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32P-Postlabeling analysis is an ultra-sensitive method for the detection of DNA adducts, such as those formed directly by the covalent binding of carcinogens and mutagens to bases in DNA and other DNA lesions resulting from modification of bases by endogenous or exogenous agents (e.g., oxidative damage). The procedure involves four main steps: enzymatic digestion of the DNA sample; enrichment of the adducts; radiolabeling of the adducts by T4 kinase-catalyzed transference of 32P-orthophosphate from [γ-32P]ATP; chromatographic separation of labeled adducts; and detection and quantification by means of their radioactive decay. Using 10 µg of DNA or less, it is capable of detecting adduct levels as low as 1 adduct in 109–1010 normal nucleotides. It is applicable to a wide range of investigations, including monitoring human exposure to environmental or occupational carcinogens, determining whether a chemical has genotoxic properties, analysis of the genotoxicity of complex mixtures, elucidation of the pathways of activation of carcinogens, and monitoring DNA repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive oxygen species can damage nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates that consequently affect the immune functions causing degenerative diseases. Antioxidants act as free radical scavenger leading to reduced risk of oxidative stress and associated disorders. Antioxidant phytochemicals such as carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbates, lipoic acids and polyphenols offer protection against oxidative stress associated degenerative diseases like cancer, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders and aging. Cereals, legumes, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables and beverages are the main sources of dietary polyphenols. Carrots, tomatoes, parsleys, orange and green leafy vegetables like amaranth, chenopods, mustard, fenugreek, spinach, cabbage, radish and turnip are the rich sources of Carotenoids. Medicinal plants also contain several phytochemicals with antioxidant activities, which can be used for the prevention or treatment of many diseases, including cancer. Tocotrienols and tocopherols mainly found in oils are associated with the reduced risk of cancer, Alzheimer΄s and cardiovascular diseases, cholesterol lowering ability and inhibited LDL oxidation. Some sulfur containing compounds like glutathione, lipoic acid and dihydrolipoic acid present in meat, liver and heart also offer protection against oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 1 of the book "The Complete Guide to Eco-Friendly House Cleaning: Everything You Need to Know Explained Simply," by Anne B. Kocsis is presented. It discusses the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with carcinogenic and neurotoxin side effects linked to cancer and nervous system disorders in humans. It provides the three basic categories of POPs namely industrial chemicals, pesticides and byproducts of the combustion process. The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) evaluates the safety of household products including standards for safety.

Chapter 11 of the book "Journey Across the Life Span" is presented. It describes the physiological changes that occur during early adulthood. It discusses the psychosocial task for the early adulthood period as identified by psychologist Erik Erikson. It identifies the Papanicolaou test and mammography as two health screening tests important for women in early adulthood.

The article presents meanings of several terms related to entomology that start with the letter "C" which include caecum, calyx, and carcinogen.

Chapter 36 of the book "Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: Concepts of Care in Evidence-Based Practice" is presented. Psychological factors affecting medical conditions were identified including mental disorders, personality traits or coping styles and stress-related physiological responses. Predisposing factors to the development of psychophysiological disorders were discussed including heredity, allergies and alcohol abuse. Current medical treatment modalities for each disorder were tackled.

Chapter 2 of the book "National Control Programmes: Policies and Managerial Guidelines" is presented. It explores the causes of cancer which include the biological and genetic factors, as well as their relative importance in terms of public health. It also discusses the extensive evidence of physical, chemical and biological carcinogens that led to the development of cancer.

A definition of the term "carcinogen metabolism" is presented. It refers to the transformation of chemicals in carcinogenesis in bioactivation and detoxication. It occurs in many tissues throughout the body, among the carcinogens with metabolism are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aflatoxin B, olefins, N-nitrosamines and heterocyclic amines.

An encyclopedia entry for "carcinogen-macromolecular adducts" is presented. It is the chemical modifications of nucleic acids and proteins which form in tissues and cells exposed to reactive chemical species. It is characterized by endogenous or exogenous agents. The endogenous formation causes appropriate and inappropriate chemical modification of nucleic acids. Exogenous chemicals include environmental pollutants or drugs that requires activation through metabolism.

The entry examines the immunosuppresive effects of metabolites. Isozyme-selective inducers and inhibitors have been developed in order to detect immunotoxicants requiring metabolic activation by cytochrome P450s. Drug-metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome P450s play a role in activating human carcinogens therefore it can be speculated that certain immunotoxicants might require metabolic activation in humans.

A definition of the term "Fragile Histidine Triad" (FHIT) is presented. FHIT is a gene at human chromosome arm 3p14.2 that encompasses a familial clear cell, translocation breakpoint and the most active chromosomal constitutive. The gene is inactivated in a large fraction of most types of human cancers probably as a result of carcinogen damage to the fragile region FRA3B.

An encyclopedia entry for "cancer" is presented. It refers to a deregulated multiplication of cells with the consequence of an abnormal increase of the cell number in particular organs. Among the common genetic damage are recessive mutations in tumor suppressor genes, mutations of oncogenes and loss-of-function mutations in genes. Some of the factors that cause cancer are carcinogens, radiation and viruses.

An encyclopedia entry for the term "metastasis suppressor gene" is presented. It refers to the gene that blocks metastasis without affecting tumorigenecity, which is the ability of cells to proliferate continuously in the absence of persistent stimulation by triggering carcinogenic agents. The suppression can be caused by alterations at any of the steps in the metastatic cascade.

A section of the book "Building Blocks for Tobacco Control: A Handbook," is presented. It outlines the discovery of hazards caused by second-hand smoke. In 1986, the U.S. National Research Council published a report on the dangers from second-hand smoke. In 1993, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency labeled second-hand smoke as Class A carcinogen. The first public policy against smoking in public places took effect in several U.S. states in the late 1990s.

A definition of the acronym "TPA" is presented. It refers to tumor promoting agent containing 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol- 13-acetate.

A definition of the term "NNK(4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone)" is presented. The term refers to a tobacco-specific carcinogen that induces lung tumors in laboratory animals.

An encyclopedia entry for N-Acetyltransferase is presented. It refers to an acetyl-CoA requiring enzyme which catalyses the acetylation of xenobiotics that are aromatic amines or contain a hydrazine group. It participates in the detoxification of a plethora of hydrazine arylamine drugs and is also able to bioactivate several known carcinogens.