Mayo, and Kathleen A. Mack); (4) "Treatment of Dually Diagnosed Adolescents: The Individual Therapeutic Alliance within a Day Treatment Model" (Elizabeth D. Jorgensen and Richard Salwen); (5) "Description of an Addiction Counseling Approach" (Delinda Mercer); (6) "Description of the Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Approach to Problem Drinking" (Scott D. Miller); (7) "Motivational Enhancement Therapy: Description of Counseling Approach" (William R. Miller); (8) "Twelve-Step Facilitation" (Joseph Nowinski); (9)"Minnesota Model: Description of Counseling Approach" (Patricia Owen); (10) "A Counseling Approach" (Fred Sipe); and (11) "A Psychotherapeutic and Skills-Training Approach to the Treatment of Drug Addiction" (Arnold M. Washton). (MKA)

This book focuses on the identification of practical knowledge and skills needed for counseling individuals with substance abuse problems. It is a resource for practitioners, students, and faculty in school counseling, rehabilitation counseling, mental health counseling, school psychology, or social work in recognizing, preventing, and treating individual substance abuse problems. It is designed to facilitate development of knowledge and skills needed to empower clients. This book is divided into the following chapters: (1) "Substance Abuse and Counseling: An Introduction" (A. Sales); (2) "Drugs and Addiction" (S. M. Smith and E. Miller); (3) "Related Addictive Behavior" (T. Buck and A. Sales); (4) "Preventing Addiction" (S. F. Moore); (5) "Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment Planning" (T. Mullis); (6) "Treating Addictive Disorders" (S. Varhely); (7) "Change through Group Work" (L. McAllan, A. Friedman, and E. Spears); (8) "Working with Families Affected by Substance Abuse" (R. W. English); (9) "Multicultural Issues" (C. Reid and C. Kampfe); (10) "Substance Abuse and Disability" (A. Sales); (11) "Preventing Adolescent Relapse: Concepts, Theories and Techniques" (S. P. Mishra and R. A. Ressler); (12) "Program Planning and Evaluation" (R. Rapp); and (13) "Substance Abuse and Counseling: An Epilogue" (A. Sales). Appendixes are: "Common Drugs of Abuse"; "Effects of Individual Drugs"; "Stages of Dependency and Addiction"; "Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test"; "SARDI Substance Abuse Symptoms Checklist"; "Identifying Substance Abuse in Individuals with Disabilities";"Twelve Steps"; and "Substance Abuse Treatment Approaches." Also includes a "Facilitator's Manual" organized on a chapter basis. Each chapter of the manual includes a brief rationale and overview that can be used as lecture content, and learning objectives along with student activities to help reach these objectives. (Each chapter contains references.) (MKA)

According to current estimates, approximately 5.5 percent of all American pregnant women use an illicit drug during pregnancy. National concern for drug-exposed infants prompted interest in the needs of substance using pregnant women and in the development of drug treatment programs for them. A total of 147 comprehensive programs have been funded under the "Pregnant and Postpartum Women and Their Infants" (PPWI) initiative, the largest federal program targeting pregnant substance-using women and their infants. A 2-day focus group was held with representatives from 10 of these recently completed projects to share lessons learned about how best to recruit and retain this population. Before successful recruitment can take place, program staff must have a thorough understanding of participants' needs and lifestyles. Cultural sensitivity to ethnic backgrounds of clients is critical to making substance abuse programs inviting. Women who are addicted to substances live in a social environment where there is little long-term planning. Therefore, programs must reduce waiting time from initial contact to program entry. Recommendations are made relating to child care, transportation, staff training . Contains 58 references. Appended are a list of focus group participants and descriptions of 10 programs. (JBJ)

This monograph is designed to help scientists, decision makers, and service providers develop a deeper understanding of the role families and culture play in the prevention of alcohol and other drug abuse in Hispanic/Latino American populations. It also provides information on models of service delivery that are directed at strengthening families through culturally competent interventions. The volume is divided into three parts. The first section examines issues in preventing alcohol and other drug abuse among Hispanic/Latino families and explores behavior problems among Hispanic/Latino youth. Part two describes family-based intervention models that have been implemented and tested in high density Hispanic/Latino communities throughout the United States and Puerto Rico. The third section concentrates on family-oriented community-based intervention models and includes descriptions of a community-based outreach program for addicted women. Also discussed are interventions in the educational community, including an overview of how to strengthen families with children from birth to three years of age and how to reduce risk factors and promote resilience to substance abuse among children attending inner-city schools. The book closes with a look at the future of substance abuse prevention programs among Hispanic/Latinos. Contains numerous references throughout. (RJM)

The brain is the seat of intelligence, the interpreter of senses, and the controller of movement. Research efforts on the brain have increased dramatically in the past 10 years; some of the more promising areas of brain and behavioral sciences research are reported here. The research was performed by 22 separate Federal member organizations and covers nine separate areas that could form the basis of an integrated program for brain and behavioral sciences. The text opens with a description of cross-cutting program areas and presents findings in basic research, in technology, and in international activities. Drugs and the brain and the role of addiction are covered in the first specialty area, followed by research findings devoted to aging and the brain. Section 3 profiles findings on human behavior and mental disorders, and section 4 describes research on damage to the brain and spinal cord. Communication and sensory disorders are treated in the following section. Sections 6 and 7 examine the development of the brain and detail the intricacies of learning and memory. Section 8 investigates rehabilitation and restoration of brain function and section 9 outlines environmental impacts on the brain. A chart, which summarizes the nine topic areas, appears in the back. (RJM)

This monograph is based on the papers from a technical review. These papers are included: (1) Psychotherapy and Counseling Research in Drug Abuse Treatment: Questions, Problems, and Solutions (Lisa Onken, Jack Blaine); (2) Psychotherapy and Counseling for Methadone-Maintained Opiate Addicts: Results of Research Studies (George Woody, A. T. McLellan, Lester Luborsky, Charles O'Brien); (3) Crack and Cocaine Abusers in Outpatient Psychotherapy (Paula Kleinman, George Woody, Thomas Todd, Robert Millman, Sung-Yeon Kang, Jack Kemp, Douglas Lipton); (5) Therapist Effects in the Treatment of Drug Dependence: Implications for Conducting Comparative Treatment Studies (Paul Crits-Christoph, Katherine Beebe, Mary Beth Connolly); (6) Control Groups and Comparison Groups in Psychotherapy Outcome Research (T. D. Borkovec); (7) Attrition in Substance Abuse Comparative Treatment Research: The Illusion of Randomization (Kenneth Howard, W. M. Cox, Stephen Saunders); (8) Conceptualizing and Selecting Measures of Treatment Outcome: Implications for Drug Abuse Outcome Studies (Michael Lambert); (9) Can a Technology Model of Psychotherapy Research Be Applied to Cocaine Abuse Treatment? (Kathleen Carroll, Bruce Rounsaville); (10) Methodology: What Are the Design Issues Involved in the Defined Research Priorities? (Larry Beutler); and (11) Research Priorities for Psychotherapy and Counseling in the Treatment of Drug Abuse: The Psychotherapy Research Perspective (Perry London). (ABL)

Describing the state of the science of ABA, this comprehensive handbook provides detailed information about theory, research, and intervention. The contributors are leading ABA authorities who present current best practices in behavioral assessment and demonstrate evidence-based strategies for supporting positive behaviors and reducing problem behaviors. Conceptual, empirical, and procedural building blocks of ABA are reviewed and specific applications described in education, autism treatment, addiction treatment, and other areas. The volume also addresses crucial professional and ethical issues, making it a complete reference and training tool for ABA practitioners and students. This book contains eight sections. Section I, Introduction, contains the following: (1) Applied Behavior Analysis: History, Philosophy, Principles, and Basic Methods (Wayne W. Fisher, Rebecca A. Groff, and Henry S. Roane). Section II, Basic Principles and Concepts, contains the following: (2) Respondent (Pavlovian) Conditioning (John W. Donahoe and Rocio Vegas); (3) Basic Operant Contingencies: Main Effects and Side Effects (A. Charles Catania); (4) Schedules of Reinforcement (F. Charles Mace, Jamie L. Pratt, Amanda N. Zangrillo, and Mark W. Steege); (5) Stimulus Control and Generalization (Joseph E. Spradlin and Jennifer L. Simon); and (6) Designing Instructional Programming for Early Reading Skills (Kathryn J. Saunders). Section III, Measurement, Design, and Methodological Issues, includes: (7) Defining and Measuring Behavior (SungWoo Kahng, Einar T. Ingvarsson, Anna M. Quigg, Kimberly E. Seckinger, and Heather M. Teichman); and (8) Single-Case Experimental Designs (Henry S. Roane, Joel E. Ringdahl, Michael E. Kelley, and Ashley C. Glover). Section IV, Behavioral Assessment, contains: (9) Identifying and Enhancing the Effectiveness of Positive Reinforcement (Cathleen C. Piazza, Henry S. Roane, and Amanda Karsten); (10) Functional and Structural Approaches to Behavioral Assessment of Problem Behavior (David P. Wacker, Wendy K. Berg, Jay W. Harding, and Linda J. Cooper-Brown); (11) Indirect Behavioral Assessments: Interviews and Rating Scales (Michael E. Kelley, Robert H. LaRue, Henry S. Roane, and Dana M. Gadaire); (12) Direct Observation (Rachel H. Thompson and John C. Borrero); and (13) Functional Analysis: History and Methods (Alison M. Betz and Wayne W. Fisher). Section V, Interventions For Increasing Desirable Behavior, presents: (14) Differential Reinforcement Procedures (Gregory P. Hanley and Jeffrey H. Tiger); (15) Building Complex Repertoires from Discrete Behaviors by Establishing Stimulus Control, Behavioral Chains, and Strategic Behavior (George H. Noell, Nathan A. Call, and Scott P. Ardoin); (16) Teaching Verbal Behavior (Matt Tincani, Andy Bondy, and Shannon Crozier); and (17) Staff Training and Management (Dennis H. Reid, Niamh P. O'Kane, and Kenneth M. Macurik). Section IV, Interventions For Decreasing Problem Behavior, contains: (18) Developing Antecedent Interventions for Problem Behavior (Richard G. Smith); (19) Developing Function-Based Extinction Procedures for Problem Behavior (Timothy R. Vollmer and Elizabeth Athens); (20) Developing Function-Based Reinforcement Procedures for Problem Behavior (Wayne W. Fisher and Kelly Bouxsein); (21) Developing Function-Based Punishment Procedures for Problem Behavior (Dorothea C. Lerman and Lisa M. Toole); and (22) Token Economies (Kyle W. Boerke and David Reitman). Section VII, Subspecialties, presents: (23) Behavioral Approaches to Education (Brian K. Martens, Edward J. Daly III, John C. Begeny, and Amanda VanDerHeyden); (24) Behavioral Treatment of Autism (Tiffany Kodak and Laura L. Grow); (25) Teaching Safety Skills to Children (Raymond G. Miltenberger and Amy C. Gross); (26) Behavioral Pediatrics: Integrating Applied Behavior Analysis with Pediatric Medicine (Patrick C. Friman and Cathleen C. Piazza); (27) Behavior Analysis and Treatment of Drug Addiction (Kenneth Silverman, Barbara J. Kaminski, Stephen T. Higgins, and Joseph V. Brady); and (28) Behavioral Gerontology (Linda A. LeBlanc, Paige B. Raetz, and Leilani Feliciano). Section VIII, Professional Issues, concludes with: (29) Behavior Analysis and Ethics (William O'Donohue and Kyle E. Ferguson); and (30) Training and Professional Certification in Applied Behavior Analysis (Gerald L. Shook and James M. Johnston).

Originally published in 1992 as The Facts About Drug Use, this updated edition contains new information about the effects of alcohol and recreational, mood-altering drugs on the body. The multiple causes of drug use and the options available to those dependent on drugs as a way of life are thoroughly described. Knowledge of the adverse effects of mood-altering drugs and why and how they are used excessively is a centerpiece of this book. It presents ways to identify persons at risk and identify problems that the addicted encounter in attempts to become drug free. This book enables those with little or no background in science or health care to understand the complex issues surrounding drug use. It provides current, reliable information on methods for dealing with dependency upon alcohol and central nervous system depressants, hallucinogens, heroin, nicotine, marijuana, caffeine, amphetamines, designer drugs like Ecstasy, and steroids. This comprehensive volume discusses: who typically uses drugs and the reasons why they do; how to classify mood-altering drugs; how to identify and treat drug dependency; areas of special concern such as multiple drug use, AIDS and drug use, drugs and pregnancy, drugs and sports, and drug testing technology. Chapter by chapter, this book seeks to help readers develop a better understanding of the effects of mood-altering substances and the reasons many continue to use them despite serious consequences. Two appendixes provide drug use reporting sources and a glossary listing common street names for drugs. (Contains over 600 references and an index.) (GCP)

Many parents know they need to talk with their children about making responsible choices but do not know where to begin. This book offers practical advice on how to begin and what to say to third to twelfth graders about drugs, sexuality, peer pressure, stress, health, the law, and mixed media messages. Each chapter focuses on a different aspect of drug use and is divided into four sections. In the first section are ways for parents to clarify their own values and family rules. The second section centers on situations for parents and children to read, illustrating challenging situations children might face everyday; these scenarios are followed by questions for parents to ask to encourage children to share their views. The third section provides an opportunity for parents to reflect on their child's responses and to identify potential problems. The fourth section contains sample talks with excerpts of actual family conversations. Following an introductory chapter presenting the ten talks philosophy and how the approach is implemented, the book's chapters are: (1) "What Are Drugs? Talking about 'Your' Definitions"; (2) "How Do You Feel? Talking about How Drugs Alter Your Feelings"; (3) "Is That What the Doctor Ordered? Talking about Over-the-Counter and Prescription Drugs"; (4) "Want a Drink? Talking about Alcohol Use and Misuse"; (5) "Where There's Smoke... Talking about Tobacco"; (6) "Changing Perceptions: Talking about Marijuana"; (7) "Different Drugs/Different Dangers: Talking about Definitions and Decisions"; (8) "Personal Choices: Talking about Sexuality and Alcohol and Other Drugs"; (9) "Losing Control/Taking Control: Talking about Addiction"; and (10) "How Families Cope: Talking about Family Values, Rules, and Consequences." The book's afterword emphasizes the community support available to parents related to drug education and choices. (KB)

Noting that children want love and acceptance from trustworthy adults, this book reflects upon the destructive impulses that threaten the emotional, physical, and spiritual life of youth and families. The book identifies and describes behaviors that tempt adolescents with instant relief and gratification, but which ultimately lead to feelings of self-destruction and despair. Seven chapters address the following behavior problems: (1) lying; (2) stealing; (3) drugs and alcohol; (4) cheating; (5) sexual acting out; (6) suicide; and (7) violence. Each section includes practical advice for parents and cautionary tales designed to motivate them to open dialogue with their children. (KB)

This volume presents various theoretical orientations and perspectives of the drug abuse research field, derived from the social and biomedical sciences. The first section contains a separate theoretical overview for each of the 43 theories or perspectives. The second section contains five chapters which correspond to the five components of a drug abuse theory, i.e., initiation, continuation, transition and use to abuse, cessation, and relapse. A series of guides, devised to facilitate comparison and contrast of the theories, lists: (1) all contributing theorists and their professional affiliations; (2) classifications of the theories into four categories of one's relationship to self, to others, to society, and to nature; (3) identifications of the theories by academic discipline; (4) corresponding page numbers for each theory and its overview; and (5) a concise, comparative summary of each theory. Suggestions for the use of this reference are also included. (Author/NRB)

This monograph consists of eight papers which refer in one way or another to the pharmacology of cocaine. The papers are: (1) Cocaine 1984: Introduction and Overview" (John Grabowski); (2) "Cocaine: A Growing Public Health Problem" (Edgar H. Adams and Jack Durell); (3) "Neural Mechanisms of the Reinforcing Action of Cocaine" (Roy A. Wise); (4) "The Pharmacology of Cocaine" (Reese T. Jones); (5) "Assessment of the Dependence Potential of Cocaine in Animals" (Chris E. Johanson); (6) "The Behavioral Pharmacology of Cocaine in Humans" (Marian W. Fischman); (7) "Changing Patterns of Cocaine Use: Longitudinal Observations, Consequences, and Treatment" (Ronald K. Siegel); and (8) "Cocaine Abuse: A Review of Current and Experimental Treatments" (Herbert D. Kleber and Frank H. Gawin). References, some of them extensive, are included for each paper. A list of National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) research monographs is included. (JN)

This document contains five papers on women and addiction all of which were originally presented at various conferences held between 1982 and 1984. "The Chemically Dependent Woman...Who is She?" gives an overview of what is currently known about basic sociological and psychological problems that affect the lives of chemically dependent women. "Treatment for Women: What Can We Do with What We Know?" combines a theoretical perspective based on the literature about alcoholic women with the author's own clinical experience in implementing and facilitating women's groups in treatment programs. "Chemically Dependent Women and Sexuality" is a review of the literature documenting the relationship between alcoholism and various aspects of women's sexuality. "Sex and Alcohol: What Do Women Tell Us?" discusses the relationship between sex and alcohol in women's lives, focusing on acquainting counselors with women's issues and on the importance of dealing with these issues in alcoholism treatment programs. "Alcohol and Family Violence" explores gender differences between the victims and perpetrators of violence in relation to alcohol consumption and dependence, offering a theoretical analysis of the differences found. (NB)

The eight papers presented in this document discuss the link between substance and human life in Latin America and help readers uncover some of the myths surrounding drugs, especially cocaine. Contributions range from extensive research to field work and observation. Enrique Mayer demonstrates that the coca leaf is a vital Andean cultural element whose use and economic role will not be easily replaced or substituted. Myrna Cintron traces the historical roots of the cocaine problem, arguing that the current crisis is part of a periodic cycle that has seen cocaine change from recreational use to an economic commodity. Ray Henkel describes and analyzes the development of the coca industry and the impact it has had on Bolivia. Harry Sanabria presents research on out-migration from a high altitude peasant community in Bolivia and social differentiation based on coca agriculture. Luis Loyola explores the historical functions that alcohol consumption has had in peasant and Indian communities in Chiapas, Mexico, and provides an ethnographic account of the drinking pattern in Tenejapa, Chiapas. Raul Jeri's work on coca paste and Peruvian cocaine addiction shows that patients who present neuro-psychological disorders prior to cocaine exposure develop faster physical and psychological dependence. Rosa del Olmo examines the plight of women trapped in the highly rewarding underground economy. Edmundo Morales' paper on coca paste and crack explores the overall pervasive use of cocaine, its mechanisms, and the dynamics of manufacturing and marketing. Reference lists follow each paper. (GEA)

This publication consists of papers and discussion from a comprehensive RAUS (Research Analysis and Utilization System) review focusing on factors relating to a multi-year increase in inhalant abuse among high school seniors. The document contains the following articles: (1) "Inhalant Overview" (Raquel A. Crider and Beatrice A. Rouse); (2) "Current Topics in Inhalant Abuse" (Karen Kerner); (3) "Inhalant Abuse by Young Children" (Fred Beauvais and E. R. Oetting); (4) "Indian Youth and Inhalants: An Update" (Fred Beauvais and E. R. Oetting); (5) "Inhalant Abuse in a Small Rural South Texas Community: A Social Epidemiological Overview" (Alberto G. Mata, Jr. and Sylvia Rodriguez Andrew); (6) "The Continuing Problem of Youthful Solvent Abuse in New York State" (Blanche Frank, Rozanne Marel, and James Schmeidler); (7) "Program Experiences with the Solvent Abuser in Philadelphia" (Terence M. McSherry); (8) "Inhalant Use and Abuse in Canada" (Reginald G. Smart); (9) "Epidemiology of Solvent/Inhalant Abuse in Mexico" (Elena Medina-Mora and Arturo Ortiz); and (10) "Social and Psychological Factors Underlying Inhalant Abuse" (E. R. Oetting, Ruth W. Edwards, and Fred Beauvais). A list of National Institute on Drug Abuse research monographs is appended. (TE)

The biological mechanisms of nicotine dependence are described, the prevalence of tobacco dependency among those using other mood-altering drugs is examined, and the most efficacious way to address this dependency is discussed. New data on the relationship of smoking addiction to other addictions are examined. Topics include: (1) "Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine Dependence: Biological Basis for Pharmacotherapy from Nicotine to Treatments that Prevent Relapse" (M. S. Gold, M. J. Herkov); (2) "Neuropharmacological Actions of Cigarette Smoke: Brain Monoamine Oxidase B (MAO B) Inhibition" (J. S. Fowler, N. D. Volkow, G. J. Wang, N. Pappas, J. Logan, R. MacGregor, D. Alexoff, A. P. Wolf, D. Warner, R. Cilento, I. Zezulkova); (3) "Cigarette Smoking and Major Depression" (L. S. Covey, A. H. Glassman, F. Stetner); (4) "Caffeine and Nicotine Use in an Addicted Population" (L. R. Hays, D. Farabee, W. Miller); (5) "Comorbid Cigarette and Alcohol Addiction: Epidemiology and Treatment" (N. S. Miller, M. S. Gold); (6) "Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drug Use in a Primary Care Sample: 90-Day Prevalence and Associated Factors" (L. B. Manwell, M. F. Fleming, K. Johnson, K. L. Barry); and (7) "Incorporating Nicotine Dependence into Addiction Treatment" (T. A. Rustin). A "Selective Guide to Current Reference Sources on Topics Discussed in this Issue" (L. K. Morgan) is included. (EMK)

This book is for parents; it provides the facts about drugs that they need to know to talk honestly and directly with their kids about drugs. In "Part One: It's Up to You," the following topics are covered: (1) "Why Kids Get in Trouble;" (2) "It All Starts with You;" (3) "Parenting To Build Self-Esteem;" (4) "Violence in the Home and Community;" (5) "How the Media Sells the Allure of Drugs and Violence.""Part Two: Drug Information" provides help with the following topics: (6) "Spotting the Signs and Symptoms;" (7) "Gateway Drugs: Alcohol and Tobacco, Avoiding the First Serious Steps;" (8) "Marijuana, Pot Today Is More Dangerous Than You Think;" (9) "Inhalants: Danger Right under Your Nose;" (10) "Raiding the Medicine Cabinet;" (11) "Steroids and 'Sports' Drugs, A No-Win, Fast Way To Lose;" (12) "Illegal Stimulants: Cocaine, Crack, Meth;" (13) "Designer Drugs, Heroin, and Hallucinogens.""Part Three: Problem Solving" includes: (14) "My Kid Is on Drugs. What Should I Do?" (15) "Strategies and Smart Ideas for Raising Drug-Free Kids." A brief history of the D.A.R.E. program is provided. A glossary of drug-related terminology and a resource guide to hotlines and organizations are appended along with an index and chapter notes. (EMK)

The Current Controversies series explores social, political, and economic controversies that dominate the national and international scenes today from a variety of perspectives. Recent surveys have shown that, after years of decline, drug use among teenagers has increased during the 1990s, and that alcohol and tobacco use have remained unacceptably high. Identifying the causes of teen substance use and dependence plays an important part in the prevention of addiction among teenagers. Health experts agree that there are many overlapping causes. The 29 papers in this collection, grouped into 4 chapters, examine the causes of teenage drug use and addiction and explore solutions to this problem. The chapters are: (1) "What Are the Causes of Teenage Addiction?"; (2) "Is Teenage Substance Abuse a Serious Problem?"; (3) "How Can Teenage Addiction Be Prevented?"; and (4) "Can Regulation of Tobacco Marketing Prevent Teenage Addiction to Cigarettes?" A list of 17 organizations to contact for further information is included. (Contains 38 references.) (SLD)

This book provides numerous stories of parents' encounters with their children's addictions and what the parents did to come to terms with the disease. Part 1 offers four separate accounts describing the authors' experience with addiction in their four adult children, followed by each child's interpretation of events. In part 2, addictive diseases are discussed, along with their known effects on families, friends, and coworkers. Stories by parents and addicted children are featured in part 3, illustrating a variety of family constellations. The parents tell in their own words how they found their way to serenity in the midst of turmoil. Many found help in Al-Anon, in their churches, in therapy groups, or in other support settings. The last part lists resources, including a bibliography, community resources, audiovisuals, catalogs, and a glossary. It is emphasized that the single most common denominator of parental recovery was membership in a group that both understood the parent's experiences and provided the tools to adjust to the situation. (RJM)

Addiction, the focus of this book, is a social phenomenon that influences both social and academic issues in the classroom. The book is not simply about students who become addicted to chemical substances or alcohol; it is about the complex effects of addiction on the user and the impact of this addiction on other people in his or her life. Teachers preparing for the classroom are targeted, as well as experienced teachers, other educators, such as administrators and counselors, and professionals who work with young persons in and around schools. Findings of research reports, accompanied by actual stories of addiction, are presented throughout the book. After chapter 1, the remaining chapters follow a template in which a comprehensive overview of addiction as it operates in schools is developed. Chapter 2 gives background information on addiction, addicts, and sources of addiction, while chapter 3 describes how addiction affects classroom instruction. Chapters 4 and 5 describe some of the challenges teachers face and some of the manipulations employed by chemically dependent families. Chapters 6 through 9 offer advice on reactions teachers should avoid, helpful responses to students, classroom plans that help students who live with addicts, and some personal accounts of students and teachers who lived with addiction. Contains 67 references. (RJM)

Illegal drugs pose a significant threat to young people. Ways in which children between the ages of 8 and 13 can be warned about the dangers of drug use is presented in this book. It is a health education text containing precise information presented in a simple way. The book's fictional characters are vividly portrayed through colorful pictures and straightforward dialogue. The text's message encourages the child to avoid taking drugs by pointing out the dangers accompanying drug use, but its main purpose is to help children avoid all kinds of addiction. The text uses a fictional character, a young Arab student, who is enticed into using drugs. The story follows him as he imagines becoming addicted, and as he wrestles with tough decisions and difficult situations. Explicit information on how drugs affect the brain, the danger of addiction, the consequences of drug use, and other issues surrounding addiction are discussed. Family and peer influences are explored and positive ways in which children can focus their energies are presented. The text features vibrant pictures which emphasize the sensations and dangers of drug use. All text, including title and prefactory material, is provided in three languages: Arabic, French, and English. (RJM)

The 10-volume "Health Facts" series is intended to supplement health education curricula and provide a handy reference for individuals who would like additional background information on particular health topics. The emphasis is placed on topics and examples relevant to youth of middle and high school age. The seven sections in this book on drug use prevention provide educators with basic facts about how drugs work, including specific information on a variety of drugs, such as tobacco, alcohol, and psychoactive drugs. The book includes discussion of drug dependence, addiction, and treatment; family and peer influences which lead to drug use; prevention and treatment; and the costs of drug use. An easy to read reference format offers clear, concise data intended to familiarize educators with the most important facts about the issues and concerns. A glossary and a list of resources complete the volume. (LL)

In 1984, the Salt Lake City (Utah) school district was one of the first in the nation to set up a public school classroom in a homeless shelter. This book describes one teacher's experiences teaching kindergarten through sixth grade in this "school with no name." Through poignant stories, the book illustrates some lessons learned over 6 years, including the following: (1) daily journal writing and jam sessions act as therapy for children; (2) a point system for completing assignments and treating peers respectfully is beneficial; (3) many children have difficulty with rules because they lack structure in their own families; (4) children often assume adult responsibilities, such as protecting parents with drug problems; (5) dealing with loss is common for homeless children, who may move 7 to 8 times in 1 year; (6) building linkages to parents and stressing love of learning over academics has greater impact; (7) some parents come to school with their children to regain their lost childhood; (8) parents often do not emphasize children's education because it does not immediately help the family; (9) it is necessary to abandon stereotypes to connect with shelter residents; (10) substance abuse is one of the most critical issues contributing to homelessness; (11) we cannot impose help on children--we can only teach, support, love, and offer choices; and (12) short-term one-time efforts do not help--children need long-term relationships and family and educational experiences. The book concludes by noting that deprivation of experience, opportunity, and self through lack of love and positive or stable experience is the real tragedy of poverty and homelessness. Suggestions for community service from the local to international level complete the book. (KDFB)

This book examines the growing epidemic of children born to mothers who use cocaine, particularly the highly addictive version known as "crack," focusing on the health and educational needs of such children. Nine chapters address: (1) the origins of cocaine use in the United States, as well as the chemical properties and physiological effects of the drug; (2) the emergence of crack cocaine in the 1980s and the psychological correlates of crack use; (3) the impact of expectant mothers' crack use on the fetus, and the characteristics of the crack baby; (4) the persistent motor, language, and behavior problems experienced by crack-exposed infants and children; (5) community policies and strategies for dealing with crack-exposed infants; (6) multi-disciplinary support systems for mothers and children, including treatment systems for crack addiction and the prosecution of abusing mothers; (7) care systems for crack-exposed infants and toddlers, and protocols for management of drug-related child abuse; (8) educational policies and practices for use by schools in dealing with crack-exposed children; and (9) classroom management strategies for use with crack-exposed students. Contains approximately 120 references. (MDM)

This book gathers the comments of 27 contributors who are organizers, coordinators, participants, students and staff on a University of Michigan sociology praxis course, which combines community service with seminar-related opportunities for reflection, relevant readings, discussion questions and activities, journal assignments and meaningful, integrative papers. Part 1 is an introduction to the praxis concept. Part 2 covers guiding principles for establishing and coordinating service-learning in five chapters: "Key Elements in Establishing a Service-Learning Program" (Margaret Elias); "Advocating for Community Service Learning at the University of Michigan" (Jeffrey Howard); "A Journal Workshop for Coordinators" (Joan Scott); "Using Initiative Activities To Build Community within a Service-Learning Class" (Janet Wylie); and "Promoting Service-Learning on Campus" (Jeanne Gray). Part 3, by Joe Galura, is intended for the coordinators of chemical dependency and criminal justice service-learning projects, giving focus questions, discussion activities, coordinator comments, and suggested journal questions for the seminar portion of the course. Part 4 reports nine service-learning projects affiliated with the course in the following chapters: "Student Involvement at the Washtenaw County Jail" (Randy Ross, Jenny Kellman); "Prison Literacy" (Jeanne Gray, Scott Dent); "Only Be Strong and Courageous" (Rick Smith); "A Handbook for Juvenile Justice Volunteers" (Amy Rotberg, Tracy Kollin); "Growing Tree" (Jeanne Gray); "Alcohol Prevention and Intervention in Elementary Classrooms" (Mary Jo Callan); "An After-School Tutoring Project" (Joan Scott, Carmen Wells); "SALSA" Socially Active Latino Student Association (Esmerelda Caldena et al.); "The Migrant Labor Project" (Amy Holmes). Part 5 contains three reports on programs not affiliated with the course: "Project SERVE" (Anita Bohn, Claudette Rowley); "Bursley Community Volunteers" (Chellie Ferczok); and "SERVEwork" (Craig Regester). Part 6 contains three chapters of reflection looking back on the experience including "Reflectors Anonymous,""Oz Plus Five" (Michelle Blankenship et al.); and "An Insider's Round Table" (Anita Bohn et al.). (Contains 92 references.) (BF)

This report explores the impact of alcohol and drug problems on the children and families served by the child welfare system and outlines a comprehensive strategy to better respond to their needs. It contains more than 100 policy and action recommendations to enhance services to children and families affected by alcohol and other drugs (AOD), to respond to substance abuse in the workplace, to build on collaborative efforts across service delivery systems, and to define a research agenda. Following a general introduction (Chapter 1), this report links chemical dependency and child welfare in five ways. Chapter 2 is an overview of the child welfare system and how it is supposed to protect children and strengthen and support families; it is also an exploration of what chemical dependency means for individuals, families, and service providers. Chapter 3 looks at the challenging service needs of today's chemically involved clients, beginning with an overview of families and chemical dependency. Then it addresses three specific population groups: pregnant and parenting women, drug-exposed infants and toddlers, and adolescents at risk of chemical dependency. Chapter 4 examines the current responses of the child welfare system to these populations and details the eight broad responsibilities of child welfare. Chapter 5 presents an overview of the challenges to related human service systems: alcohol and other drug prevention and treatment providers, child and family courts, the health care system, child day care, and early education. Chapter 6 suggests strategies for improving services to children and chemically involved families at the local community level. The final chapter, "A Call to Action," challenges the President, the Congress, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), governors, and state legislatures to act in behalf of children by taking 12 steps toward child-centered public policies of AOD abuse. The Commission also calls for changes in the policy and practice of the child welfare and related human service systems. Appendices are: (1) The North American Commission on Chemical Dependency and Child Welfare; (2) Federal Programs Currently Addressing Chemical Dependency in Families; and (3) Content Outline for Core AOD Training. Chapters contain a total of 146 endnotes. (JBJ)

Reviews "Grandmothers as Caregivers: Raising Children of the Crack Cocaine Epidemic" (M. Minkler and K. M. Roe), a study of African American kinship caregivers parenting again for reasons associated with the crack cocaine addiction of their own adult child. The book presents first hand accounts of family dynamics involved in kinship caregiving and of the associated challenges. (TJQ)

The document presents a collection of articles about inhalant abuse. Article 1 presents findings on the psychophysiological effects related to the use of amyl or butyl nitrate as a "recreational drug." Article 2 suggests a strong association between chronic sniffing of the solvent toulene and irreversible brain damage. Article 3 warns about the possible effects of inhaling typewriter correction fluid. Article 4 further discusses the abuse of butyl nitrate and nitrous oxide (laughing gas) and mentions possible psychophysiological effects, number and age of users, frequency of use, variations in nitrous oxide formats, long-term effects, and government attempts to control inhalant abuse. Article 5 looks at research done on inhalant abuse, occurrences of volatile substances in common products, user motivation, administration and experience, pharmacology and toxicology, tolerance and dependence, and recommendations regarding the helping of abusers. The document concludes with an annotated bibliography of 30 books and articles about general inhalant abuse, and the abuse of nitrous oxide, amyl and butyl nitrate, and solvents. (LH)

The document presents a collection of articles about heroin. Article 1 provides general information on heroin identification, drug dependence, effects of abuse, cost, source of supply, and penalties for illegal heroin use. Article 2 gives statistical information on heroin-related deaths in the District of Columbia between 1971 and 1982. Article 3 discusses the controversial methadone treatment for heroin addiction. In article 4, heroin is endorsed as a treatment for cancer pain. Article 5 reports on the dangers of using China White (a synthetic drug that is 80 times more powerful than heroin), and article 6 reports on the use of drugs in combination (speedballing). The final article focuses on drug adulteration as a principal cause of physical injury and deaths associated with heroin use. The document concludes with an annotated bibliography of over 20 related books and articles. (LH)

The document presents a collection of articles about "lookalike drugs." Article 1 presents readers with a look at "peashooters" (lookalike drugs which are usually replicas of pharmaceutical amphetamines, but increasingly used to describe simulations of cocaine and prescription downers). Lookalikes, although usually legal, are seen as a danger for those used to large doses of the legal version, who later consume the same dosage of the illegal drug. Also, these lookalike products are often substituted for illegal drugs in street transactions. Article 2 describes deaths linked to lookalike drugs. In article 3, a chart presenting lookalike analysis information gives the description, markings, and related drug content for 15 lookalike drugs. Articles 4 and 5 describe federal initiatives to control or ban the manufacture and distribution of lookalike drugs, and articles 7, 8, and 9 suggest additional approaches to the problem. The document concludes with an advertisement for lookalikes, a street drug analysis data chart, and an annotated bibliography of 12 books and articles published between 1979 and 1981. (LH)

A collection of articles about methaqualone (also known as quaalude or mequin) is presented. Article 1 discusses the increasing popularity of the depressant, methaqualone-produced psychophysiological effects, substitute drugs (valium, phenobarbitol, benadryl, and mandrax), overdose and addiction, and decreasing pharmaceutical production. Article 2 reports on China's attempts to tighten export controls over Chinese-manufactured methaqualone. Article 3 reports on a Drug Enforcement Administration alert on counterfeit methaqualone containing high levels of toxic chemicals. Article 4 briefly mentions the increasing production of quaalude and cocaine lookalikes, and article 5 deals with recent physical and chemical changes in the drug. In article 6, changing patterns of methaqualone abuse are detailed, and the final article reports on Florida's ban on the drug. The document concludes with an annotated bibliography of 24 books and articles published between 1971 and 1983. (LH)

The document presents a collection of articles about LSD. The first article discusses the increasingly popular use of blotter acid (tiny squares of absorbent paper soaked in liquid LSD). Article 2 furthers this look at the newer LSD formats and describes rumors of lick-'n-stick stamps and color-transfer tattoos as examples of techniques aimed at producing more attractive and more merchandisable products. Article 3 briefly compares yesterday's LSD with today's in terms of stability of dosage. Article 4 looks at researchers' attempts to learn more about calcium blocks to neutralize the effects of hallucinogens. The final article presents an overview of LSD and gives its history, chemistry and effects, therapeutic applications, overdose and adverse effects, and legal status. The document concludes with a 29-item annotated bibliography of books and articles written between 1964 and 1982. (LH)

The varied aspects of drugs, their source, abuse, chemical composition, and physical, personal, and social effects are explored. Seven units cover the following areas: (1) an overview on drug use, a brief history of drugs and discussion of social implications; (2) the human nervous system and the actions of drugs; (3) "nondrug drugs" such as alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and overthecounter drugs; (4) the use and misuse of psychotherapeutic drugs; (5) the narcotic drugs; (6) the phantasticants; and (7) conclusions and discussion of drug use in modern society. (JD)