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Compiled for use in classrooms, seminars, and discussion groups, this document examines changes and shifts in U.S. foreign policy during the Nixon, Carter, and Reagan presidential administrations. This book considers the foreign policy achievements of each administration that might become lasting or stabilizing factors in post-Reagan foreign policy and the positive and negative effects of a decline in national power, shifts in public opinion, and changes in presidential leadership. The Nixon-Kissinger emphasis on policies concerning China and the USSR are examined and contrasted to those of the Carter administration, which stressed global issues and problems, such as human rights. The Reagan administration's efforts to stress the importance of foreign policy leadership and emphasis on United States-Soviet relationships are highlighted. Elements which will be necessary for the development of successful foreign policy during the next presidential administration are considered, and discussion questions concerning the role and future direction of U.S. foreign policy are appended. Graphs and tables are included. (JHP)

References of chapter 9 of the book "Polynyas: Windows to the World," edited by Walker O. Smith Jr. and David G. Barber are presented.

The section Zooplankton in Arctic Ocean Polynyas of chapter 9 of the book "Polynyas: Windows to the World," edited by Walker O. Smith Jr. and David G. Barber is presented. The section discusses considerations on the zooplankton species in the Arctic Ocean polynyas. It highlights on the species compositions and abundance, feeding and their development. These zooplankton species include Oithona similis, Oncaea borealis, Pseudocalanus spp. and Metridia longa.

The section Zooplankton of the Southern Ocean of chapter 9 of the book "Polynyas: Windows to the World," edited by Walker O. Smith Jr. and David G. Barber is presented. The section discusses considerations on the zooplankton living in several polynyas in Southern Ocean, such as in the Weddell Sea polynya and near the coastal polynyas. It highlights on the different zooplankton species, its abundance and compositions.

The sedimentation characteristics in the Maasmond area of the approach channel of the port area of Rotterdam are studied using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique. The important factors affecting the sedimentation process such as waves, wind, tides, surge, river discharge, etc. were studied, the corresponding time series data was analysed and the important variables behind the process were identified. An ANN model was built to predict sedimentation. The model was trained on the data collected during 1992-1998 and verified by the data of 1999-2000. The predictive accuracy of the ANN model was found to be adequate for the potential use in the operational decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conclusion of Chapter 9 of the book "Polynyas: Windows to the World," edited by Walker O. Smith Jr. and David G. Barber is presented. It cites the primary benefit of polar polynyas to zooplankton appear to be higher rates of diatom productivity and an extended production season, which both affect the food chain efficiency. It also contends that zooplankton production must be predictable in Arctic Ocean polynyas.

There are various similarities and differences in zooplankton processes between Arctic Ocean (AO) and Southern Ocean (SO) polynyas, many of which are due to fundamental differences in their respective ecosystem properties. The composition of zooplankton communities in AO and SO polynyas is largely dependent upon advection from local, ice-covered waters, with little evidence of an endemic, polynya zooplankton fauna. While copepods are common in both systems, a major difference is the predominance of euphausiids in the SO and appendicularian tunicates in the AO. The same genera of small copepods occur in both the AO and SO and appear to derive little benefit from the higher primary productivity and extended growing season of polynyas. In contrast, larger calanoid copepods appear to derive recruitment and life cycle benefits from the diatom production and heat in polynyas, with higher egg production rates and shorter generation times. Most large calanoid copepods overwinter in diapause in AO polynyas, while some proportion of SO populations remain in surface waters. Grazing impact by copepods in AO polynyas accounts for about 20% of primary productivity d-1, with appendicularian tunicates accounting for another 20% d-1. The few estimates of community impact in the SO are variable. In both regions, individual zooplankton feeding rates are high and equivalent to boreal ocean values; thus, grazing impact depends primarily on the biomass of zooplankton and phytoplankton. SO zooplankton contribute to the vertical particulate flux through faecal pellets from euphausiids, copepods and pteropods, while the contribution in AO polynyas is primarily through appendicularian tunicate faecal pellets and shed houses and copepod faeces. Maximum pellet flux in both the AO and SO occurs at times of high biomass of diatoms. The primary benefits of polar polynyas to zooplankton processes results from the greater production of diatoms and extended productive period, with few differences in individual daily rations or food web transfer efficiencies relative to temperate and boreal systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People who the author would like to thank for their assistance in the creation of the book "Polynyas: Windows to the World," edited by Walker O. Smith Jr. and David G. Barber are mentioned.